COGS1010 Delusions and Disorders of the Mind and Brain Exam PDF, Macquarie University, 2023

SEAT NUMBER: ……….… ROOM:..………………. FAMILY NAME:………….....…………………………. This question paper must be returned....

SEAT NUMBER: ……….… ROOM:..………………. FAMILY NAME:………….....…………………………. This question paper must be returned. OTHER NAMES:……..…….…………………..…….. Candidates are not permitted to remove any part of it from the examination room. STUDENT NUMBER:…..…….………..…………….. FORMAL EXAMINATION PERIOD: SESSION 2, NOVEMBER 2023 Unit Code: COGS1010 Unit Name: Delusions and Disorders of the Mind and Brain Duration of Exam 2 hours plus 10 minutes reading time (including reading time if applicable): Total No. of Questions: 30 multiple choice plus select 3 of the 4 short essay questions Total No. of Pages 8 (including this cover sheet): GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS: Students are required to follow directions given by the Final Examination Supervisor and must refrain from communicating in any way with another student once they have entered the final examination venue. Students may not write or mark the exam materials in any way during reading time. Students may only access authorised materials during this examination. A list of authorised material is available on this cover sheet. All watches must be removed and placed at the top of the exam desk and must remain there for the duration of the exam. All alarms, notifications and alerts must be switched off. Students are not permitted to leave the exam room during the first hour (excluding reading time) and during the last 15 minutes of the examination. If it is alleged you have breached these rules at any time during the examination, the matter may be reported to a University Discipline Committee for determination. EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS: EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS: The exam is 2 hours in length, with 10 minutes reading time prior to commencing. It has two parts: Part one consists of 30 multiple choice questions. These questions will cover content from the second half of the course (i.e., Disorders of the Self, Delusions, Hypnosis, Schizophrenia, and Synaesthesia). Part one is worth 30 marks (1 mark for each question). Part two consists of 3 short essay questions. Four question options will be provided, and you need to pick only 3 to answer. These questions will cover content from the entire course. Part two is worth 15 marks (5 marks for each question) AIDS AND MATERIALS PERMITTED/NOT PERMITTED: Dictionaries: No dictionaries permitted Calculators: No calculators permitted Other: Closed book – No notes or textbooks permitted Copyright © Macquarie University. Copying or distribution of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited. Multiple Choice Questions: Answer all 30 1) The sense of agency is: a) Always in our awareness b) Available only to our subconscious c) Most noticeable when it is disrupted in some way d) Impossible to recognise e) Only active in clinical disorders 2) When someone has a sense of agency for a self-generated action: a) The sensory consequences of that action are exagerated b) The sensory consequences of that action are attenuated c) The sensory consequences of that action are reversed d) There are no sensory conseqences of that action e) None of the mentioned options 3) What changes in self consciousness would be expected when an individual experiences a state of flow? a) Increased sense of agency b) Decreased sense of agency c) Increased feeling of body ownership d) Decreased feeling of body ownership e) Decreased feeling of body ownership and increased sense of agency 4) Which of these disorders does not involve a disturbance in body self-perception? a) Somatoparaphrenia b) Phantom limb syndrome c) Obsessive compulsive disorder d) Anorexia Nervosa e) Somatic delusions 5) Which statement best describes the effects of the rubber hand paradigm: a) Synchronous stroking inhibits the illusion and asynchronous stroking enhances the illusion b) Both synchronous and asynchronous stroking can enhance the illusion, depending on timing of the stimulus c) Synchronous stroking enhances the illusion and asynchronous stroking inhibits the illusion d) Neither synchronous nor asynchronous stroking enhance the illusion e) Both synchronous and asynchronous stroking can enhance the illusion, depending on the participant's sensitivity 2 6) According to the comparator model of agency: a) A mismatch between a motor prediction and motor feedback leads to an increased sense of agency b) Our sense of agency occurs when we have thoughts about an action or event that meet the criteria of priority, exclusivity, and consistency c) When there are multiple possible causes for a motor action, we feel a reduced sense of agency d) Our sense of agency will be reduced if our predicted motor action does not match the sensory feedback e) We must monitor our thoughts to experience a sense of agency over events and actions 7) According to the two-factor theory of delusion, the second factor: a) Is responsible for the content of the delusional belief b) is different in each different kind of delusion c) is the same in every different