CO Chap 8 Outline PDF

CO Book Chap 8 ============== - Reducing FF injuries or deaths requires... a safety program that integrates important components such as regulations, standards, procedures, personnel, training, and equipment. - Refers to the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlli...

CO Book Chap 8 ============== - Reducing FF injuries or deaths requires... a safety program that integrates important components such as regulations, standards, procedures, personnel, training, and equipment. - Refers to the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the resources and activities of an organization in order to minimalize detrimental effects on that organization... Risk Management. - Performing risk management includes... Id and analyze risk exposures, formulating solutions, selecting solutions, implementing solutions, and monitoring solutions. - FD role in risk management encompasses... the community, FD and during emergency responses. - Community risk from the fire chief's perspective, has three responsibilities... Manage the communities fire risk, provide set of services that provide risk management measurements and maintain FD readiness to perform its mission every hour of every day. - Methods of managing risk falls into 3 categories... administrative, engineering, and personnel protection. - Administrative controls include... guidelines, policies, and procedures to limit losses. - Engineering controls means... using built-in systems that remove or limit hazards. - Personnel protection means... equipment, clothing and devices to protect people. - 5 Principal Risk Management Steps: - Identify Risk Exposure... ID elements that create risk for the FD. - Evaluate Risk Exposure... determine the likelihood that an injury or loss event could occur, and then determine the consequences that would result. - Rank and Prioritize Risks... create a list of risks, along with the probabilities of occurrence and probable outcomes, most devastating and probable outcomes considered first. - Determine and Implement Risk Management Control Actions... consider actions to mitigate risk: administrative, engineering, and personal protection controls. - Evaluate and Revise Risk Control Actions... includes monitoring the progress, do they control risk and did they create an unanticipated problem? - NFPA's US FF Injuries 2017 report... Strains and sprains- 48%, wounds, cuts, bleeding, and bruises- 15%, Smoke or gas inhalation- 7%, and thermal stress- 5%. - Approximately [26 fire-ground fatalities] per year since 2007. - 2017 report for fatalities... sudden cardiac arrest- 39%, internal trauma/ crushing- 36%, asphyxia- 9%, other- 8%, Burns- 5%, unspecified medical 3%. - Program developed by the NFFF to prevent LODD and injuries... Everyone Goes Home. - Goal is to raise awareness of life-safety issues, improve safety practices, and allow everyone to return home at the end of their shift. - Describe steps that need to be taken to change the current culture of the fire service to help make it a safe work environment... 16 FF Life Safety Initiatives. - Culture change, accountability, Risk Management, empowerment, training and certification, medical and physical fitness, research agenda, technology, fatality- near-miss investigation, grant support, response policies, violent incident response, psychological support, public education, code enforcement and sprinklers, and apparatus design and safety. - Incorporates best practices that should be part of every operational situation... Standard approach to safety. - Provides a method of reporting situations that could have resulted in injuries or deaths... IAFC Near Miss Reporting System. - Provides a means for all FF to identify trends and to share the information with other FF's in a confidential and nonpunitive way. - Habits to improve safety by FO... be physically fit, wear seat belts, practice safety through training and personal example, maintain fire company integrity at emergency incidents. - Reducing death from sudden cardiac arrest, FO should look for indications that member is in poor health or unfit for duty and... arrange for a special evaluation by a FD approved physician. - Should be considered an essential component of every FF's training regimen... physical fitness activities. - FO's should advocate methods of... making positive lifestyle changes to increase FF safety. - Provides a structure and resources to help the FO develop health-related fitness program... NFPA 1583 Health-related Fitness Programs. - IAFC partnered with the IAFF to develop the Fire Service Joint Labor Management Wellness-Fitness Initiative, which in-turn produced the CPAT as well as a peer fitness training certificate program with the American Council on Exercise. - Should be a personal priority and an expression of leadership... Fitness. - Recent study shows that FD is 3 times more likely to experience a suicide in any given year than a LODD. - Approach that is reducing FF suicides that is showing promising results... peer support programs. - Can