S2 History: European Colonial Expansion PDF

# Shatin Tsung Tsin Secondary School ## S2 History ### FBWS3: European colonial expansion **Name** Ho Sum Yau, Yui **Class** 2E **No.** 11 **Date** 22-11-2024 **Study textbook 2A pp. 106-132 and complete the following questions.** 1. The **Voyages of Discovery** led to the first wave of colonial...

# Shatin Tsung Tsin Secondary School ## S2 History ### FBWS3: European colonial expansion **Name** Ho Sum Yau, Yui **Class** 2E **No.** 11 **Date** 22-11-2024 **Study textbook 2A pp. 106-132 and complete the following questions.** 1. The **Voyages of Discovery** led to the first wave of colonial expansion between the 16th and the 18th centuries. New sea routes to Asia and Africa were opened up. The **Americas** (美洲) were discovered. The ' **New Imperialism** ' began from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. 2. In 1488, Portuguese navigator **da Gama** sailed to the **Cape of Good Hope** (好望角), from which Portuguese navigator **Columbus** reached Calicut, India in 1497-1498. In 1492, **Columbus** reached present-day West Indies, while Magellan's fleet completed **circumnavigation** (環球航行) for the first time in 1522. 3. Europeans wanted to expand their colonies because it could enhance their **prestige**. Under mercantilism, European countries sped up overseas expansion to develop trade and exploit (剝削) resources. Some people explored the new lands in pursuit of **religious freedom**, for example the British **Puritans** were the early colonists in North America in wish of spreading **Christianity**. 4. Economic exploitation created wealth. The success of early colonial expansion encouraged the ambitions of the European powers. In the 18th-19th centuries, Asian empires like **China** and **India** began to decline. Southeast Asian and African countries were also weak. Europeans would like to expand into those areas. 5. In 1823, the United States announced the **Monroe Doctrine**, demanding the Americas should no longer be regarded as targets of **colonization** (殖民化). 6. The **Industrial Revolution** drove European countries to find raw materials, markets and investment opportunities overseas. India was the major source of **cotton** for the British textile industry. The **Scramble** (爭奪) for Africa began in the mid-19th century, especially copper and diamonds were discovered. 7. **Unification** of Germany and Italy shaped the European map. Demand for land was further intensified. 8. **Nationalism** not only advocated independence, but also gaining national wealth and glory through gaining more colonies. Idea of the ' **white man's burden** ', was popular at the same period which gave Europeans the duty to educate the inferior people. 9. Politically, there were several ways of European colonial expansion. Establishing **footholds** (立足點) and **chartered** companies allowed European powers to enjoy trade monopoly in the region. Examples include the governor-generals of the British East India Company and the **Dutch East India Company** with special rights. **Spheres of influence** (勢力範圍) were zones controlled by the Europeans with special rights. **Protectorates** (保護國) signed treaties under the pretext of 'protection' to form a **suzerain** -protectorate relationship, for example the **Mosquito Coast** and Maldives. Colonies (殖民地) lost their **sovereignty** and completely belonged to their suzerains. 10. A **European-centred** world economic system was established and international trade was developed to satisfy Europeans' interests. However, the competition for colonies led to a series of conflicts among the European powers and made international situation grew **tense**. Some countries carried out reforms in response to European colonial expansion, such as China and **Morocco** (摩洛哥) so that war almost broke out between them. 11. Some countries carried out reforms in response to European colonial expansion, such as China and Japan. The **modernization** (現代化) efforts were introduced by learning from the Western powers, such as the introduction of Western **parliamentary** and **judicial** systems. 12. **Racial discrimination** was common in colonial rule. The European rulers usually adopted high-handed policies to oppress the resistance of the local people. 13. The **infrastructure** was improved in colonies by the European countries. Hospitals and telegraph systems raised the living conditions of the colonized people. On the other hand, Economic exploitation including the plundering of natural resources and **slave** trade (奴隸買賣) hindered (阻礙) the colonies' long-term economic development. Traditional **self-sufficient** (自給自足) economy was destroyed as the colonies were forced to grow cash crops. **Ceylon** (present-day Sri Lanka) was an example. 14. Modern **education** was introduced which broadened the horizons of the colonized people. Nonetheless, infectious diseases such as **smallpox** (天花) and measles (麻疹) brought by the Europeans led to serious **plagues** (瘟疫) in the Americas. 15. American Indians were nearly **extinct** due to migration and wars. In Asia, rulers imported Chinese and Indians to Southeast Asia as workers which led to the formation of a **multi-ethnic** society.