Perception: The Perceptual Process - What Influences Perception? - Cognitive Psychology PDF

Perception 1. Why does perception essential to learn? 2. If humans do not have the ability to perceive, what would happen to human society? Nativism-Empiricism Empiricists: All information is acquired via experience, thru the senses.  The mind as a blank slate  British movement,...

Perception 1. Why does perception essential to learn? 2. If humans do not have the ability to perceive, what would happen to human society? Nativism-Empiricism Empiricists: All information is acquired via experience, thru the senses.  The mind as a blank slate  British movement, John Locke Nativists: Some information is innate  Nothing in the mind but the mind itself  German movement, Immanuel Kant  Perception  The study of perception is concerned with  identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.  Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us.  It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge. A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.  Why do we study perceptions?  Why do we study perceptions?  To better understand  We don’t see reality- due to biases, beliefs & emotional state.  We interpret-make sense of the world.  The attribution process guides our behavior- interpret the causes of events or behavior. What do you think is the process involved in perception?  Perception  Perception is a process by which people regard, analyze, retrieve and react to any kind of information from the environment.  For example, some people feel happy about earning money while others feel happy about spending money. Reception: In this process, a person receives the information through stimuli. Selection: This is governed by two types of factors: 1. External factors: These are size, intensity, proximity, motion and novelty. 2. Internal factors: These are attitude, motives, experiences, interests and Organization: It is the process by which we sort stimuli into a meaningful pattern. It involves the following: 1. Grouping: Assembling of stimuli on the grounds of similarity. 2. Proximity: This is the closeness of stimuli to one another that affects perception. 3. Closure: It is the ability to organize stimuli so that together they form a whole pattern. Interpretation:  It is the formation of an idea about the information that is sensed, selected and organized.  It involves the following phenomena: 1. Primacy/ Recency Effect: The first impression is given the most important which is known as the primacy effect.  Recency effect, on the other hand, is that human beings remember latest events more than the less recent ones Stereotyping:  It is the effect caused by forming a certain belief about a category of stimuli and generalizing that notion to encounters with each member of that category.  In reality, there is a difference between the perceived notion of each category and the actual traits of the members.  It may affect the interview process in an organization. Halo effect:  It is the process of generalizing from a comprehensive analysis to a single attribute or trait.  A negative halo effect is known as the reverse halo effect. Selective Perception:  This means a person sees, feels or hears what he wants to and skips other information which are inconsistent to his view. Expectancy effect:  It is the tendency of an individual to interpret any person or object based on how he expects the person or object to be in the first place.  It is also called as Pygmalion effect Are the factors that influence perception?  Factors that Influence Perception 1. The situation 3. the Target a. Time a. novelty b. Work setting b. motion c. Social setting c. sounds 2. The Perceiver d. size d. Attitudes e. background e. Interest f. proximity f. Experience g. Expectation