Pharmacognosy 2 Lecture Notes (2024/2025)

Academic Year: 2024/2025 Pharmacognosy 2 (Course CodePG203) Lecture No. (3) Non Official Seeds And Fruits Introduction By...

Academic Year: 2024/2025 Pharmacognosy 2 (Course CodePG203) Lecture No. (3) Non Official Seeds And Fruits Introduction By Dr. Mohamed aboelmagd Department of Pharmacognosy 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 1  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Lecture’s Aim To provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure, identification, and pharmacognostic importance of medicinal non-official seeds 1-Provide students with a fundamental understanding of the structure and classification of fruits in pharmacognosy. 2-Describe the macroscopic and microscopic features of fruits, helping students differentiate between various types of fruits. 3-Help students to classify fruits based on their development from different floral structures, including true fruits, false fruits, and composite fruits 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 2  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Lecture’s Competencies Understand the basic structure of fruits, including the epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp, and their functions in fruit anatomy Recognize key macroscopic characteristics of fruits such as shape, color, surface, and scars, Classify fruits into different types, including simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and composite fruits Distinguish between true fruits (derived solely from the gynoecium) and false fruits (involving other floral parts), 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 3  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Lecture’s Contents 1-Non-official seeds A. Castor Seeds B. Nigella C. Coffee beans Calabar beans 2-Introduction of fruits 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 4  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Nux vomica seeds Biological and Geographical Origin Dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux vomica (Fam. Loganiaceae) Nux vomica contains not more than 1% foreign organic matter and yields not less than 2.5% of alkaloids, and not less than 1.2% strychnine alkaloid 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 5  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Macroscopical Characters Very hard seed due to the hemicellulosic thick walled endosperm 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 6  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active constituents Alkaloids (strychnine and brucine) 1.8-5.3%. Chlorogenic acid. Loganin (irrodoid glycoside). Fixed oil (3%). Uses: Bitter stomachic (improves appetite) and tonic. It stimulates the muscular coat of the intestine increasing peristalsis. In large dose, causes violent convulsions that involves the respiratory muscles (asphyxia) and can cause death. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 7  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Non-Official Seeds 1- F.O. : Castor Pumpkin Evening primrose 2-F.O. + V. O. : Nigella 3-Alkaloid: Coffee beans Calabar beans 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 8  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Castor Seeds The dried seeds of Ricinus communis Linn. Family: Euphorbiaceae. The oil is official in the E.P. under name of oleum Ricini. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 9  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Microscopical Characters Seeds: Oval, 8-18 mm long, 4-12 mm broad. Testa is very smooth and brittle, grey, brown or black in color. Small caruncle present at one end from which runs the raphe to terminate at the Chalaza. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 10  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active Constituents Fixed Oil 46-63%. Protein 26%. Ricin (toxic protein). Ricinine alkaloid (toxic alkaloid). 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 11  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Uses Castor oil (colorless or pale yellow, slight odor, acrid taste) is used as a purgative due to its ricinoleic acid content. Oil is used after food poisoning and before intestinal examination. Seeds are not used due to the presence of ricins. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 12  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Pumpkin Seeds Origin The dried seeds of Cucurbita pepo, Family Cucurbitaceae. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 13  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active Constituents F.O. Unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols. Uses The oil of the seed is used for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Atherosclerosis. Male infertility. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 14  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Evening Primrose The fixed oil obtained by extraction and/or expression from the seeds of Oenothera spp. (O. biennis L., O. lamarkiana L.) Onagraceae contains substantial amounts of esterified γ-linolenic acid (GLA), a C18 6,9,12-triene 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 15  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active Constituents : fixed oil γ-Linolenic acid (GLA) Uses: –Psoriasis –Eczema –Premenstrual syndromes –Breast cancer 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 16  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Nigella Seeds Origin and Geographical Source The dried ripe seeds of Nigella sativa Linn. Family: Ranunculaceae. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 17  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active Constituents Volatile oil (thymoquinones) Fixed oil (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) Triterpene and saponins Uses Immuno-stimulant, cough and chest disorders. Anticancer, antioxidant and antiasthmatic Lactagogue. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 18  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Coffee Beans Origin and Geographical Source The dried fermented seeds of Coffea Arabica Linn. Family: Rubiaceae. Tropical countries such as Yemen and Brazil. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 19  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active Constituents Alkaloids: Caffeine 1-2%. Tannins. Chlorogenic acid Uses CNS Stimulant. Diuretic 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 20  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Calabar beans Calabar beans (Ordeal beans) are the dried ripe seeds of Physostigma venenosum (Leguminosae) 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 21  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active constituents: alkaloids e.g. physostigmine =eserine. The chief alkaloid, physostigmine, is present about 0.15%. It is derived from tryptophan On exposure to air, it oxidizes into a red compound, rubreserine, and should therefore be protected from air and light Uses: Myotic An antidote to strychnine poisoning 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 22  Academic Year: 2024/2025 The FRUIT (FRUcTUs )  A fruit is the whole product of the development of the gynaecium as a result of fertilization. It is a developed or ripened ovary or ovaries. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 23  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Characters of Fruits A-Macroscopical features: 1. type, shape, colour, dimensions, surface characters, odour, taste,...etc. 2. Scars: two distinct scars: The first: at the base, marking the attachment to the stalk or to the parent plant, The Second: apical and minute, marking the remains of the style and stigma. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 24  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Surface: Smooth and glaucous as Capsicum. Glabrous as Fennel, Cardamom, Pepper,...etc. Pubescent as Anise. Rough or granular as Citrus, Datura inermis,...etc. Spiny as Stramonium, Castor,...etc. Striated as Cardamom, Senna...etc. Ridged as Lobelia, Umbelliferae. Reticulated (due to drying) as Black pepper,....etc. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 25  Academic Year: 2024/2025 B-Structure: The fruit consists of the pericarp which is a swollen and modified ovary wall, enclosing the seeds which are arranged on the placenta. The wall of the pericarp is divided into three regions: the outer epicarp, the inner endocarp and the mesocarp in between. 1-The epicarp: It may be: Thin and membranous. Leathery as in Banana,. Thick and hard as in Colocynth. The epicarp is usually formed of: a- The outer epidermis only as Capsicum minimum. b- The outer epidermis with + modified hypodermal layers. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 26  Academic Year: 2024/2025 2-The endocarp formed of:  The inner epidermis only as in Capsicum, Fennel.  The inner epidermis + several hypodermal layers as in Olive, forming the woody structure (the stone enclosing the seed). 3-The mesocarp: in which the vascular strands ramify. It may be: Succulent as in Prune, parenchymatous as in Colocynth, or may consist of several layers of different types. 4-The placenta: differs in structure from the pericarp. It may be knob-like, cord- like, membranous or enlarged as sometimes filling the cavity of the fruit. It may be soft, dry and pithy in dry fruits, or soft and fleshy in succulent fruits 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 27  Academic Year: 2024/2025 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 28  Academic Year: 2024/2025 C-Microscopical features 1) The epicarp: The outer epidermis having characters of the (epidermal structures), with few stomata or devoid of stomata, contents, and trichomes. 2) Mesocarp: -parenchyma traversed by fibrovascular bundles, sclerenchymatous cells or groups of cells are often. -secretory tissue e.g. oil cells as in Pepper, oil glands as in Orange Peel. Oil ducts as in most umbelliferous fruits or laticiferous vessels, Poppy capsules. -Calcium oxalate, starch and other cell contents. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 29  Academic Year: 2024/2025 3) The Endocarp : is the inner epidermis of the pericarp, is often characteristic:  In Capsicum fruits →islands of lignified sclerenchyma  In many umbelliferous fruits→ parquetry layer (groups of cells differently oriented) e.g. Fennel, resembling the appearance of the parquetry floor.  Thickened pitted lignified cells as in Pepper . 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 30  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Unequal thickening forming beaker shaped cells and appearing in sections as horse-shoe thickening; in Cubebs, Hyoscyamus, …etc., the cells are equally thickened 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 31  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Types of Fruits  Sometimes other parts of the flower in addition to the gynaecium participate in the production of the fruit:  A true fruit is a fruit formed from the gynoecium of a single flower alone.  A false fruit is a fruit formed when other parts of the flower take part in its formation. e.g. Apple 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 32  Academic Year: 2024/2025 A composite fruit (or a compound or a multiple or a collective fruit) is a fruit formed from the whole inflorescence and not from a single flower, where all the flowers of the inflorescence or their ovaries increase in size as a result of fertilization and become aggregated together and form a single mass of small fruits. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 33  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Fruits are classified as: Composite fruit (fruit formed from the whole inflorescence) True fruit False fruit 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 34  Academic Year: 2024/2025 True fruit Aggregate fruit Simple fruit (from Apocarpous (free carpels) (single ovary, syncarpous ovary of a single flower with monocarpellary ) a single receptacle; etaerio) A)Simple, Dry, dehiscent. B)Simple, Dry, indehiscent. A) Etaerio of achenes: C)Simple, Dry, schizo-carpic Strawberry or splitting. B) Etaerio of follicles: D)Simple, Succulent Star-anise 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 35  Academic Year: 2024/2025 I) sImple FRUIT A) Simple, Dry, Dehiscent Fruits: The pericarp becomes dry and remains attached to the plant and splits when ripe to release the enclosed seeds. 