Neuroscience 1A LC7 Basal Nuclei PDF 2022

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES NEUROSCIENCE 1A LC7 COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, BATCH 2026 BASAL NUCLEI: The Basal Nuclei and its...

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES NEUROSCIENCE 1A LC7 COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, BATCH 2026 BASAL NUCLEI: The Basal Nuclei and its Connections Transcribers: Quilana, Reyes, Rodriguez, Editors: Rivera, Rosalin Dr. Steve Arellano | Nov. 2022 OUTLINE - Lesions in the Basal Ganglia or Cerebellum (e.g. Parkinsonism, I. Introduction Huntington’s Chorea) result in uncoordinated and disorganized A. Major Cortical and Subcortical Structures movement. involved in Movement - The basal nuclei/ganglia play an important role in the control of II. The Basal Nuclei/ Ganglia posture and voluntary movement. A. Anatomical Nuclei B. Functional Nuclei III. Neostriatum A. MAJOR CORTICAL AND SUBCORTICAL A. Caudate Nucleus B. Types of Neostriatal Nucleus STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN MOVEMENT C. Compartments of the Neostriatum IV. Paleostriatum A. Globus Pallidus B. Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata C. Subthamalic Nucleus D. Dopamine Receptor Isoforms V. Neostriatal Input/Output A. Input a. Corticostriate Projections b. Mesencephalostriate Projections c. Thalamostriate Projections d. Other Projections B. Output VI. Basal Ganglia Pathways A. Direct Pathway B. Indirect Pathway VII. Striatal Territories A. Sensorimotor Territories B. Associative Territories Figure 1. Diagram of Major Cortical and Subcortical Neural C. Limbic Territories Structures involved in movement. VIII. Pallidal & Nigral Inputs/Outputs A. Inputs a. Striatopallidal & Striatonigral Projections PATHWAYS INVOLVED: b. Other Projections 1. Cerebral Cortex to Spinal Cord – Corticospinal Tract B. Outputs 2. Cerebral Cortex to Cerebellum – Cerebro-Cerebellar Pathway a. Major Output 3. Cerebral Cortex to Basal Ganglia – Cortico-Striatal Pathway b. Minor Output 4. Cerebellum to Thalamus – Dentothalamic Pathway c. Side Track Output IX. Subthalamic Nucleus 5. Basal Ganglia to Thalamus – Striatothalamic Pathway X. Ventral (Limbic) Nucleus 6. Thalamus to Cerebral Cortex – Thalamocortical Pathway XI. Corticostriatothalamic Loops XII. A. The 5 Parallel Loops Basal Ganglia Function II. THE BASAL NUCLEI/GANGLIA A. Motor Function B. Cognitive Function A. ANATOMICAL NUCLEI XIII. Blood Supply of Basal Ganglia 1. Caudate Nucleus 2. Globus Pallidus 3. Putamen I. INTRODUCTION 4. Nucleus Accumbens Septi - Neural control of movement is the product of interactions within 5. Olfactory Tubercle and among a number of cortical and subcortical neural structures. - There are three subcortical structures: B. FUNCTIONAL NUCLEI 1. Caudate Nucleus 1. Basal Ganglia – a collection of masses of grey matter 2. Globus Pallidus situated within each cerebral hemisphere. They are the 3. Putamen corpus striatum, the amygdaloid nucleus, and the 4. Nucleus Accumbens Septi claustrum 5. Olfactory Tubercle 2. Cerebellum 6. Subthalamic Nuclei 3. Dopaminergic Mesencephalic System 7. Substantia Nigra - Lesions in the Motor Cortex (e.g. Stroke) result in the loss of - The substantia nigra of the midbrain and the subthalamic nuclei of movement. the diencephalon are functionally closely related to the activities of the basal nuclei [NEUROSCIENCE1A] 1.7 BASAL NUCLEI – Dr. Steve Arellano the Internal capsule, Into the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus. B. Striatum (Dorsal Striatum and Neostriatum) – Caudate and Putamen C. Pallidum (Paleostriatum) – Globus Pallidus D. Lentiform Nucleus – Putamen and Globus Pallidus E. Ventral Striatum – Ventral parts of Caudate Nucleus and Putamen, Nucleus Accumbens Septi, Striatal part of Olfactory Tubercle. F. Extrapyramidal System - Discovered by British Neurologist Kinnier Wilson (1912) - Refers to the Basal Ganglia and an array of brainstem nuclei namely: 1. Red nucleus 2. Subthalamic nucleus 3. Substantia Nigra 4. Reticular formation Figure 2. The Basal Ganglia III. NEOSTRIATUM - The Basal Ganglia is a group of interconnected nuclei located at the - Caudate Nucleus and Putamen “basement” of the brain. It has both motor and non-motor functions. - Originated from the Telencephalon (Division of Procencephalon) - During Ontogenesis, the Caudate nucleus follows the curvature of the Telencephalic vesicle and become a C-shaped structure adjacent to the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. A. CAUDATE NUCLEUS - Head of the caudate nucleus has a relationship to the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. - It is the part that bulges into the lateral ventricle. - Huntington’s Chorea (Huntington Disease) o Characteristic bulge of the caudate nucleus into the lateral ventricle is lost. o Atrophy of cerebral nerve tissue and basal ganglia. Figure 3. Nucleus Accumbens - Chorea consists of rapid, irregular, involuntary, dance-like movements that flow randomly from one body region to another, NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS including oral, facial, and appendicular muscles. It is characteristic of - Located at the base of the brain. disorders such as Huntington disease and tardive dyskinesia, but also - Structure that is part of our pleasure and reward system. may occur as a side effect of treatment in Parkinson disease. - Activates our motivation and allows willpower to translate into action. - ROLES: 1. Learning and Memory 2. Laughter 3. Fear and Aggression 4. Addiction 5. Placebo effect 6. Sex 7. Food Intake DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURES A. Corpus Striatum - Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus. o Corpus striatum is situated lateral to the thalamus and is almost completely divided by a band of nerve fibers, Figure 4. Brain of patient with Huntington’s Disease vs. Normal Brain Page 2 of 10 [NEUROSCIENCE1A] 1.7 BASAL NUCLEI – Dr. Steve Arellano B. TYPES OF NEOSTRIATAL NEURONS - divides the GP into a larger lateral & a smaller medial segment 1. ASPINY NEURONS (Non-spiny Neurons; 4%) o Intrinsic Neurons or Interneurons o Four Types: 1. Cholinergic (acetylcholine-releasing) 2. GABAergic Contains Parvalbumin Largest Population 3. Somatostatin Contains Neuropeptide-Y 4. Calretinin (calcium binding protein) Immunoreactive Neurons 2. SPINY NEURONS (96%) Figure 5. External and Internal Pallidal Lamina o Neostriatal projections or Principal Neurons of Neostriatum. B. SUBSTANCIA NIGRA PARS RETICULATA o Contain GABA (Gamma Aminobyturic Acid), Taurine, and (SNpr) Neuropeptides. - Ventral zone of the SN e.g. Substance P, Enkephalin, Neurotensin, - Has Fe+ compounds Dymoprhin, and Cholecystokinin. - Considered part of the Globus Pallidus externa (head and neck o Silent at rest and discharges when stimulated by representation) whereas the GPi (arm and leg representation) cortical inputs. - morphologically & chemically, GP & SNpr are similar - large multipolar neurons Note: Both Spiny and Aspiny Interneurons are lost in Huntington’s Chorea. - NT: GABA - = 90% of input originates from the striatum C. COMPARTMENTS OF THE NEOSTRIATUM 1. Striosomes or Patches Compartment 2. Matrix Compartment STRIOSOMES MATRIX Light Heavy Early Late Input Medial frontal cortex, Sensorimotor cortex, Limbic cortex, SNpc, Supplementary motor Ventral SNpr cortex, Association cortex, Limbic cortex, Intralaminar thalamic Figure 6. Substancia Nigra Pars Reticulata nuclei, VTA, SNpc Output SNpc SNpr, GP C. SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS NT GABA GABA - Cytologically homogenous Neuromodulators Neurotensin, Somatostatin, - Use Glutamate as neurotransmitter Dynorpin, Substance Enkephalins, - has the shape of a biconvex lens. The nucleus has important P Substance P