Pharmacognosy 2 Lecture 3
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Questions and Answers

What is a noted property of ricinoleic acid found in castor oil?

  • It functions as an analgesic.
  • It serves as a purgative. (correct)
  • It is a strong sedative.
  • It acts as an antibiotic.

    • What type of substance is ricinine classified as?

  • A therapeutic enzyme.
  • A toxic alkaloid. (correct)
  • A benign protein.
  • A non-toxic amino acid.

    • What is the typical appearance of castor oil?

  • Dark green with no smell.
  • Colorless or pale yellow with a slight odor. (correct)
  • Bright blue with a strong aroma.
  • Opaque white with a sweet taste.

    • Which of the following properties is NOT associated with ricinoleic acid?

    <p>It boosts immune function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What flavor profile is associated with castor oil?

    <p>Acrid and spicy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following constituents is found in the Ranunculaceae family?

    <p>Triterpene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following uses is associated with constituents from the Ranunculaceae family?

    <p>Immuno-stimulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of oil is mentioned as an active constituent of the Ranunculaceae family?

    <p>Volatile oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is categorized under active constituents of the Ranunculaceae family?

    <p>Saponins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is specifically treated using constituents from the Ranunculaceae family?

    <p>Cough and chest disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum percentage of foreign organic matter that Nux vomica can contain?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum percentage of strychnine alkaloid present in Nux vomica?

    <p>1.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main alkaloids found in Nux vomica?

    <p>Strychnine and brucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition percentage range of alkaloids found in Nux vomica?

    <p>1.8-5.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the seed of Nux vomica contributes to its hardness?

    <p>Hemicellulosic thick walled endosperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Academic Year: 2024/2025

    • Course: Pharmacognosy 2 (Course Code PG203)
    • Lecture No.: 3
    • Topic: Non Official Seeds and Fruits Introduction

    Lecture's Aim

    • Provide comprehensive understanding of medicinal non-official seeds and fruits structure, identification, and pharmacognostic importance.
    • Provide fundamental understanding of fruit structure and classification.
    • Describe macroscopic and microscopic features of fruits, differentiate various types.
    • Classify fruits based on development from floral structures (true, false, and composite fruits).

    Lecture's Competencies

    • Understand basic structure of fruits (epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp) and their functions in fruit anatomy.
    • Recognize key macroscopic characteristics of fruits (shape, color, surface, and scars).
    • Classify fruits into simple, aggregate, and composite fruits.
    • Distinguish between true fruits (derived from gynoecium) and false fruits (involving other floral parts).

    Lecture's Contents

    • Non-official seeds: Castor Seeds, Nigella, Coffee beans Calabar beans.
    • Introduction of fruits.

    Nux Vomica Seeds

    • Biological and Geographical Origin: Dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux vomica (Loganiaceae).
    • Contains: Not more than 1% foreign organic matter, not less than 2.5% alkaloids, and not less than 1.2% strychnine alkaloid.

    Macroscopical Characters

    • Very hard seed due to the hemicellulosic thick-walled endosperm.

    Active Constituents

    • Alkaloids (strychnine and brucine) 1.8–5.3%.
    • Chlorogenic acid.
    • Loganin (irrodoid glycoside).
    • Fixed oil (3%).

    Uses

    • Bitter stomachic (improves appetite) and tonic.
    • Stimulates muscular coat of the intestine, increasing peristalsis.
    • Large dose causes violent convulsions involving respiratory muscles (asphyxia), and potentially death.

    Castor Seeds

    • Dried seeds of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae).
    • Castor oil is official in the E.P. as oleum Ricini.

    Microscopical Characters

    • Seeds are oval, 8–18 mm long, 4–12 mm broad.
    • Testa is smooth, brittle, and grey, brown, or black in color.
    • Small caruncle present at one end, from which the raphe terminates at the chalaza.

    Active Constituents

    • Fixed oil 46–63%.
    • Protein 26%.
    • Ricin (toxic protein).
    • Ricinine alkaloid (toxic alkaloid).

    Uses

    • Castor oil is used as a purgative due to ricinoleic acid content.
    • Used after food poisoning and before intestinal examination.
    • Seeds are not used due to the presence of ricins.

    Pumpkin Seeds

    • Dried seeds of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae).

