CO Book Chap 7 Outline PDF

CO Book Chap 7 ============== - FO is expected to perform the duties of a first-arriving officer at any incident, including assuming command of the incident, establishing the basic management structure, and following SOP's. - Must also be fully competent at working within the incid...

CO Book Chap 7 ============== - FO is expected to perform the duties of a first-arriving officer at any incident, including assuming command of the incident, establishing the basic management structure, and following SOP's. - Must also be fully competent at working within the incident ICS at every incident and function as a unit, group, or division leader. - FIRESCOPE Fire RESources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies... develop solutions for a variety of problems associated with large, complex emergency incidents during wildland fires. - Used on multiagency wildland fires involving more than 25 resources, standardized method of setting up IMS, coordinating strategy and tactics, managing resources, and disseminating information. - Phoenix, AZ developed Fire Ground Command system to meet the needs of all-hazards FD. - NIMS Consortium was established to merge FIRESCOPE and FGC into the now formally known ICS. - Provides consistent, nationwide framework for incident management, enabling federal, state, and local governments, private sector and non-governmental organizations and all other organization who assume a role in emergency management and incident response organizations... NIMS. - Core set of doctrines, concepts, principles, terminology, and organizational processes. - Part of the NIMS Command and Management component... ICS. - IS-100 Intro to ICS, IS-200 Single Resource and Initial Action Incidents, ICS-300, Intermediate ICS for Expanding Incidents, ICS-400 Advanced ICS Command and General Staff Complex Incidents, IS-700 NIMS Intro, and IS-800 National Response Framework Intro. - NIMS has five components... preparedness, communications and information management, resource management, command and management, and ongoing management and maintenance. - ICS has 3 levels of command with a set of responsibilities being assigned to each level. - Overall direction and goals are set at the... strategic level. - Individual who is responsible for the management of all incident operations and always functions at the strategic level... IC. - Define actions that are necessary to achieve the strategic goals... Tactical level. - In medium to large-scale incidents, the tactical-level components would be called divisions, groups or units. - Tactical assignments are usually defined by... geographic area or functional responsibility. - Established to group tactical components, oversees combination of divisions, groups, and units... Branches. - Level where physical work is accomplished and actions achieve tactical objectives... Task Level. - Only position required to be filled at an incident... IC. - Managing an incident requires the FO to... develop strategies and tactics, determine required resources, and decide how those resources will be used. - Command structure for an incident should be... only as large as the incident requires. - ICS allows CO to maintain a manageable... span of control. - 3-5 reporting to one supervisor, maintained by adding more levels of management. - Level that the first arriving CO needs to focus on... strategic level. - May move to a tactical or task level when administrative FO or other department resources arrive. - IC is responsible for the completion of 3 strategic priorities... Life Safety, Incident Stabilization and Property Conservation. - IC is responsible for the following aspects of operations... building command structure to match the organizational needs of the incident, translating the strategic priorities into tactical objectives and assigning the resources that are required to perform the tactical assignments. - Establishing command, CO should include... ID of company or unit, brief description, obvious conditions, brief description of the action to be taken, declaration of strategy, any obvious safety concerns, assumption, ID and location of command, and request for additional resources. - FO taking command has to select one of three operational modes... investigation, fast-attack or command mode. - Incident requires immediate action by the first-arrriving company to save a life... Fast-attack mode. - Ends with one of the following... scene stabilized, CO must withdraw and establish command mode, command transferred. - Events that are so large, complex, or dangerous that they require the immediate establishment of command by first arriving CO... Command Mode. - Establish command in a safe and effective location and initiate a tactical worksheet. - Form that helps IC ensure that all tactical issues are addressed and to diagram an incident with the location of resources on the diagram... tactical worksheet. - With IC outside, rest of the crew should... initiate fire suppression or emergency action with one of the members assigned to acting CO, work under another CO, stay with initial IC to perform staff functions that assist command. - 9 functions of command... Determine strategy, select incident tactics, establish IAP, develop ICS organization, manage resources, coordinate