Collin Du - Midterm Study Guide 2024-2025 PDF

**Midterm Study Guide** **[Directions]**: Prepare a study guide for the midterm using Study Guides from previous assessments, your notes, worksheets, and Google Classroom documents. **English Traditions/History/Religion** ======================================= Magna Carta...

**Midterm Study Guide** **[Directions]**: Prepare a study guide for the midterm using Study Guides from previous assessments, your notes, worksheets, and Google Classroom documents. **English Traditions/History/Religion** ======================================= Magna Carta The Magna Carta was created because the King of England, King John, abused his power and overtaxed citizens. It required the King to get Parliament\'s permission to tax people and also protect certain citizens\' rights. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Parliament Parliament was a branch or government made up of the House of Nobles, appointed, and the House of Commons, elected. English Bill of Rights The English Bill of Rights was passed by the Parliament of England in 1689. The Bill created separation of powers and limited the powers of the king and queen. The Protestant Reformation - causes & effects on the development of the colonies The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform in Europe in the 1500s led by Martin Luther, A Catholic Monk who was against the Pope and the Catholic Church. It caused religious disputes in the Americas as all of the powers raced to spread their religion to Native Americans. **Colonial America** ==================== **New England Colonies** ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Geography The New England colonies were near the coastline, with dense forests and mountains and hills. There was also fertile soil in the region. Economy Because of its coastline, the region was well known for fishing, shipbuilding, whaling, and trade, while the forests were full of timber. They also manufactured iron products as well as ships. The New England Colony's rivers and lakes played a massive role in trade. Purpose The New England Colonies offered religious freedom to people seeking space after facing persecution. There were also economic opportunities and land in the New England Colonies as people were trying to build a new life and spread English influence in the Americas. Slavery While the North did not need slaves as much as the Southern colonies, slavery still existed. The New England Colonies played a huge role in the transatlantic slave trade because they transported them as a trade port. Slaves were considered property in the region, but in the 1800s the number of slaves decreased. Religion There was religious tolerance and freedom in the New England Colonies because of the Puritans. Many people persecuted fled there to start a new life. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was an early step in government in the colonies. It was an example of a representative government, also a democratic government. People could vote for their leaders and later inspired many other governments. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Middle Colonies** | | +===================================+===================================+ | Geography | The Middle Colonies were | | | considered the "breadbasket" of | | | the colonies because there was | | | fertile soil for growing crops. | | | There was a temperate climate (4 | | | seasons) which resulted in longer | | | growing seasons. They were along | | | the Atlantic coast and had | | | rivers, lakes, mountains, and | | | dense forests. The Middle | | | Colonies had natural iron ore | | | deposits. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Economy | The Middle Colonies flourished | | | from farming and harvesting. They | | | had an abundant supply of wheat | | | and flour. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Purpose | The Middle Colonies fed the other | | | colonies and Pennsylvania was a | | | "haven" for Quakers and other | | | religious groups. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Slavery | Slavery existed in the Middle | | | Colonies, but there was less | | | slavery because of the Quakers | | | and their beliefs about slavery. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Religion | Many religious groups existed in | | | the Middle Colonies such as | | | Christians and Jews but the | | | Quakers were the most significant | | | religious group in Pennsylvania. | | | There was religious freedom, | | | which was a safe haven for many | | | facing persecution | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | "The Holy Experiment" | William Penn created "The Holy | | | Experiment" because he believed | | | that all religions could live | | | together in one colony in peace | | | and harmony. He wanted his colony | | | to be an example of religious | | | freedom. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Zenger Trial | Peter Zenger was a German printer | | | and had been arrested for | | | printing statements in the New | | | York Weekly Journal that were | | | critical of the arbitrary rule of | | | colonial governor William Cosby. | | | | | | Zenger's defense lawyer argued | | | that Zenger was not guilty of | | | libel because the statements | | | against Cosby were true. | | | Hamilton, Zenger's lawyer, argued | | | that as long as the statements | | | were true, they should not be | | | considered libelous. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Southern Colonies** ----------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Geography The Southern Colonies had a warm and humid climate, which was crucial to year-round agriculture and had longer growing seasons. The soil in the region were some of the most fertile in America and were perfect for growing tobacco, rice, and indigo. There were swampy lowlands which were good for growing rice. Economy The Southern Colonies relied on agriculture for their economy, as their main cash crops were tobacco, rice, and indigo. Only their region could supply England with those crops because their region's environment supported those crops. Purpose Their region was established for economic gains and as a buffer from Spain. Their cultivation of cash crops and their use of plantations was their main success in the southern colonies. Slavery Slavery was used the most in the Southern Colonies. Growing crops like tobacco demanded harsh labor which needed people to work on. Religion There was not much religious freedom except for Maryland's Act of Toleration. Most people were Catholic and Protestant in the Southern Colonies. Act of Toleration The Act of Toleration provided religious freedom for all Christians. Lord Baltimore thought that Protestants were going to deprive the Catholics of worshiping freely, so he passed the act just in case. **Jamestown** ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Purpose It established a permanent English presence in North America, while also securing land before other competitions. It became a key stepping stone in the development of colonization in North America. Successes and Reasons for Success Jamestown was responsible for the earliest cultivation of tobacco, a massive success in which the economy was driven by. After some of its early struggles House of Burgesses The House of Burgesses was an assembly made in Jamestown where representatives discussed law. It was the first representative democracy and was a precedent for later American governments. **Plymouth** ----------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pilgrims The Pilgrims were a group of people on a long religious journey. They faced prosecution in England because they did not follow the teachings from the Church of England. Purpose They originally wanted to settle in the Netherlands, but they did not want their kids to be influenced in Dutch everyday life and they could not get good jobs because they couldn't become citizens. Some people wanted a fresh start in their lives and some others wanted to have religious freedom. Successes The Pilgrims' cooperation and their alliances with the Native Americans greatly contributed to their success. Also, they learned agriculture, which helped during the harsh winters. The Mayflower Compact The Mayflower Compact was a document stating the right for settlers to govern themselves for the colony's good. It became the first self-governing government in the colonies. It also brought English concepts to the New World. **Puritans** -------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Beliefs The Puritans believed in religious discipline, education, and moral purity. Purpose in Massachusetts The Puritans wanted to build a space for their future generations so they could practice their religion freely. Also, they were trying to seek refuge in a space without being judged. "City Upon a Hill" William Bradford wrote "City Upon a Hill" because he thought everyone wanted to be like the Puritans. **King Philip\'s War** ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Metacon Metacon was also known as King Philip, and was the leader of the Wampanoag tribe. He was the one who came up with the plan to attack the incoming settlers. What was it? In order to stop the colonists settling in their lands, the Wampanoag and other Native American tribes raided 12 villages and killed 600 people. The Puritans quickly attacked the Native Americans back. Outcome The colonists eventually won and 1000 Native Americans were sold into slavery. Furthermore, the settlers kept colonizing land that were previously claimed by the Native Americans. **Bacon's Rebellion** ----------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What was it? Council member Nathaniel Bacon wanted to expand West to claim more land, but Governor Berkley did not want to distrupt the Native Americans. Bacon organized a militia with indentured servants and started raiding and killing Native Americans. When Berkley found out about this, he organized his own militia. Then, Bacon burned down Jamestown and the two militias fought. Outcome When Nathaniel Bacon died, the rebellion was soon put down. All members were hung and the rebellion was officially over. **Mercantilism** ------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What was it? Mercantilism was a process in which the mother country sended raw materials to the Americas, and the colony only grew a specific item, but the colonies could not trade each other. Then, they send the items back to the mother country, who then sell them to other countries. Navigation Acts The Navigation Acts were created by Britain to enforce Mercantilism. Any imports to England from the colonies had to go on Colonial/English ships. Colonists are banned from trading with other European countries (or their colonies) directly. Colonies only sell key products, such as cash crops (such as tobacco) to England (made jobs for English workers). Salutary Neglect It was a long-term 17th & 18th-century British (unofficial) policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Enlightenment** | | +===================================+===================================+ | What was it? | The Enlightenment was a movement | | | across America with a different | | | approach to logic. The | | | Enlightenment promoted natural | | | rights, the Social Contract, and | | | how everything happens with | | | logic. The Enlightenment | | | influenced Common Sense, the | | | Declaration of Independence, and | | | Lee's Resolution. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | John Locke | John Locke was an enlightened | | | thinker who believed in Natural | | Think About: | Rights. He thought everything | | | happened for a reason, and | | -Natural Rights | science was behind it. He | | | influenced many other events, | | -Social Contract | such as Common Sense and the | | | Declaration of Independence. | | -Right of Revolution | | | | | | -Influence on Colonists | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Montesquieu's Separation of | Montesquieu was a French | | Powers | enlightened thinker who believed | | | that government should be divided | | | into three equal branches: an | | | Executive Branch, a Legislative | | | Branch, and a Judicial Branch. | | | (Checks and Balances) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Problems faced by Britain after | | | the French and Indian War** | | +===================================+===================================+ | How did Parliament deal with | Parliament taxed the colonies and | | those problems? | passed acts to repay their debts | | | from the French and Indian War. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Acts passed and Colonial Response | The Proclamation of 1763 was a | | (Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act, | law to prevent settlers west of | | Stamp Act, Declaratory Act, Writs | the Appalachian Mountains. The | | of Assistance, Townshend Acts, | land west was reserved for Native | | Tea Act, Quartering Acts, | Americans to prevent tensions | | Intolerable Acts | between the settlers and the | | | Native Americans after Pontiac's | | | War. The colonists blatantly | | | ignored the law and continued to | | | settle west. | | | | | | The Sugar Act lowered the tax on | | | molasses, but it made it easier | | | for British officials to bring | | | colonial smugglers to trial | | | because there were harsher | | | punishments. Additionally, | | | because the tax was lowered, the | | | tax was expected to be fully | | | paid. | | | | | | The Stamp Act was an act that | | | placed new taxes on legal | | | documents such as wills, | | | diplomas, and marriage papers. | | | Also, it taxed many other daily | | | items such as newspapers, | | | almanacs, playing cards, and | | | dice. The Stamp Act also | | | diminished the power of the | | | colonial assembly. | | | | | | The Declaratory Act was an act | | | that stated that the British | | | government had free and total | | | legislative power over the | | | colonies. This meant that British | | | authority could tax or make laws | | | in the colonies. | | | | | | The Townshend Acts taxed glass, | | | paper, tea, paint, and lead. It | | | was heavily boycotted by the | | | colonists due to the saying, 'no | | | taxation without representation', | | | which was a big part of the Magna | | | Carta. This led to its repeal in | | | 1770, although the tax on tea was | | | kept. | | | | | | The writs of assistance, included | | | with the Townshend Acts, allowed | | | customs officials to search | | | colonial ships without reason (a | | | violation of natural rights in | | | Britain). | | | | | | The Quartering Act stated that | | | colonists had to house British | | | soldiers and provide them food | | | and housing. The colonists argued | | | that British soldiers should not | | | stay in the colonies, let alone | | | their houses during peacetime. | | | | | | The Tea Act was made to | | | financially help the British East | | | India Company. It created a | | | monopoly for the BEIC because it | | | sold tea to the colonies without | | | going through the colonial tea | | | merchants, directly allowing them | | | to sell tea to the colonies. In | | | response, the colonists boycotted | | | tea, and turned tea ships back. | | | | | | In response to the Boston Tea | | | Party, the British passed the | | | Intolerable Acts, punishing the | | | citizens of Massachusetts. Even | | | the colonists thought that these | | | punishments were a bit too | | | extreme. The four laws were: | | | | | | 1. 2. 3. 4. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Colonists Attempt to Unite** | | +===================================+===================================+ | Albany Congress | The Albany Congress had | | | representatives from 7/13 | | | colonies, and its purpose was to | | | help the British fight against | | | the French in the French and | | | Indian War and establish an | | | alliance with the Iroquois | | | Confederation. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Albany Plan of Union | Benjamin Franklin created the | | | Albany Plan of Union to unite the | | Think About: | colonies and fight the French. | | | The delegates accepted the plan, | | -Join or Die political cartoon | but the colonial assemblies | | | rejected it because they did not | | -Reasons for Failure | want to give up their power to | | | one big government. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Stamp Act Congress | The Stamp Act Congress passed the | | | "Declaration of Rights and | | | Grievances" that stated that | | | British colonists in America | | | should be treated the same as | | | British citizens in Britain. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | First Continental Congress | All of the colonies except for | | | Georgia had delegates who | | Think About: | attended the meeting at | | | Philadelphia in 1774. The | | -Actions meant to unify the | delegates decided to boycott all | | colonies | British goods and to stop | | | exporting goods to Britain until | | -Location | the Intolerable Acts were | | | repealed. The delegates also | | -Goals | urged each colony to set up and | | | train its militia. They declared | | | that the colonies could govern | | | and tax themselves. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Second Continental Congress | A year later, delegates from all | | | colonies attended the 2nd | | Think About: | Continental Congress including | | | Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, | | -Actions meant to unify the | and Benjamin Franklin. They | | colonies | passed the Olive Branch Petition | | | and the Declaration of Causes and | | -Location | Necessity. Also, they created a | | | Continental Army led by George | | -Goals | Washington and created a currency | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | The Olive Branch Petition | In the Olive Branch Petition, the | | | American delegates asked George | | | III to attempt a peaceful | | | resolution without taking arms. | | | They claimed that they were | | | always loyal to the British, but | | | the King refused to receive this | | | petition and instead declared the | | | colonies to be in a state of | | | rebellion. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | The Declaration for the Necessity | Congress set "forth the causes | | of Taking up Arms | and necessity of their taking up | | | arms" against British authority | | | in the American colonies. | | | | | | One day after the delegates | | | passed the Olive Branch Petition, | | | they announced to King George III | | | that they would "die freemen | | | rather than live as slaves." | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Patriots & Loyalists | The Patriots strongly supported | | | independence from Great Britain | | | while the Loyalists strongly | | | supported staying under Britain's | | | rule. Most of the people in the | | | colonies were patriots, but there | | | were more loyalists in the south | | | because they traded and sold | | | items to the British. Also, many | | | slaves were loyalists because | | | King George promised their | | | freedom if the British won the | | | war. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Revolutionary America** ========================= **Thomas Paine** ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Common Sense" "Common Sense" was a pamphlet that expressed his opinions about America\'s independence. Paine's words defined the essence of the American cause for ordinary citizens to take up arms. The pamphlet sold about half a million copies and rallied the Americans to fight for independence from Britain. Influence on Jefferson Jefferson used many of his Enlightened ideas when he wrote the Declaration of Independence by including the part about Natural Rights and the Grievences. "The Crisis" "The Crisis" was a series of essays written during the American Revolution by Thomas Paine to motivate the troops (and the public) to continue the fight when the Americans were at their lowest in the winter of 1776. **Declaration of Independence** ------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- John Locke's Influence John Locke inspired many Enlightened ideas in the Declaration of Independence such as the idea of Natural Rights as both claimed that everyone should be entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Reasons for Independence The colonists felt like the king was overtaxing them without a say in what should happen. Format of Declaration and Core Arguments There was a Preamble and three sections in the Declaration of Independence. The first section was about Natural Rights, the second section explained what King George did to the colonists, and the third section explained that the colonists were going to break away from Britain and what they were going to do. Slavery Jefferson included a passage about slavery in the DOI, but it got removed last minute to avoid controversy and tension between slave owners and non-slave owners. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Key Battles of the | | | Revolutionary** | | | | | | **War/End of War** | | +===================================+===================================+ | Lexington & Concord | The British troops left Boston | | | harbor to capture weapons stored | | | at Concord. Meanwhile, Paul | | | Revere and other riders set off | | | on horseback to warn colonists of | | | advancing British troops. The | | | British soldiers and colonial | | | militias collided at Lexington, | | | and a shot was fired, signaling | | | the war had started. The British | | | destroyed the militia at | | | Lexington but lost at Concord and | | | was chased back to Boston. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Saratoga | British General Burgoyne marched | | | to Albany with his troops, even | | | capturing Fort Ticonderoga. He | | | was delayed at the fort, so it | | | gave the Americans a chance to | | | regroup. The Green Mountain Boys | | | hurried into New York to assist | | | the American forces. They | | | surrounded the British in the | | | town of Saratoga. When Burgoyne | | | tried to break free but failed, | | | he realized he was trapped and | | | surrendered his entire army to | | | the Americans. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Yorktown | Instead of sending a part of his | | | Army to New York, Cornwallis | | | retreated to the Yorktown | | | peninsula, a piece of land | | | surrounded by the Chesapeake Bay. | | | The Continental Army with French | | | soldiers and ships cut off | | | Cornwallis and his troops. There, | | | the Americans and the French laid | | | siege to Cornwallis's army, which | | | made the British surrender. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Treaty of Paris of 1783 | The terms stated that the British | | | recognized the United States as | | | an independent nation. It | | | extended from the Atlantic Ocean | | | to the Mississippi River. The | | | northern border stopped at the | | | Great Lakes and the southern | | | border stopped at Florida, which | | | was returned to Spain. The | | | Americans agreed to ask the state | | | legislatures to pay Loyalists for | | | property they had lost in the | | | war. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Reasons for America's success | The Americans had a huge | | | advantage because they fought in | | | their own geography. The Patriots | | | knew their environment and the | | | British had to send soldiers and | | | supplies several thousand miles | | | from home. Additionally, other | | | nations like Spain and France | | | helped the Americans. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Map of The United States** ------------------------------------------------------------- -- Identify the location of the original 13 colonies Identify the location of key events during Colonial America