    Active Constituents

    • Fixed oil (unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols).

    Uses

    • Used for benign prostatic hyperplasia, atherosclerosis, and male infertility.

    Evening Primrose

    • Fixed oil obtained by extraction/expression from seeds of Oenothera spp. (O. biennis L., O. lamarkiana L.) (Onagraceae).
    • Contains substantial amounts of esterified γ-linolenic acid (GLA).

    Active Constituents

    • Fixed oil
    • γ-Linolenic acid (GLA)

    Uses

    • Psoriasis, eczema, premenstrual syndromes, breast cancer.

    Nigella Seeds

    • Dried ripe seeds of Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae).

    Active Constituents

    • Volatile oil (thymoquinones).
    • Fixed oil (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids).
    • Triterpene and saponins.

    Uses

    • Immuno-stimulant, cough and chest disorders.
    • Anticancer, antioxidant, and antiasthmatic.
    • Lactagogue.

    Coffee Beans

    • Dried fermented seeds of Coffea Arabica (Rubiaceae).
    • Grown in tropical countries such as Yemen and Brazil.

    Active Constituents

    • Alkaloids (caffeine 1–2%).
    • Tannins.
    • Chlorogenic acid.

    Uses

    • CNS stimulant.
    • Diuretic.

    Calabar Beans

    • Dried ripe seeds of Physostigma venenosum (Leguminosae).

    Active Constituents

    • Alkaloids (e.g., physostigmine = eserine).
    • Derived from tryptophan.
    • Oxidizes into rubreserine on exposure to air and light.

    Uses

    • Antidote to strychnine poisoning.

    The Fruit (Fructus)

    • Developed or ripened ovary or ovaries as a result of fertilization.
    • Whole product of the development of the gynoecium.

    Macroscopical Characters of Fruits

    • Type, shape, color, dimensions, surface characters, odor, taste.
    • Scars (two distinct scars): at the base (attachment), apical & minute (remains of style & stigma).

    Surface of Fruits

    • Smooth and glaucous
    • Glabrous
    • Pubescent
    • Rough or granular
    • Spiny
    • Striated
    • Ridged
    • Reticulated

    Structure of Fruits

    • Pericarp: swollen and modified ovary wall, enclosing seeds arranged on the placenta.
    • Divided into 3 regions: Outer epicarp, inner endocarp, mesocarp between.
    • Epicarp: Thin & membranous, Leathery, Thick & hard. Formed of outer epidermis only or epidermis with modified hypodermal layers.
    • Endocarp: Inner epidermis only, or epidermis with hypodermal layers. Forms woody structure.
    • Mesocarp: Parenchymatous, Vascular strands, Succulent or with several layers of different types.
    • Placenta: structure differs from pericarp, may be knob-like, cord-like, membraneous, or enlarged.

    Types of Fruits

    • True fruit: Formed from gynoecium of a single flower.
    • False fruit: Formed when other parts of the flower take part in the formation.
    • Composite fruit: Formed from the whole inflorescence, with multiple ovaries.

    Simple Fruit (Types)

    • Simple, Dry, Dehiscent fruits: Pericarp dries, remains attached to plant, splits for seed release (e.g., legume, follicle, capsule).
    • Simple, Dry, Indehiscent fruits: Pericarp dries, does not split (e.g., achene, grain/caryopsis, nut).
    • Simple, Succulent fruits: Pericarp partially or entirely fleshy (e.g., drupe, berry).

    Modified Berry (Types)

    • Pepo
    • Hesperidium

    False Fruit

    • Derived from the ovary and other parts of a flower.
    • Parts of the flower enlarge to create the fleshy part of the fruit.
    • e.g., apple, pear.

    Composite Fruit (Types)

    • Strobile
    • Syconus
    • Sorosis

    Pomes

    • Central seed core, many seeds or thick fibrous layer; e.g., apples, pears.

    Additional details from the slides about specific fruit types are provided.

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    Pharmacognosy 2 Lecture Notes (2024/2025)

    Description

    This quiz covers the introduction to non-official seeds and fruits in pharmacognosy. It delves into fruit structures, classification, and various macroscopic and microscopic features. Understand the differences between true and false fruits and learn to classify them effectively.

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