kind of delusion d) Is always due to damage to the left hemisphere of the brain e) Is a general difficulty in the ability to reason 8) The delusion that other people can control movements of your limbs against your will is called: a) Capgras delusion b) Persecutory delusion c) Fregoli delusion d) Somatoparaphrenia e) Alien control delusion 9) Which of the following is NOT a feature of delusions? a) The patients can have brain damage b) The patients can have insight about their delusions c) The deluded patients can act on what they believe d) They all have more than one delusion e) They are not rare 10) Fregoli delusion is the belief that: a) Other people are out to get you b) Other people can control the movement of your body, against your will c) You have special powers or abilities d) People you know are disguising themselves and following you around in the street e) You are dead 11) In Cotard delusion, the delusional idea first occurs because: a) The patient has impaired ability to see faces b) The patient has mirror agnosia c) The patient’s autonomic nervous system has become completely unresponsive to all stimuli d) The patient’s autonomic nervous system no longer responds to familiar faces e) The patient’s autonomic nervous system now responds to all faces, even unfamiliar ones 3 12) Hypnotisability scores: a) Are normally distributed in the population b) Increase with age c) Vary according to geographical location d) Correlate positively with extraversion e) Indicate that 70% of the population is low hypnotisable 13) In our hypnotic model of mirrored-self misidentification delusion, we found that high hypnotisable subjects: a) Could not sensibly explain the presence of the stranger b) Claimed that a family member could not tell them apart from the stranger c) Maintained their delusion when challenged d) Could not touch their nose while looking in the mirror e) All of the mentioned options 14) What type of hypnotic suggestion is one that suggests there is a mosquito buzzing around someone’s head: a) An amnesia suggestion b) A challenge suggestion c) A cognitive-delusory suggestion d) An ideomotor suggestion e) An anosmia suggestion 15) The most successful technique for challenging hypnotic mirrored-self misidentification is: a) Asking subjects how a close friend would be able to tell them apart from the stranger in the mirror b) Asking subjects to explain why the stranger is wearing the same clothes as them c) Giving subjects a small hand-held mirror to look into d) Having the hypnotist appear in the mirror beside subjects e) Asking subjects to touch their nose while looking in the mirror 16) Hypnotic models of delusions are useful because a) They might provide a testing ground for exploring treatments b) People can increase their hypnotisability over time c) Delusional patients can be treated with hypnosis d) They are reliable in diagnosing psychopathology e) 80% of the population is high hypnotisable 17) Hypnosis research that explores the nature of hypnosis itself is known as: a) Hypnotisability research b) Extrinsic research c) Magnetism research d) Instrumental research e) None of the mentioned options 4 18) Which of the following statements is correct about cognitive abilities in schizophrenia? a) Difficulties with basic cognitive abilities are typically associated with hearing voices in schizophrenia b) Difficulties with basic cognitive abilities are rare in schizophrenia c) Difficulties with memory are seen in amnesia but never seen in people with schizophrenia d) Difficulties with planning are seen after frontal brain damage but never seen in people with schizophrenia e) Difficulties with basic cognitive abilities are typically associated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia 19) One approach to studying schizophrenia is the cognitive neuropsychiatric approach. This means explaining symptoms in terms of: a) Damage to neural pathways b) Interpersonal dynamics c) Impaired information processing d) Childhood trauma e) All of the mentioned options 20) Barry believes that the arrangement of objects he comes across in everyday life holds a special significance. For example, he believes that a shop display of red pens means that he should start writing a novel. This is an example of: a) Grandiose delusion b) Delusion of thought broadcast c) Persecutory delusion d) Delusion of control e) Delusion of reference 21) Delusions in schizophrenia are often polythematic. Can the two-factory theory of delusional beliefs be applied to the delusions in schizophrenia? a) Definitely not because there is no single impairment that could suggest the content of polythematic delusional beliefs. b) Possibly with hallucinations, overactive pattern recognition, and misperception of internally generated content as being external all being possible factor 1 impairments. c) Possibly because there is often evidence of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction in schizophrenia d) Definitely not because polythematic delusions would require multiple impairments to explain factor 2. e) Definitely not because factor 1 always has to be a neuropsychological impairment. 