resource activities, provide scene safety, release information about incident, and coordinate with outside agencies. - Immediate command functions include... determining the strategy, selecting incident tactics, and establishing the IAP. - Should be covered on the initial radio report. - Once the initial actions are underway, IC works on the next 4 functions, developing ICS organization, managing resources, coordinating resource activities, and providing scene safety. - Initial IC is responsible for FF accountability and initial RIC when resources are operating at an incident in an IDLH. - Minimum of 2 FF's must enter IDLH and remain in voice or visual contact at all times. - In addition, 2 properly equipped FF's on the exterior that will... be positioned out of the IDLH, account for interior teams, and remain capable of rescue of the interior team. - Interpretation became known as... tow-in two-out rule. - NFPA 1500 RIC, 1407 Training for RIC. - RIC study... 200 drills with 1,144 FF's: - Total time for RIC to make contact with down FF... 5.82 sec. - Total time in building... 12.33 sec. - Total time for rescue... 21 minutes. - Consistent ratio's: - 12 FF to rescue 1. - 1 in 5 RIC members will get into some type of trouble themselves. - 3,000 psi bottle lasts 18.7 minutes. - NC similar with 12 evolutions in 2014 resulting in 15 FF to rescue 1 and taking about 37 minutes to remove downed FF. - Systematic method of accounting for all personnel at an emergency incident... PAR. - Should be requested at tactical benchmarks, such as change of strategy from offensive to defensive. - May be integrated into incident time clock every 20 minutes while incident is active. - If unusual or unplanned events occur at an incident a par should be performed. - A PAR should be done immediately to determine how many personnel might be missing, missing individuals identified, and their last location and assignment established. - Last location should be starting point for any search crews. - Two decades of Fire Behavior research has expanded our understanding of... the combustion process, the value of understanding fire flow, and appreciation of limitations of some of our tools. - 100 years ago, fires within a structure were... fuel limited. - Today's fires in modern homes are... ventilation limited. - The movement of heat and smoke from within the high-pressure fire area toward lower-pressure areas accessible via doors, window openings, and roof structures... Flow Path. - FDNY with UL and NIST conducted tests in 2012 to explore ventilation techniques based on findings from earlier wind driven fires. - Observations from Analysis of 1 and 2 family home Fire Dynamics and impact of FF Horizontal Ventilation: - Control access door to restrict introduction of air into fire room and thereby delay flashover. - Only way to go from ventilation limited to a fuel limited fire is through application of water before vertical ventilation. - "Softening" the target by applying [30-90 seconds] of water into the compartment, dramatically reducing fire development and improve conditions. - You cannot make a big enough ventilation hole to localize fire growth or reduce temperatures in ventilation-limited fires. - Operations conducted in the flow path place FF's at risk due to the increased... flow of fire, heat and smoke toward their position. - An important factor in limiting heat release and temperature in the house... limiting flow path until suppression water is ready to be applied. - An analysis of changing Residential Fire Dynamic and Its Implications on FF Operations Timeframes by Stephen Kerber identify 4 factors that distinguish modern dwellings from legacy dwellings. - Larger homes, open house geometrics, increased fuel loads, and new construction materials. - Modern dwellings are almost twice as large as legacy single-family dwellings. - Assessment of the risk to rescuers versus the benefits that can be derived from other intended actions... Risk/Benefit Analysis. - Key factor in size-up when selecting appropriate strategic goal. - Strategic mode dictates the degree of risk to FF that is acceptable given situation. - Degree of risk that is acceptable is determined by the realistic benefits that can be anticipated by taking a particular course of action. - Major risk factors are... possibility of death, disability, or injury. - FO can manage these risks an allow crews to operate with a reasonable level of safety in a hazardous environment via... training, experience, protective clothing and equipment, communications equipment, SOP's, accountability systems, rules of engagement, and RIT. - Defensive strategy is an appropriate choice in a situation where the building and contents would be a total loss even if an aggressive interior attack could control it. - 2013 UL Innovating Fire Attack Tactics report with NIST and FDNY... water to cool the space then entry. - An offensive operation initiated by a brief exterior, indirect attack into the fire compartment to initiate cooling and to stop the progress of fire... Transitional Attack. - Softens the target or cools the fire gases, reduces the risk of flashover, improves visibility, and allows FF to quickly enter the Fire Compartment. - Can place water on the seat of the fire sooner, thus making conditions tenable for any trapped occupants. - Prior to making entry, nozzle FF directs a straight stream through the top of the door or window and deflects off the ceiling. - The mission f the IAFC Safety, Health, and Survival section is to reduce the number of preventable LODD and injuries in the Fire service. - IC rules of engagement for FF Safety... 