CNS 1: Brain PDF

CNS 1: Brain Devin Mott PT, DPT Objectives Complete provided chart and: Label the parts of the brain and define their functions Differentiate between the cerebellum, cerebrum, and the brain stem Brain Overview Cerebrum ○ Frontal Lobe ○ Parietal Lobe ○ Occipital Lobe ○ Temp...

CNS 1: Brain Devin Mott PT, DPT Objectives Complete provided chart and: Label the parts of the brain and define their functions Differentiate between the cerebellum, cerebrum, and the brain stem Brain Overview Cerebrum ○ Frontal Lobe ○ Parietal Lobe ○ Occipital Lobe ○ Temporal Lobe Cerebellum Brain Stem ○ Midbrain ○ Pons ○ Medulla Oblongata Diencephalon Cerebrum Made up of gyri and sulci and divided into regions by fissures Each region has a specific role: ○ Frontal: MOTOR, executive function, thinking, smell, speech emotions ○ Parietal: SENSATION, perception, language ○ Occipital: Visual interpretation ○ Temporal: Hearing, taste, language, comprehension, emotional integration ○ Insula: gustatory and sensorimotor processing, risk-reward behavior, autonomics, pain pathways, and auditory and vestibular Important Gyri to Know: Precentral Gyrus: ○ Primary motor cortex Postcentral Gyrus: ○ Primary sensory cortex Important Brain Areas Substantia Nigra: ○ Located in basal ganglia ○ Produces Dopamine (plays a role in movement) Pineal Gland: ○ Produces melatonin Pituitary Gland: ○ Hormones (stay tuned for endocrine lecture) Important Brain Areas Broca’s Area: ○ Broca’s aphasia is characterized by nonfluent speech. ○ Frontal Cortex Wernicke’s Area ○ deficits in the comprehension of language ○ temporal lobe Aphasia Cerebellum Overview: coordination of motor and sensory information Brain Stem Midbrain: sensory and motor information relay station Pons: information relay station, breathing Medulla Oblongata:Regulation of HR, BP, breathing, reflex for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting Diencephalon Thalamus: Relays and processes information to cerebrum Hypothalamus: Regulation of hormones, temperature, H2O levels, thirst, emotions, pituitary gland regulation Pineal Body: Body Clock Pituitary Gland: Hormones Limbic System part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses ○ Important role in: behaviours we need for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for our young, and fight or flight responses. Located: thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus and the amygdala Hippocampus: memories Amygdala: Emotional Response Corpus Callosum Connection between the right and left hemisphere Left vs Right: (most people…) ○ Left: Language ○ Right: attention, memory, reasoning, problem solving Blood Supply Artery Branches Area Supplied Vertebral Artery Anterior and Posterior Spinal cord and Spinal Arteries medulla Posterior Inferior Medulla and Cerebellar Area Cerebellum Basilar Artery Anterior Inferior Pons and cerebellum Cerebellar and Midbrain, occipital Superior Cerebellar lobe, inferomedial Artery temporal lobe Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) Internal Carotid Anterior Cerebral Frontal and parietal Artery (ACA) lobes Middle Cerebral Lateral hemisphere Artery (MCA) CVA Presentations ACA: ○ Personality changes (Which Lobe?), contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss (LE>UE) MCA: (most common) ○ Contralateral homonymous hemianopia, contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss (UE and face>LE) ○ Language impairment (typically with left sided stroke) ○ Neglect PCA: ○ Thalamic syndrome possible ○ Vision and eyes impacted Collateral Circulation Blood Brain Barrier Tight union of epithelial cells Only small molecules can pass into the CNS Small and fat soluble (alcohol, caffeine, nicotine) can pass through Active transport needed for small water soluble substances (glucose, amino acids) Cerebral Spinal Fluid Role: regulation of extracellular contents, protection ○ Contains: water, amino acids, proteins (brain derived neurotrophic factor) Formed: in ventricles ○ Circulates into subarachnoid space before being absorbed into venous circulation CSF: Ventricles and Layers Choroid Plexus in Ventricles secrete CSF Meninges: ○ Dura Mater ○ Arachnoid ○ Pia Mater