connections with the corpus strlatum as a result, it is involved in the Dopamine D1 D2 Receptor control of muscle activity. Table 1. Characteristics of Striosome and Matrix Compartment. IV. PALEOSTRIATUM A. GLOBUS PALLIDUS - wedge-shaped nuclear mass located between the putamen and IC (Internal Capsule) - Lamina of fibers: External pallidal lamina - separates the GP from putamen Figure 7. Subthalamic Nucleus Internal pallidal lamina Page 3 of 10 [NEUROSCIENCE1A] 1.7 BASAL NUCLEI – Dr. Steve Arellano C. Thalamostriate Projections D. DOPAMINE RECEPTOR ISOFORMS - Second most prominent afferents to the striatum - Centromedian Nucleus - D1 and D2 Receptors are found in the Striatum o projects to the sensorimotor striatal territory - Parafascicular Nucleus o projects to the associative & limbic striatal territories - Other Thalamic Sources: 1. Ventral anterior nuclei (VA) 2. Ventral lateral nuclei (VL) 3. Posterior nuclei (P) - Neurotransmitter: Glutamate D. Other Projections 1. Raphe nuclei (Serotonergic) o are bilaterally symmetric cell groups in the brainstem that are located directly adjacent to the midline 2. Locus ceruleus (NA) o is located in the lateral floor of the fourth ventricle 3. External (lateral) segment of GPe Figure 8. Substantia Nigra in Parkinson’s Disease B. OUTPUT **In Normal Midbrain – Substantia Nigra is Present and Dark. **In Parkinson’s Disease – Substantia Nigra is Pale. - Projections to: 1. SNpr (Substantia nigra pars reticulata) A. D2 Receptors 2. GPe (Globus Pallidus externa) & GPi (Globus Pallidus interna) - Mediate the anti-psychotic effects of neuroleptic drugs. 3. Ventral pallidum - Exert feedback control on dopaminergic transmission. 4. SNpc (Substantia nigra pars compacta) - Increased in Parkinson’s Disease. - Neurotransmitter: GABA - The neostriatal neurons belonging to the “indirect” pathway - Output to the GP & the SNpr is organized into direct & indirect have D2 receptors; when dopamine binds to the D2 receptor, the projections neurons are inhibited A. Direct Projections - from neostriatum to GPi & SNpr B. D1 Receptors - activation leads to a disinhibitory (facilitatory) effect on the - Decreased in Parkinson’s Disease. thalamus & an increase in motor behaviour - Binding of dopamine to D1 receptors causes excitation - enhanced activity result in excessive activity (hyperkinesia) of of the striatopallidal neurons in the direct pathway. some BG DSO (Huntington’s chorea) - - functionally mature in childhood V. NEOSTRIATAL INPUT / OUTPUT B. Indirect Projection - from neostriatum to GPe A. INPUT - via STN to the GPi & SNpr - activation leads to increase inhibition of the thalamus & A. Corticostriate Projections decreased motor activity - inputs from cerebral cortex to the striatum using direct and - enhanced activity results to poverty of movement indirect pathways (hypokinesia) like in Parkinson’s - Direct corticostriate Projection - functionally immature in childhood Reach the neostraitum via: 1. internal capsule and external capsules NT & Neuromodulators involved in Striatal Output 2. subcallosal fasciculus To GPi To GPe To SNpr To SNpc B. Mesencephalostriate Projections GABA + + + + - Origin: Substantia nigra pars compacta Substance P + - + - - Dopamine (neurotransmitter) Enkephalin - + - + o excitatory effect on D1 striatal neurons that project to the Dynorphin + - + + GPi & SNpr o inhibitory effect on D2 striatal neurons that project to the Neurotensin - + - + GPe - Project to the striatum via: 1. ventral tegmental area of Tasi (area A-10) 2. retrorubral nucleus (SNpd, area A-8) Page 4 of 10 [NEUROSCIENCE1A] 1.7 BASAL NUCLEI – Dr. Steve Arellano VI. BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS VII. STRIATAL TERRITORIES 1. Sensorimotor Territories - post-commisural putamen - inputs from sensory and & motor cortical areas - project to the putamen 2. Associative Territories - caudate & pre-commissioned putamen - inputs from association cortices - project to the caudate nucleus 3. Limbic Territories - (nucleus accumbens) - input from limbic and paralimbic cortical areas - projects to the sensorimotor & limbic striatum - modulates motor response based on limbic information VIII. PALLIDAL & NIGRAL INPUTS / OUTPUTS A. INPUTS A. Striatopallidal & Striatonigral Projections - Input to GPe and GPi is from putamen and STN (Subthalamic nuclei) Figure 9. Indirect and Direct Pathways - Input to the SNpr is from caudate and STN - Input from neostriatum is GABAergic (inhibitory) Direct Pathway - Input from STN is glutamatergic (excitatory) - From the cortex it will stimulate your striatum using your glutamate and simultaneously from the substantia nigra B. Other Projections stimulating also the striatum but using dopamine. - From DA and Ser neurons of the brainstem - From striatum it will now stimulate globus pallidus and substantia nigra using GABA which is inhibitory B. OUTPUTS - From this GPi/SNr it will stimulate the thalamus still using GABA and - From thalamus it will loop back into your cortex and it is A. Major Output excitatory using your glutamate. - From GPi and SNpr (output nuclei) to thalamus - Pallidothalamic fibers follow one of two routes: Indirect Pathway 1. Traverse the IC & gather dorsal to the STN as - From the cortex it will stimulate your striatum using your glutamate, it lenticular fasciculus (H2 field of Forel) is excitatory and simultaneously from your substantia nigra going to *The lenticular fasciculus (field H2 of Forel), , originates in the your striatum but using dopamine and this is simple inhibitory. posteromedial portion of the medial segment. - From the striatum it will stimulate going to your globus pallidus 2. Pass around the IC (ansa lenticularis) externa and subthalamic nuclei using both GABA *The ansa lenticularis originates from lateral portions of the medial segment and loops around the posterior limb of the - From this subthalamic nuclei it will stimulate globus pallidus interna internal capsule to enter the prerubral field (field H of Forel) and substantia nigra pars reticulata using glutamate - From this GPi/SNr it will loop back to your thalamus using GABA Note: Both routes will form the prerubral field (or H field of and Forel) and then join the thalamic fasciculus (H1 filed of - From thalamus it goes back to your cortex using glutamate which is Forel) to reach the target thalamic nuclei excitatory - Include: Target thalamic nuclei: a. corticothalamostriate pathway 1. Ventral anterior (VA) b. collaterals of the cortico-olivary pathway 2. Ventral lateral (VL) c. collaterals of cortico-pontine pathway 3. Dorsomedial (DM) - most massive striatal afferents 4. Intralaminal nuclei Neurotransmitter: GABA Page 5 of 10 [NEUROSCIENCE1A] 1.7 BASAL NUCLEI – Dr. Steve Arellano B. Minor Output - From GPi and SNpr (output nuclei) to the following areas: B. Pallidosubthalamic Projection 1. Nucleus Tegmenti Pedunculopontis (nTPP) o Source: GPe - Links the BG with SC (via reticulospinal tract or RST) o GABAergic projection - Functions: o Role: indirect pathway that links input & output nuclei of the ▪ Motor function (mesencephalic locomotor center) basal ganglia ▪ Arousal and sleep ▪ Motivation C. Thalamosubthalamic Projection ▪ Attention o Source: centromedian and parafascicular nuclei ▪ Learning 2. Habenular Nucleus D. Nigrosubthalamic Projection - Links BG with the limbic system o Source: SNpc and VTA 3. Superior Colliculus o Uses DA (dopamine) pathway - Links BG to the: ▪ SC (via tectospinal tract or TST) E. Reticulosubthalamic Projection ▪ Brainstem nuclei (via the tectoreticular tract or TRT) o Source: dorsal nucleus of the raphe - Function: head and eye movements o Uses serotonin projection Major outflow: to GPe and GPi and to SNpr Lesions: - Interrupting subthalamic-pallidal connection - Result to hyperkinesia of ballism - Hyperkinetic