360, occupant survival profile, initial risk assessment and implement a safe action plan, if you do not have the resources to safely support and protect FF's, seriously consider defensive strategy, do not risk FF lives for lives or property that cannot be saved, extend limited risk to protect savable property, extend vigilant and measured risk to protect and rescue savable lives, act upon reported unsafe practices and conditions that can harm FF's, Stop, Evaluate and Decide, maintain frequent two-way comms, obtain frequent progress reports and revise action plan, ensure accurate accountability, if after primary search, with little or no progress on the fire, consider defensive strategy, always have RIC and FF rehab in place. - Systemic process for gathering and processing information to evaluate the situation and then translating that information into a plan to deal with the situation... Size-up. - Requires a diverse knowledge of emergency incidents. - Begins long before arrival and continues until the incident is stabilized. Deciding on an initial plan of action after arriving on the scene is only one step in a continuous process. - End result of a good size-up is an... IAP that considers all pertinent information, defines strategies and tactics, and assigns resources to complete those tactics. - The IC must consciously differentiate among what is known, assumed and anticipated in processing size-up information. - Knowledge of the types of building construction in the area, available water sources, and the available resources are all factors that go into size-up. - Whenever a preincident plan is updated, including familiarization visit, the FO is... performing part of a future incident size-up. - The name, location and reported nature of the incident all help... the FO anticipate what might be happening on scene. - The ability to size-up a fire situation quickly requires both... systematic approach and a solid foundation of reference information. - One of the most significant factors in size-up... visualization. - Experienced FO knows that vigorous, churning dark smoke means a high heat release rate, indicating... flashover conditions are present. - Generally closer to the seat of the fire... darker smoke. - Also an indication that there are more carbon particles suspended within smoke and less oxygen. - An understanding of fire dynamics is needed to develop an IAP... Fire in incipient stage can typically be extinguished with a portable fire extinguisher, growth stag small handline or even multiple large handlines or master streams. - Fuel load is another important size-up factor... Class A-water, Class B- Foam. - Layman 5 step process to analyzing emergency situations... Facts, Probabilities, Situation, Decision, and Plan of Operation. - Things known about a situation... facts. - This process allows the officer to quickly determine the type of construction, presence of any fire protection systems, fire flow requirements, water supply sources, special hazards, and other significant factors. - Things that are likely to happen or can be anticipated based on the known facts... Probabilities. - Another aspect of considering probabilities is the amount of time it takes to accomplish fire-ground tasks. - Situation involves three considerations: - First is whether the resources on scene and enroute will be sufficient to handle the incident. - Second is specific capabilities and limitations of the responding resources in relation to the problem. - Third consists of the capabilities and limitations of personnel, based on training and experience. - Decision step requires the FO to make specific judgement decisions based on the known facts and probabilities, officer needs to answer 4 questions... enough resources to extinguish fire or mitigate situation? Are sufficient resources available, and do the conditions allow for an interior attack? Most effective assignment of on-scene resources? Most effective assignment of responding resources? - Answers to these questions allow the fire officer to develop the overall strategy and the underlying tactics to mitigate incident. - Final step in Layman's decision process is to... develop the actual plan that will be used to mitigate the incident. - NFA size-up system... Preincident information, initial size-up and ongoing size-up. - Second phase of size-up begin with receipt of alarm, three questions answered... What do I have? Where is it going? How do I control it? - Start with information from phase I (Preincident) and build on it with specific conditions that are present at the incident. - Accuracy of these predictions is heavily dependent on the FO's... knowledge and experience. - This stage closely related to Layman's Probability step. - Third phase addresses the need to continually size up the situation as it evolves. - Ongoing size-up requires a constant flow of information to the IC, IC needs to know... an assignment is completed, assignment cannot be