be described as behaviors that affect physical or mental health... Behavioral Health. - Now considered to be the leading cause of death among FF's... cancer. - FF Cancer support Network estimates that FF's have a 9% higher risk than gen pop. - 2018, president signed legislation establishing a FF Cancer Registry, the next step in identifying and documenting occupational diseases and mortality. - Best practices for preventing FF cancer... Full PPE, second hood, gross decon, wipes on exposed areas like neck/ face/ arms/ hands, change clothes and wash after exposure, shower ASAP (within the hour), PPE prohibited in living areas, clean cab and equipment, annual physical, tobacco products, fully document all fire/ chemical exposures on incident reports and personal exposure reports. - NFPA 1851 focuses on the person who actually uses the protective ensemble. - Most of the FF fatalities resulting from road collisions would be prevented by... obeying traffic laws, using seatbelts, driving sober, and controlling speed. - NFPA 1500 Standard on FD Occupational Safety, Health and Wellness program states... fire apparatus only operated by members completing approved driver training on that apparatus or by trainee drivers under the supervision of qualified driver. - Places the general public and occupants at danger... untrained driver. - Responsible for ensuring that the driver consistently follows the rules of the road for emergency response... FO. - Could prevent [3-6 fatalities per year]... wearing seatbelts. - Internal trauma/crushing is the primary non-cardiac cause of death during suppression operations followed by asphyxia and burns. - USFA study showed that [82%] of fatal fire suppression incidents involved... death of a single FF. - Common scenario in many of the single FF death investigations by NIOSH... lack of effective IMS and FF accountability. - Result in an unconscious FF who will die of asphyxiation... running out of air in IDLH. - FF should know the amount of air in their cylinder at all times and develop an exit strategy before low-air alarm activates. - Teams and tools, every crew should have a TIC, a critical component of a comprehensive safety program. - Allows crews to navigate, locate victims, evaluate fire conditions, locate hazards, and find escape routes in smoke-filled buildings or total darkness. - Critical component of a scene safety program... TIC. - Training ensures that every FF... can perform competently and every fire company can operate as a high-performance team. - Fire service training must... anticipate high-risk situations, urgent time frames, and difficult circumstances. - Conducting these activities as groups is an excellent method to... improve coordination between companies. - In 2018, LODD's during [training] represented... 46% of the non-emergency annual. - Deaths and serious injuries at live fire trainings caused by following factors... inadequate instructors/ number of instructors/ orientation of training recruits/ planning of training evolutions from by the lead instructor, no IMS or ISO, and no rehab or medical. - Majority of the recent training deaths have been due to... sudden cardiac arrest sometimes secondary to dehydration or heat stroke. - NFPA 1041- Instructor qualifications, minimum Instructor I and LFTI and Instructor II and LFTI for instructor-in-charge. - Designated individual at emergency scene who performs a set of duties and responsibilities... ISO. - Outline in NFPA 1521 Safety Professional Qualifications. - If the assignment has not been filled, safety is the responsibility of the... IC. - If there is no designated ISO, duty shall be assigned by the IC to... a qualified individual. - NFPA standards state an SOG should define the criteria for response or appointment of an ISO. - NFFF summarizes situational awareness by specifying the following items that support the interior FF plan... work as a team, stay together, stay oriented, manage your air supply, get off the apparatus with tools and TIC for every interior team, radio for every member, provide regular updates, and constantly access the risk/benefit model. - Capable of causing harm or posing an unreasonable risk to life, health, property, or environment... Hazard. - ISO reports directly to the IC and is required to... monitor the scene and report hazards, take immediate steps to stop unsafe actions and ensure that the department's safety policies are followed. - Communications between IC and Safety typically... verbally and quickly at the CP. - In most cases the ISO acts as an... observer, monitoring conditions and actions and evaluating specific situations. - Unsafe condition not presenting imminent danger... consult with IC and CO's. - Every FO should be trained to ISO and be prepared to perform this function if assigned by IC. - According to NFPA 1521, ISO at a minimum should be... CO and FO1 certified. - General knowledge requirements of an effective ISO... safety and health hazards in emergency ops, building construction, local FD personal accountability, and