American Revolution Chapter 5 Study Guide PDF

The American Revolution Test over Chapter 5 Things to Know English concept of liberty: Owning land was freedom and having religious freedom. Trial by Jury: The right of a trial by likewise peers instead of being immediately jailed....

The American Revolution Test over Chapter 5 Things to Know English concept of liberty: Owning land was freedom and having religious freedom. Trial by Jury: The right of a trial by likewise peers instead of being immediately jailed. The colonists valued this right immensely. “Salutary neglect”: The British imperial empire allowed the colonies to govern themselves. It was canceled, the colonies were not governing their selves anymore. Voting in the colonies: Linchpin for voting-ownership of property-both in Britian and the colonies. The colonies had a percentage of 50%-80% of people who could vote. Colonial assemblies: Assembly=state legislature in every colony. Elected Assemblies= Landowners voted for it. They had representation. The colonial assemblies grew more assertive. Immigration to the British Colonies in the 18c – pull factors Those who were not forcefully immigrated were drawn by the land, high wages, and freedom of conscience. Europeans gave religious freedom. And America did not have a draft for soldiers like England did. Largest Wave of Immigration: African American immigrants were the largest wave. They were forcefully immigrated, however. Effects of the Seven Years’ War How did the Seven Years’ War affect British relations with the colonies? After the war, the gov’t in London concerned itself with the colonies in unprecedented ways to make British rule more efficient and to raise funds to help pay for the war. How did the British view the colonies? – Inferior, subordinate, unequal parts of the empire.  The problem of representation The colonists wanted to be represented by their own assembly. And only their assembly to tax them. “No taxation without representation.” Britian however wanted virtual representation for the colonies. Virtual representation A theory that each member of the Parliament represented the entire empire, not just a district. British Acts and Colonial Reaction Sugar Act: Introduced by Prime Minister George Grenville, reduced the existing tax on molasses imported into North America from the French West Indies from six pence to three pence per gallon. The act also established a new machinery to end widespread smuggling by colonial merchants. It also included where smugglers could be judged without benefit of a jury trial. Colonists saw the measure as a welcome reduction in taxation, but an attempt to get them to pay a levy they otherwise would have evaded. Stamp Act: To save money, the stamp act required all legal documents including commercial contracts, newspapers, wills, and marriage licenses. Its purpose was to help fund troops in Britian who were stationed in America. They were taxed without their consent and the money was used to pay for the British troops stationed in the army. It angered the colonists very much, as they felt Britian was becoming even more controlling on their rights in America. The act affected every colonist. Stamp Act Congress of 1765 -major decisions 1. They affirmed the allegiance to the crown 2. No taxation without representation 3. They started a boycott Declaratory Act: It rejected Americans claims that only their represented assemblies could tax them. That only the Parliament could tax them without their consent. Colonists were already upset and it increased tensions that were already suffering between Britian and the colonies. Committees of Correspondence: A way for colonial leaders to write letters to colony to colony to spready ways to oppose the British ways. Townshend Act: Imposed new set of taxes. Anything that came into the colonies was taxed. The act created a new board of customs officials to collect taxes and suppress smuggling. The colonies were upset, so they started to boycott. The boycott lasted for two years. Sons of Liberty: Secret political organization in the American Colonies that protested British taxes and laws before the American revolution. By the time the revolution began, there were chapters of the Sons of Liberty in all thirteen colonies. Daughters of Liberty: American heroes, women who helped reduce the dependance on British goods by making the goods themselves. Social Tensions in the Colonies The North Carolina Regulators: Farmers wanted representation in colonial government and then didn’t want it because it was corrupt. Soon they started a resistance. 1771 Battle of Alamance: an armed rebellion of farmers-calling themselves regulators- battled against royal governor William Tyron’s militia. The regulators were defeated. Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys: The colony of New York fought Vermont. Ethan Allen started the group to protect their land. Sometimes the Green Mountains Boys attacked Yorkers to scare them off the Hampshire Grants. The Boston Massacre: The underlying tension in Boston was for soldiers competing for jobs. Started out as two teenagers, then a huge mob formed. The mob started to throw snowballs filled with rocks which made the soldiers bleed. It’s unknown who but someone shouted fire. The platoon of soldiers started to fire. Significance of Paul Revere’s engraving: Made the colonists enraged, created an uproar around the colonies towards the soldiers that were station in there. Crispus Attucks: First person to be killed in the Boston massacre. Black man who was a sailor. Tea Act Because of a bailing out from the East India Company the tea act was passed. The act eliminated the customs duty on the company’s tea and permitted the company to sell tea directly to colonies without colonial middlemen. The tea became cheaper than Dutch tea. It offended the politicians and patriots who saw the act as an attempt by Parliament to tax them without their consent. The business for local merchants and middlemen decreased. The Boston Tea Party Led by the Sons of Liberty boarded the ships (dressed as Native Americans) and explained why they were there and then threw over 300 chests of tea into the sea. It was a loss of about $4 million dollars today. Intolerable or Coercive Acts 1. Boston Port Act: The Boston port was closed until all debts were payed back. 2. Massachusetts Government Act: Replaced the elected leaders with appointed English men to be political officials. Radically altered the Massachusetts charter of 1691 by curtailing town meetings. 3. Quarting Act: Soldiers were now in private homes. 4. MA lost fishing rights: Excluded fishing off the coast of Newfoundland and prohibited from all trade except with England and the West Indies. Quebec Act: The southern border of Quebec was pushed all the way to the southern colonies of America. Now granting legal toleration to the Roman Catholic Church. It was dreaded by most Protestants in its American empire. Fears of religious and political tyranny mingled in the minds of many colonists. The Coming of Independence Suffolk Resolves: Passed during the first Continental Congress to boycott goods and protest recent taxes. Refuse obedience to the new laws, withhold taxes, prepare for war. First Continental Congress: September 1774. The prominent political leaders attended. (This meant all the prominent political, wealthy leaders were going to lead the war) All the colonies attended except Georgia. They met to coordinate resistance to the Intolerable Acts, the elite protest. Committees of Safety: Their goal was to police the local population and punish those who did not boycott. Ordinary men were in the committees, sort of like vigilantes. “Shot heard around the world”: Shot heard at the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19th, 1775. Second Continental Congress: May 10th, 1775. They raised an army, printed money, and appointed George Washington as the commander of the continental army. Why was George Washington appointed commander of the Continental Army? John Adams proposed him for the position. He did this to insure unified action. British response to the outbreak of the war: The king refused to listen to the American people and declared the colonies in a state of rebellion. Olive Branch Petition: Adopted by congress on July 5th, 1775, to be sent to the kind as the last attempt to prevent formal war from being declared. Ideas Common Sense – author, main themes, style of writing, impact: Written by Thomas Paine. The pamphlet urged colonials to stop the war of inconsistency, to stop pretending loyalty, and just fight. He made a new type of political writing, one that used ordinary and accessible and comprehensible language that anyone could read. He called King George III “The Royal Brute of Great Britian” and said that the constitution should be written! He argued to reject the monarchy and empire and embrace an independent republic. “Asylum for Mankind”: Said by Paine he proclaimed that the new nation would become the home of freedom “an asylum for mankind.” Any persecuted individual can come to America because America is a refuge. American exceptionalism: The belief that the United States has a special mission to serve as refuge from tyranny, and symbol of freedom, and a model for the rest of the world. The Declaration of Independence: Written by Jefferson. 86 revisions. Three basic ideas: 1. God made all men equal and gave them the rights of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. 2. The main job of the government is to protect these rights. 3. If a government tries to withhold these rights, then the people are free to alter and abolish the old government. They leveled the charges directly to King George III, (27 grievances) also arguing that they had no representation in Parliament, and therefore Britian should not tax them. The War for Independence Lexington and Concord: 77 minutemen gathered at Lexington started to break up when ordered by the British. The gunman of the first shot is unknown, but 8 Americans were killed and 10 were wounded as the British marched to concord. British flees. The redcoats break ranks and retreat to Boston under sniper attack. 