Questions and Answers
A ______ occurs when there is a failure to detect a signal.
miss
In ______ attention, individuals are selectively focused on specific stimuli while ignoring others.
selective
In a ______ model, incoming information is perceived and stored briefly before being filtered.
early filter
In cognitive psychology, ______ are nontarget stimuli that divert our attention away from the target stimulus.
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Dichotic presentation involves listening to ______ messages presented to each ear.
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In feature search, we look for just one ______ that makes our search object different from all others.
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Conjunction search requires us to combine two or more ______ to find the stimulus we are looking for.
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During ______, people actively look for specific features in their environment.
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______ explains why it's relatively easy to conduct feature searches.
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The ______ model indicates that unattended signals are still partially analyzed rather than entirely blocked.
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______ Theory suggests that the more similar the target and distracters are, the more difficult it is to find the target.
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An individual’s ability to pay attention can be influenced by ______ factors such as anxiety.
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Signal Detection Theory (SDT) is used to measure sensitivity to a target's ______.
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Factors like ______ and novelty can affect task difficulty and influence attention.
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According to SDT, the matrix indicates whether a signal is ______ or absent.
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Stage 1 of signal detection involves feature search, where we ______ features.
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Change blindness is an inability to detect changes in objects or scenes that are being viewed, which affects the perception of the ______.
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Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to see things that are actually ______.
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Spatial neglect is an attentional dysfunction where the field that is contralateral to the brain hemisphere with a lesion is ______.
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Automatic processes involve little or no conscious ______, yet you may be aware that you are performing them.
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Controlled processes are accessible to conscious control and require sequential or ______ execution.
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Tasks that begin as controlled processes can eventually become automatic through ______.
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The Stroop effect occurs when automatization in reading ______ against us.
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Priming involves presenting participants with a stimulus, known as the ______, before a second stimulus.
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The LATE-FILTER MODEL suggests that stimuli are filtered out only after they have been analyzed for both their physical properties and their ______.
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Ulric Neisser proposed a synthesis of the early and late-filter model, suggesting that two processes govern ______.
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PREATTENTIVE PROCESS involves automatic processes that are rapid and occur in ______.
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EXECUTIVE ATTENTION includes processes for monitoring and resolving ______ that arise among internal processes.
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ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) is characterized by difficulties in ______.
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People have a fixed amount of attention that they can choose to allocate, which can be explained by capacity ______.
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The three primary symptoms of ADHD include inattention, hyperactivity, and ______.
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The ORIENTING process refers to the selection of stimuli to ______ to, needed when performing a visual search.
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Study Notes
Attention and Consciousness
- Attention actively selects and processes a limited amount of information from sensory data and memories.
- Consciousness encompasses feelings of awareness and content that focus on attention.
Distracters and Search Types
- Distracters divert attention from target stimuli, complicating searches.
- Feature Search: Involves identifying a single distinguishing feature of a target among distracters, leading to faster response times regardless of distracter quantity.
- Conjunction Search: Requires combining multiple features to locate the target, making it more time-consuming.
Signal-Detection Theory (SDT)
- Framework for understanding how important stimuli are identified amid distractions.
- Employed to assess sensitivity to target stimuli through a matrix including hits, misses, false alarms, and correct rejections.
Selective Attention and Shadowing
- Selective attention filters out irrelevant data, allowing important messages to be processed.
- Shadowing: A task where two messages are presented separately to each ear during dichotic presentation; distinctive characteristics aid in focusing on one message.
Attention Models
- Early Filter Model: Suggests initial processing of all information, followed by filtering based on a single salient message.
- Selective Filter Model: Blocks most incoming information, but salient personal messages can overpower the filter.
- Attenuation Model: Analyzes unattended signals rather than fully blocking them.
- Late Filter Model: Processes stimuli in detail before filtering based on meaning.
Factors Influencing Attention
- Anxiety: Can be trait-based (personal characteristic) or state-based (situational).
- Task Difficulty: Influences attention based on novelty, familiarity, and complexity.
- Arousal: Affects attention capacity (e.g., tiredness, excitement).
- Skills: Practice enhances attention management.
Subfunctions of Attention
- Alerting: Preparing and maintaining attention for incoming stimuli.
- Orienting: Selecting stimuli to focus on during visual searches.
- Executive Attention: Monitoring and resolving conflicts among internal processes.
Attention Failures
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.
- Change Blindness: Difficulty detecting changes in visual scenes.
- Inattentional Blindness: Failure to notice visible objects when focused elsewhere.
Spatial Neglect and Hemineglect
- Condition where awareness of objects in one visual field is diminished due to brain lesions.
Automatic vs. Controlled Processes
- Automatic Processes: Perform tasks with little conscious control or effort (e.g., writing a name).
- Controlled Processes: Require conscious control, executed sequentially.
- Automatization: Tasks evolve from controlled to automatic through practice.
Stroop Effect and Priming
- Stroop Effect: Demonstrates interference of automatic reading in color naming tasks.
- Priming: Exposure to an initial stimulus influences responses to a subsequent stimulus.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of attention and consciousness in cognitive psychology. This quiz delves into the role of distracters and feature search, highlighting how our focus can be diverted from target stimuli. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts.