incident scene rehab. - Can be assigned to subdivide responsibilities for different areas and functions at events such as High-Rise fires, hazmat incidents, and special ops calls... Assistant ISO. - In these cases, ISO should advise command the need to establish a... safety unit. - Assist. ISO can be assigned to various... functions, such as scene monitoring, action planning and risk management, interior ops, or special ops teams. - Process of providing rest, rehydration, nourishment, and medical evaluation to members who are involved in strenuous or extended-duration incident scene operations... Rehabilitation. - Part of the ISO role is to ensure... appropriate FF rehab is established. - Tactical-level management unit that provides for medical evaluation, treatment, monitoring, fluid and food replenishment, mental rest, and relief from climatic conditions of the incident... Incident Scene Rehabilitation. - FO must constantly monitor health and welfare of members because when they overdo it, dehydration may... lead to sudden cardiac arrest. - ISO is third line of defense to the... individual and FO. - NFFF summarizes incident scene rehab with... stop before you drop, cool down when hot, warm up when cold, dry off when wet, stay hydrated (no caffeine), monitor vital signs. - Every injury or near miss should be viewed as... potentially fatal or disturbing situation, and injury prevention should be equally important concern of the FO. - Most FD's have policies that regulate safety practices at the company level designed to... address routine circumstances, and developed in reaction to a previous accident or injury. - More effective method to policy review is... have member read the policy and have a group discussion to ensure it is understood. - One method to reinforce safety policies is to... watch videos of incidents and critique based solely on safety policies. - Five sources that may be accessed to review safety policies... Near Miss report by IAFC on near miss website, Secret List on FF close calls website, information posted by Emergency Responder Safety Institute (ERSI), incident videos collected by STATer911.com and NIOSH case studies. - In training activities, FO must conscientiously ensure that... all safety policies are followed. - To identify hazardous situations and implement mitigating measures, FO should use... good judgement. - Responsible for determining whether it is safe to reduce the level of PPE that will be used at any time... IC and ISO. FF's operating in hazardous areas, in addition to PPE should carry... radio, forcible entry tool, personal wire cutters, and personal escape rope. - NFPA 1975- station clothing, under PPE reduces risk of burn injuries in severe situations. - FD facilities are a work place so responsible for maintaining... safe work environment and have a comprehensive workplace safety program applying to all facilities. - Cleaning gear requires the use of... commercial extractor-type washer. - Gear inspection should include... exterior evaluation with the gear being worn and a close examination of the condition of all interior layers. - Area where the FO must exercise supervisory control to reduce risk of unjustifiable injuries... Horseplay. - FD should have an infection control program that meets... NFPA 1581. - Provides a model program for situations where a FF has been exposed to an infectious or contagious disease. - Six components of Infection Control Program... written policy with goal of identifying and limiting exposure, written risk management plan to identify risks and control measures, annual training, designated infection control officer, access to appropriate immunizations for employees, and instructions for handling exposure incidents. - 1% bleach and water solution for cleaning, not used on turnout gear. - FO must be prepared to be the initial supervisor when a member experienced an infectious disease exposure. - Most important first step of an exposure is... wash with soap and warm running water. (if not available: waterless soap, antiseptic wipes, alcohol, or other skin cleaning agents). - Immediately notify infection control officer and have member receive medical guidance and treatment as soon as practical. - Exposure is stressful, important to provide... confidential post exposure counseling and testing. - At a minimum, the record should include... description of how the exposure occurred, mode of transmission, entry point, use of PPE, medical follow-up and treatment. - Record of the exposure should become a part of... member's confidential health database. - Data on exposure should be kept for the department, without identifying personal information, to allow for... analysis of exposure trends and develop strategies to prevent such incidents. - To determine the member's fitness-for-duty status done by... FD physician after reviewing documentation. - Charged with ensuring that all injuries, illnesses, exposures, fatalities, or other potentially hazardous conditions and all accidents involving FD vehicles, fire