1-Legume (pod): monocarpellary ovary which splits (dehisces) along both dorsal and ventral sutures as leguminoseae fruits. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 36  Academic Year: 2024/2025 2-Follicle: monocarpellary ovary (superioir or inferior) which dehisces by the inner suture only. They commonly occur in aggregates or etaerio as in Star Anise. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 37  Academic Year: 2024/2025 3-Capsule: syncarpous ovary , formed of two or more united carpels. It is a many-seeded fruit. The capsules may dehisce by: Valves: produced by longitudinal slits through ventral suture as linseed or along midribs of the carpillary walls (dorsal suture) into locules as in cardamom. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 38  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Lid (pyxis or pyxidium ): produced by transverse slits throwing off the upper part of the fruit (the lid) e.g. Hyoscyamus. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 39  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Pores or holes: which may be apical as in papaver or basal as in campanula.  Sliqua: it is many-seeded, ovary is unilocular formed of two carpels, becoming bilocular through the formation of false septum. It splits by two valves from base to apex as Mustard. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 40  Academic Year: 2024/2025 B) Simple, Dry, Indehiscent Fruits: The pericarp becomes dry, they are usually detached but do not split open when ripe. 1-Achene: A one-seeded ,one carpel. The pericarp is free from the testa. Achenes are usually small and aggregated together in groups as in Strawberry. 1C, 1S 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 41  Academic Year: 2024/2025 2-Grain or Caryopsis: It is an achene in which the pericarp and testa are fused together as Wheat. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 42  Academic Year: 2024/2025 3-Nut It is similar to an achene but bigger , formed from two or three carpels. The nut has a hard and woody or leathery pericarp as Chestnut. 4-Samara it is a winged, one-seeded fruit, formed of one carpel. The wings are membranous developments from the pericarp (achene with wings). 5-Cypsela It is one-seeded fruit, formed of two carpels; inferior ovary, unilocular, as Compositeae. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 43  Academic Year: 2024/2025 C) Simple, Dry, Schizocarpic or Splitting Fruits The pericarp becomes dry. They are two-to many seeded, bi to multilocular fruits. On ripening, they split up into a number of one- seeded, indehiscent parts called mericarps. They include several types but the most familiar type is:- Cremocarp: -A fruit formed of bicarpellary ovary. -The ovary is inferior and bilocular. -The cremocarp splits longitudinally between the two locules into two one- seeded indehiscent mericarps as in the Family Umbelliferae. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 44  Academic Year: 2024/2025 D) Simple and Succulent Fruits: Part or most of the pericarp is fleshy. Usually indehiscent But in most cases the soft part of it during ripening may split or peel off, leaving the seed exposed as in nutmeg or enclosed in the hard endocarp as almond. 1-Drupe: one or more carpels. Superior or inferior unilocular ovary. The epicarp is leathery; the mesocarp is fleshy, the endocarp is hard and woody and encloses one seed as Almond, Olive 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 45  Academic Year: 2024/2025 DRUPES Outer skin covering a soft, fleshy fruit with a single, large seed, called a pit or stone. Include cherries, peaches and apricots. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 46  Academic Year: 2024/2025 2-Berry: Single ovary (usually superior) with one or more carpels, fleshy pericarp & the endocarp is neither hard nor lignified. It is usually many seeded e.g. capsicum. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 47  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Modified Berry Pepo (from inferior ovary): A berry with hard epicarp e.g. Family Cucurbitaceae (Colocynth ‫)ا‬ Hesperidium (from superior ovary): A berry with leathery epicarp e.g. Family Rutaceae (Orange, Lemon). pepo Hesperidium 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 48  Academic Year: 2024/2025 II) False FRUIT (pseudocarps ) Derived from a mature ovary or ovaries of a single flower together with other parts of the same flower when ripen become swollen and fleshy. Example: apple, pear,….etc. The receptacle becomes fleshy, constituting the main part of the fruit, and enclosing the leathery or hard pericarp pome.‫التفاح‬ Strawberry ‫ الفراولة‬and mulberry ‫ = التوت‬swollen receptacles. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 49  Academic Year: 2024/2025 POMES Central, seed containing core, with many seeds and thick layer of fibrous flesh. Include apples, pears. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 50  Academic Year: 2024/2025 III) composITe FRUIT (compound, collective or multiple fruit) A) Strobile: derived from a scaly inflorescence named Strobile. One or two achenial fruits are present in the axil of each scale as Hops. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 51  Academic Year: 2024/2025 B) Syconus: fruit is a succulent hollow receptacle enclosing achene-like bodies as Figs. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 52  Academic Year: 2024/2025 C) Sorosis: derived from a spike. Formed of a swollen or fleshy axis. The fruits are fused together by the fleshy perianth as Mulberry. Sometimes the fruits are partly embedded in the thickened axis and fused together by the swollen bracts as Long Pepper. 12 October 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 53