disturbances, which are characterized by increased or involuntary movement, include ballismus, chorea, and athetosis. - Ballismus is most typically seen as hemiballismus because it usually occurs on one side. It consists of uncontrolled flinging (ballistic) movements of a limb. It is most characteristically seen in the upper extremity but also may affect the lower limb. This motor disorder is most common in patients with vascular lesions localized to the contralateral subthalamic nucleus Figure 10. Sagittal cut of the brain *Favorable site for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease C. Side Track Output *Input to the STN is from the frontal lobe - Links globus pallidus externa with STN *output is glutamatergic (excitatory) and is fast - Neurotransmitter is GABA - Basal ganglia and its neural systems is composed of: X. VENTRAL (LIMBIC) STRIATUM 1. Core ▪ Composed of striatum and its pallidal and nigral - Output: to ventral pallidum targets 2. Regulators of the core - Related to the limbic system ▪ Have two categories: - Nucleus accumbens septi has a role in mediating reward and Striatal regulators motivation - Involvements: Pallidonigral regulators a. Drug addiction IX. SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS b. Mental DSO (schizophrenia & Tourette syndrome) Divisions: 1. Sensorimotor - Schizophrenia- is a Psychiatric disorder. Symptoms include chronically 2. Associative disordered thinking, blunted affect, and emotional withdrawal. 3. Limbic territories Paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations may also be present. - Gilles de la Tourette syndrome/Tourette syndrome- involuntary tic-like Inputs from the following: movements or vocalizations, sometimes with coprolalia A. Corticosubthalamic Projection o Receives glutamatergic projections from - Tics and habit spasms are abrupt, repetitive, stereotyped, simple or ▪ Primary motor area complex movements that often involve muscles outside the ▪ Prefontral distribution of the facial nerve (e.g., neck) and can be reproduced or ▪ Premotor inhibited voluntarily. They are thought to be of ▪ Supplementary motor cortices o (all from the frontal lobe of the brain) Page 6 of 10 [NEUROSCIENCE1A] 1.7 BASAL NUCLEI – Dr. Steve Arellano psychogenic origin, but their association with Gilles de la Tourette ▪ Posterior parietal cortex syndrome suggests the possibility of basal ganglia dysfunction. o Projection: GPi and SNpr o Thalamic targets: ▪ Ventral Anterior nuclei XI. CORTICOSTRIATOTHALAMOCORTICAL ▪ DM nuclei LOOPS o Loops back to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 3. Lateral orbitofrontal prefrontal loop pathway o Centered on caudate nucleus o Origin: ▪ Lateral orbitofrontal cortex o Projection: Globus Pallidus interna and Substantia Nigra pars reticulata o Thalamic targets: ▪ Ventral Anterior nuclei ▪ Dorsomedial nuclei o Loops back to the lateral orbitofrontal cortex 4. Limbic Loop Pathway o Centered on ventral striatum o Origin: ▪ Anterior cingulate cortex Figure 11. CSTC Loops ▪ Medial orbitofrontal cortex 1. Information from cortex goes either to striatum, or to the ▪ Temporal lobe pallidum, or to the thalamus. o Projection: ventral pallidum 2. Then the information in these centres loop back to the cortex o Thalamic target: dorsomedial nucleus *injury to these circuits result to selective disturbance in motor, cognitive, or o Loops back to anterior cingulate and medial emotional behavior orbitofrontal cortices o Role: genesis of schizophrenia THE 5 PARALLEL LOOPS ✓ Each of the 5 circuits has a direct and indirect pathway from the striatum to the output nuclei (GPi and SNpr) 1. Motor loop pathway o Centered on putamen o Origin: A. Direct Pathway ▪ Primary motor o Contains GABA and substance P ▪ Primary sensory o Connects the striatum with output nuclei ▪ Somatosensory association o Activation: disinhibit thalamocortical target neurons ▪ Premotor ▪ Supplementary motor cortices B. Indirect Pathway o Projection: Globus Pallidus and Substantia Nigra pars o Connects the striatum with output nuclei via relays in the GPr reticulata and STN o GPi projects to VL, VA, and centromedian nuclei o Activation: inhibit thalamocortical target neurons (thalamus) o Substantia Nigra pars reticulata projects to the Ventral XII. BASAL GANGLIA FUNCTION anterior of thalamus o Loops back to the supplementary motor, premotor, and - Considered central in the control of movement primary motor cortices - Play a role in non-motor behavior, cognition, and emotion - 2. Oculomotor loop pathway o Centered on caudate nucleus A. MOTOR FUNCTION o Origin: - Automatic execution of learned motor plan and in ▪ Frontal eye field preparation for movement ▪ Supplementary eye field - Information flow from the cortex to the basal ▪ Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ganglia: ▪ Posterior parietal cortex 1. Command from the cortex initiates action of o Projection: GPi and SNpr striatal neurons o Thalamic targets: 2. Nigral input provides a continuous damping ▪ VA nuclei effect so that cortical commands will be ▪ DM nuclei focused o Loops back to frontal eye field and supplementary 3. 3. Thalamic input informs and updates the eye field of cortex striatum of the activity in other systems concerned with movement 1. Dorsolateral prefrontal loop pathway 4. 4. Striatum integrates and feeds informationPage 7 of 10 o Centered on caudate nucleus to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra o Origin: pars reticulata. ▪ Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [NEUROSCIENCE1A] 1.7 BASAL NUCLEI – Dr. Steve Arellano - Basal ganglia are responsible for the automatic execution of a learned motor plan - As a motor skill is learned, basal ganglia take over the role of executing the learned strategy - Lesion to basal ganglia: result to a slower, less automatic, and less accurate cortical mechanism for motor behavior Other motor roles of BG 1. Preparation and execution of movement a. Motor loop ▪ Discharge in relation to target location in space, direction of limb movement, or muscle pattern b. Oculomotor loop ▪ Discharge in relation to visual fixation, saccadic Figure 12. Blood supply of the basal ganglia eye movement, or passive visual stimuli ▪ Participate in the reward-based control of visual attention 2. Gating function TEST YOURSELF o Gating of sensory information for motor control o DA (inhibitory) and cortical sensorimotor 1. It is the ventral zone of the substanti nigra and has Fe+ (excitatory) inputs to the striatum are in compounds. physiologic balance a. Substancia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) o Inhibitory output of the pallidum regulates b. Neostriatum sensorimotor access c. Subthamalic nucleus o In Parkinson’s Disease, the loss of dopamine (inhibitory) will allow cortical facilitation a free hand to 2. It is cytologically homogenous and uses glutamate as a stimulate the inhibitory basal ganglia output neurotransmitter. o Limits access of sensory information to the motor system a. Substancia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and decreases motor activity (hypokinesa) b. Neostriatum c. Subthamalic nucleus B. COGNITIVE FUNCTION - Basal ganglia subserve cognitive function 3. Mediate the anti-psychotic effects of neuroleptic drugs and exert - Basal ganglia have a role in retrieval of episodic and semantic feedback control on dopaminergic transmission. a. D2 Receptors information for explicit memory and in implicit tasks that require the initiation or modification of central motor programs b. D1 Receptors - Lesions in the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit →cognitive disturbances (schizophrenia, huntington’s chorea, and Parkinson’s 4. Decreased in Parkinson’s Disease and binding of dopamine this receptor disease) causes excitation of the striatopallidal