completed, additional resources are needed, resources can be released, conditions have changed, additional problems have been identified, and emergency conditions exist. - After the size-up, the IC... develops the IAP based on incident priorities. - Outlines the strategic objectives and states how emergency operations will be conducted... IAP. - Required for large or complex incidents that have an extended duration... written IAP. - To major components to the IAP... determination of the appropriate strategy to mitigate an incident and development of tactics to execute the strategy. - Strategies are general and tactics are specific and measurable. - Strategies equivalent to goals and tactics are the objectives used to meet the goals. - Three basic priorities for an IAP... Life Safety, Incident Stabilization, and Property Conservation. - Incident stabilization and property conservation are usually accomplished simultaneously, if not enough resources to accomplish both at once, follow order. - Provide a list and an order of priority for dealing with them... Tactical priorities. - Tactical priorities and information obtained in size-up are used to develop IAP. - Acronym developed for the IC for accomplishing tactical priorities on the fire ground... RECEO-VS. - Rescue, Exposure protection, Confinement, Extinguishment, Overhaul, Ventilation, and Salvage. - Or arriving officers operating in a fire attack mode... SLICE-RS. - Size-up, Locate, Identify and control flow path, Cool the space from the safest location, Extinguish the fire, Rescue, Salvage. - [Location of the fire and current conditions] will dictate\... best location to attack the fire. - When FF's close doors and windows, should consider the opportunity for OVEIS. - Within a building, divisions commonly take the number of the floor on which they are working. - Most be considered during extreme weather conditions... weight, bulk, and thermal properties of PPE. - Need sufficient rehab between work periods. - Largest share of deaths occurred from... stress, overexertion, and medical issues. - Cardiac events accounted for 89% of these deaths. - Second leading cause of death was vehicle accidents. - Fewer than half of injuries occurred on the fire ground, leading cause was overexertion or strain. - FF's should wear high-visibility vests or jackets to comply with... ANSI. - Dedicated crew of FF's who are assigned for rapid deployment to rescue lost or trapped members... RIC. - Two members from the initial attack crew... IRIC (initial RIC). - RIC by comparison, consists of four members and sometimes called RIT. - Generally positioned outside the building, near an entrance, ready for immediate action, SOP's governing RICs equipment prepared for use, including forcible entry tools, TIC, search rope, medical gear, and a spare SCBA or full replacement cylinder. - Command should be transferred only to... improve quality of the command organization. - Transfer of command should follow a standard procedure. - Officer assuming command communicates with initial IC, radio but face-to-face preferred. - Initial IC briefs the new IC including... incident conditions, tactical worksheets and IAP, progress toward completion, safety considerations, deployment and assignment of operating companies, need for additional resources. - Command is officially transferred only when the new IC has been briefed. - The fact the command has been transferred is communicated to the dispatch center and all units operating on the fire scene. - Company-level may be assigned as a division or group supervisor or may remain with new IC at command post. Summary - A FO is expected to perform the duties of a first-arriving officer at any incident, including assuming initial command of the incident, establishing the basic management structure, and following standard operating procedures. - NIMS evolved from FIRESCOPE and Fire Ground Command. - NIMS provides a consistent, nationwide framework for IM, enabling federal, state, and local governments, private sector and nongovernmental organizations, and all other organizations who assume a role in emergency management to work together effectively and efficiently. - Three levels of command in the ICS\... Strategic, tactical and task. - First-arriving managing and supervising FO are required to focus on the strategic level as they arrive on emergency. - The IC is responsible for addressing three strategic priorities... life safety, incident stabilization, and property conservation. - Command must be established and the ICS must be used at every event. - 9 functions of command... Determine strategy, select incident tactics, establish IAP, develop ICS organization, manage resources, coordinate resource activities, provide scene safety, release information about the incident, and coordinate with outside agencies. - Size-up begins long before arrival and continues until the incident is stabilized. - IAP outlines the strategic objectives and states ow emergency operations will be conducted. - 3 basic priorities for an IAP... life safety, incident stabilization and property conservation. - RECEO-VS: Rescue, Exposures, Containment, Extinguishment, Overhaul- Vent, Salvage. - SLICERS: Size-Up, Locate, Identify, Cool the space from the safest location, Extinguish the fire, Rescue, Salvage.