99 redcoats killed and 49 Americans killed. Fort Ticonderoga, Battle of Breed’s Hill (Bunker Hill), The Siege of Boston, Battle of Quebec: Ford Ticonderoga (May 10th, 1775) -Ethan Allan and Benedict Arnold together with the ‘Green Mountain Boys’ capture this British fort. Bunker Hill (June 17th, 1775) -16,000 American troops surround Boston and hold the strategic hill. The redcoats attack with well-trained troops. Even though the Redcoats won, over 1,000 Redcoats were killed or wounded. American morale was uplifted. The Siege of Boston – The opening phase of the war. In the siege the Continental Army prevented the British army which were garrisoned in Boston, from moving by land. Washington spread the cannons around the land, British general Howe fled, ending the siege.  Battle of Quebec (December 1775) – Benedict Arnold marches 1,000 troops through the wilderness of Maine to attack Quebec and control the St. Lawrence River. However, many died on the march and Arnolds’s attack was defeated by the British. British advantages during the American Revolution: Able to pay for food, have silver and gold, and they had loyalists, they had mercenaries. American strategy in the war: Fought Indianan style: hit and run. Continental soldiers: socio-economic status Poor, young, unmarried, and propertyless soldiers. Promised the soldiers land and money after the war. 1/20 soldiers died in the army. Black soldiers in the Revolutionary war: 20,000 on England’s side, 5,000 on America’s side. What did Lord Dunmore do that scared southerners? He offered freedom to any slave who escaped his lines and bore arms for the king. Washington’s important victories in the winter of 1776–1777 Trenton and Princeton. They were both morale boosters. Why did Washington decide to use slaves? Lord Dunmore’s proclamation persuaded slaves to join the army for freedom in England. Soon after Washington decided to use slaves for the war Battle of Saratoga: 1777, it was the turning point of the war because it was the biggest victory so far for America. France agreed to help America. US allies in the Revolutionary war: France, Spain, and the Netherlands. (France gave the most support.) France/Spain hated Britian and wanted to cripple the empire. The war in 1778: The war moved to the south. The war in 1780: Low point for America. The army was struggling to pay their soldiers, so there was mutiny. General Benedict became a traitor. Two wins the in the south: Cowpens and Yorktown. Battle of Yorktown: 1781 in the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. The French blocked the escape route as the other ships blocked the path of travel. Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. What ultimately led to the colonists’ victory in the Revolutionary War? Because Washington was able to hold the army together. The public opinion of Great Britian became weary. France’s help. Why did not the British colonies in the West Indies join the revolution? They feared that joining in rebellion would encourage revolt among the enslaved population. Treaty of Paris 1. Britian recognizes US independence 2. Britian cedes all land between Canada and Florida and west to the Mississippi to the US 3. The US Got their fishing rights back. 4. US agrees to not persecute loyalist and to restore all their confiscated property. 5. US agrees to allow British merchants to collect debts owed to them. People George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army. Lord Dunmore: Slave owner who offered freedom to any slave that crossed his lines to fight in the war. Paul Revere: American patriot who was a part of the Sons of Liberty. His engraving of the Boston Massacre stirred indignation in the colonies. Crispus Attucks: Black sailor who was the first killed in the Boston Massacre. Thomas Paine: American patriot who wrote Common Sense. Patrick Henry: Founding Father. Famously known for give me liberty or give me death. Benjamin Franklin: Founding Father. Went to France to secure their allyship. Thomas Jefferson: Author of the Declaration of Independence. John Adams: One of the founding fathers of the United States. He fought for American Independence as a Massachusetts delegate to the Contentinetal Congress. He helped with the Declaration of Independence. Samuel Adams: Founding father of the United States and the Boston Tea Party. Henry Knox: Appointed general of the army by Washington. Brought 78 cannons 300 miles away to Boston. Ethan Allen: Patriot, leader of the Green Mountain Boys. British Generals Howe: Commander-in-chief of British land forces in the Colonies during the American War of Independence. Burgoyne: Known for his defeat by superior American forces in Saratoga. Cornwallis: Surrendered during the battle of Yorktown.  Clinton: railed troops and sent reinforcements to attack the Continental Army’s position during the Battle of Bunker Hill and helped secure a British victory. During the siege of Yorktown, he delayed sending promised reinforcements to Cornwallis. Baron von Steuben: Taught the American army how to attack. Marquis De Lafayette: French man who commanded the group troops at Yorktown. Benedict Arnold: General who led the Battle of Quebec, it caused the deaths of many. He became a traitor by selling secrets to the British.