apparatus, equipment, or FD facilities are thoroughly investigated... Health and Safety Officer. - Any unexpected event that interrupts or interferes with orderly progress of FD operations... Accident. - Includes personal injuries and property damage. - Should determine the cause and circumstances of the event and identify any corrective actions that are needed to prevent another injury, accident, or incident from occurring... Accident Investigation. - Should always result in... recommended corrective actions to Fire Chief or designee. - Usually responsible for conducting an initial investigation and for fully investigating many minor accidents... FO. - Accidents that involve serious injuries, fatalities, or major property damage are usually investigated by... Health and Safety Officer or by other qualified individuals. - Investigation normally consists of three phases... ID and collect physical evidence, interviews with witnesses, written documentation (at end of investigation). - [Examination of the physical evidence] includes... documentation of time, day, date, and conditions that existed at time of incident. - Explain rationale for the interview and that it is fact-finding and ok not to know the answer to every question. - Lastly, restate previous questions in a different order and from a different perspective to verify previous answers. - Last step in an accident investigation is the... documentation of the finding and the conclusions and recommendations. - Determination of most likely cause and recommendation on how to prevent. - As FO, have the responsibility to perform a... fair and unbiased investigation. Chapter 8 Summary - Risk Management refers to the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the resources and activates of an organization in order to minimize detrimental effects on that organization. - FF's must be fully prepared to work safely in high-risk situations. - Everyone Goes Home is a program developed by the NFFF to prevent LODD and injuries; it includes the 16 FF Life Safety Initiatives. - The goal of [www.firefighternearmiss.com](http://www.firefighternearmiss.com) launched by the IAFC in 2005, is to track incidents that avoided serious injury or death, to identify trends, and share the information with other FF's in a confidential and nonpunitive way. - Sudden cardiac arrest accounts for the largest share of on-duty FF deaths. - Rate of FF suicide exceeds rate of LODD. - ISO is a member of the ICS staff who monitors the scene, identifies and reports hazards to the IC, and takes immediate steps to stop unsafe actions and ensure that the department's safety policies are followed. - Every FO should be trained to perform the basic duties of ISO and prepared to act temporarily in this capacity if they are assigned to fill the position by the IC. - Some incidents, based on their size, complexity, or duration, require more than one safety officer. Assistance ISO can be assigned to subdivide responsibilities for different areas and functions at incidents such as high-rises, hazmat incidents, and special operations. - ISO role to ensure rehabilitation, providing medical evaluation, treatment, monitoring, fluid and food replenishment, mental rest, and relief from climatic conditions of the incident. - A safety program that is based solely on preventing fatalities if far from adequate. Every injury or near miss should be viewed as a potentially fatal or disabling situation, and injury prevention should be an equally important concern. - The FO needs to fully understand each policy, follow all safety policies and procedures, and ensure that all subordinates fully understand and follow them. - Principles that should be implemented to prevent injuries and deaths include physical fitness and consistent use of PPE. - Safety hazards at the fire station can have the same consequences as hazards encountered at emergency incidents. The FD, however, has control over the fire station environment at all times and has the ability, as well as the responsibility, to identify and correct safety problems. - Every FD should establish an infection control program that meets NFPA 1581 Standard on Fire Department Infection Control. - The most important step with any infectious disease exposure is to wash the exposed area immediately and thoroughly with soap and running water. If soap and running water not available, waterless soap, antiseptic wipes, alcohol, or other skin cleaning agents can be used until soap and running water are obtained. - The FD health and safety officer ensures that all injuries, illnesses, exposures, fatalities, or other potentially hazardous conditions and all accidents involving FD vehicles, fire apparatus, equipment, or FD facilities are thoroughly investigated. - The FO is usually responsible for conducting an initial investigation and for fully investigating minor accidents. - The ISO provides a PIA for the department in the form of a written report that includes pertinent information relating to safety and health issues involved with the incident.