22) Poor social functioning is common in schizophrenia. Which of the following is true of the relationship between schizophrenia and social functioning? a) Poor social functioning is entirely due to deficits in basic cognition b) The majority of people with schizophrenia find it difficult to fulfil major social roles such as parenting, and marriage c) Patients and carers report poor social function as a low priority for treatment d) Social functioning improves when positive symptoms respond to medication e) There are no treatment programs for poor social functioning in schizophrenia 5 23) Deficits in social cognition are common in schizophrenia. Which of the following is true? a) ‘Theory of mind' impairments in schizophrenia can be thought of as a problem with mental perspective-taking b) Impairments in social cognition are unrelated to social functioning in schizophrenia c) People with schizophrenia are 'mind-blind' d) Higher order social cognition such as 'Theory of Mind' is impaired in schizophrenia, but basic emotion recognition is spared e) Impairments in social cognition are entirely due to impairments in basic cognition 24) Which of the following would be an approach to studying heterogeneity of schizophrenia? a) The subtype approach b) The symptom approach c) The cognitive neuropsychology approach d) The cognitive neuropsychiatry approach e) All of the options 25) Synaesthesia is considered a cognitive disorder because: a) Synaethesia is not considered a disorder b) Perceptions from multiple senses merge into a single perceptual experience c) Additional perceptual experiences interfere with normal perception d) Additional perceptual experiences interfere with everyday tasks e) It is only considered a disorder if someone reports that additional perceptual experiences interfere with everyday functioning 26) In the synaesthesia tutorial, we did a synaesthetic congruency test based off the classical Stroop task. If used on someone with synaesthesia, what type of measure would this be classified as? a) Indirect b) Direct c) Quantifiable d) Qualification e) Primary 27) In visual search experiments, the time taken to find a target defined by a conjunction of features would be: a) Unaffected by the number of distractors b) Decrease as the number of distractors increases c) Increase as the number of distractors increases d) The same as a target defined by only one of the features e) Much shorter than the same target when it is defined by a unique feature 28) Synaesthetic experiences tend to be: a) Highly consistent over time and involuntary b) Highly consistent over time and voluntary c) Inconsistent over time and involuntary d) Inconsistent over time and voluntary e) None of the mentioned options 6 29) Indirect measures of synaesthesia a) Show it is more prevalent in males b) Involve verbally asking about people’s experiences c) Are subjective d) Show it is more prevalent in females e) None of the mentioned options 30) The synaesthetic congruency (stroop) task a) Is an indirect measure of synaesthesia that provides evidence that synaesthesia requires attention to the inducing stimulus. b) Is an indirect measure that provides evidence that synaesthesia is involuntary by asking participants to read words for colours that are presented in font colours that do not match the meaning of the word (e.g., the word “blue” printed in a red font). c) Is a direct measure of synaesthesia that provides evidence that synaesthesia is involuntary. d) Is an indirect measure of synaesthesia that provides evidence that synaesthsia is involuntary. e) Is an indirect measure that shows that reading words is an involuntary process. 7  Please answer only 3 of the 4 short essay questions. 1. Describe the cognitive neuropsychological approach to studying cognition, including the four key assumptions of this approach. 2. Jack has developmental dyslexia. His clinician at the Macquarie University Reading Clinic is trying to work out what would be the most appropriate treatment. She asked Jack to read a list of words and noticed that he has trouble reading some of the words but not others. Jack read ‘quay’ as ‘/kway/’ , ‘ready’ as ‘/reedy/’, ‘island’ as ‘/izland/’; he can read made up words such as ‘smope’, and ‘norf’ correctly, and he can also read words like ‘dog’, ‘animal’, ‘tool’, ‘cat’. Jack’s clinician also noted that he can keep up a good conversation with her and did not seem to have any difficulties in understanding her. Account for the deficit Jack has in the context of the dual route model. Suggest what component(s) of the dual route model is (are) likely to be impaired and what tests you can do to localize the impairment. Based on the impairment, what other types of reading patterns would this child show? Finally, what kind of treatment would you suggest to help Jack. 3. Describe the benefits of having an objective measure of synaesthesia and give an example of one such measure. Include a description of what the likely pattern of results would be in a synaesthete versus a non-synaesthete. 4. Describe the two factor theory of delusion. Explain how the two factor theory can explain a delusion (use an example). Are there any weaknesses or types of delusions that the two-factor theory cannot explain? 8