neurons in the direct pathway. - Lesions in the lateral orbitofrontal circuit →obsessive compulsive behavior a. D2 Receptors b. D1 Receptors C. EMOTION AND MOTIVATION ACTION - Decrease in size of the basal ganglia (Bipolar DSO) 5. Collection of masses of grey matter situated within each cerebral D. SPATIAL NEGLECT hemisphere. They are the corpus striatum, the amygdaloid nucleus, and - Right-sided basal ganglia lesions the claustrum o Basal ganglia connected with the superior temporal a. basal ganglia gyrus, which has a role in spatial neglect b. cerebellum c. dopaminergic mesencephalic system XIII. BLOOD SUPPLY OF BASAL GANGLIA 6. The neurotransmitter that is lacking in Parkinson’s disease. a. Acetylcholine b GABA 1. Perforating (lenticulostriate) branches of Middle Cerebral c Serotonin Artery and Anterior Cerebral Artery d.Dopamine 2. Anterior choroidal branch of Internal Carotid Artery 7. In neostriatal output, the indirect pathway activation leads to increase inhibition of the thalamus & decreased motor activity. a. True Page 8 of 10 [NEUROSCIENCE1A] 1.7 BASAL NUCLEI – Dr. Steve Arellano b. False c.GABA d.AOTA 8. The lesion in the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit leads to which of the following, except? 23.. Basal nuclei functions are the following except: a. Schizophrenia a. as the central for movement control b. Huntington’s Chorea b. cognitive, motivation, and emotion c. Parkinson’s Disease c. automatic execution of learned motor plan d. obsessive compulsive disorder d. none of the above 9. It links the basal ganglia with the limbic system. 24. The basal nuclei are supplied with blood by the following arteries a. Habenular Nucleus except: b. Superior Colliculus a. anterior cerebral artery c. Both A and B b. middle cerebral artery d. NOTA c. internal carotid artery d. posterior choroidal artery 10. Which of the following is not an origin of Oculomotor loop pathway? a. Frontal eyefield Answers: b. Supplementary eye field 1.A c. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 2.C d. NOTA 3.A 4.B 5.A 11. Inhibitory neurotransmitters input in neostriatum 6.D 7.A 12. It originates from posteromedial portion of the medial segment 8.D 9.A 13. Which does not belong to the group and why: Centromedian nuclei, 10.D Ventral Anterior, Dorsomedial, Intralaminal nuclei 11.GABA 12.Lenticular fasciculus 14. Which does not belong to the functions of Nucleus Tegmenti 13.Centromedian nuclei, because it does not belong to the target thalamic nuclei in the major output of the pallidothalamic output Pedunculopontis? Select all that applies. Learning, Attention, Reward 14.Reward System and Spatial Ability system, Arousal, Sleep, Motor Function, Spatial Ability 15.Core 16.Cortico subthalamic Projection 15. Composed of Striatum and its pallidal and nigral targets 17.Nigrosubthalamic Projection 18.True, any interruption in the 5 projections of subthalamic - pallidal connection will 16. It receives glutamatergic projection from Premotor, Prefrontal, result in hyperkinesia of ballism Primary Motor Area and Supplementary Motor Cortices 19.B 20.C 21.F 17. This subthalamic nucleus inputs uses DA (Dopamine) 22.B Pathway 23.D 24.D 18. Modified True or False. Lesion on Reticulosubthalamic Projection will result to hyperkinesia of ballism 19. It divides the globus pallidus into a larger lateral and a smaller medial segment. a.External pallidal lamina b. Interal pallida lamina c.Internal capsule a. Direct Corticistriate Projection 20. Inputs from cerebral cortex to the striatum using direct and indirect pathway. a.Direct Corticostriate Projections b.Direct Corticostriate Pathways c.Corticostriate Projections d.Indirect Corticostriate Pathways 21. T/F. Motor loop pathway is centered on the caudate nucleus 22. Neurotransmitter used in subthalamic nuclei a.Serotonin b.Glutamate Page 9 of 10 [NEUROSCIENCE1A] 1.7 BASAL NUCLEI – Dr. Steve Arellano Page 10 of 10