Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods (Chapter 7-9) PDF

Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods Eighth Edition Peurifoy Schexnayder Shapira Schmitt Chapter 7 Dozers DOZERS  DOZERS Crawler (tracklaying) dozers are the work horses of the construction industry.  DOZERS Tracklaying  DOZERS An advan...

Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods Eighth Edition Peurifoy Schexnayder Shapira Schmitt Chapter 7 Dozers DOZERS  DOZERS Crawler (tracklaying) dozers are the work horses of the construction industry.  DOZERS Tracklaying  DOZERS An advantage of a wheel- type dozer as compared with a crawler dozer is higher speed. DOZERS John Deere high speed rubber-tracked dozer.  DOZERS They are designed to provide high drawbar pull and tractive effort. The crawler dozer exerts low ground-bearing pressure adding to its versatility.  DOZERS Dozers, tractors equipped with a blade are standard equipment for excavating.  DOZERS Dozers, tractors equipped with a blade are standard equipment for excavating. DOZERS Dozers, equipped with special clearing blades are used for land clearing.  DOZERS Dozers, equipped with push blades or blocks are used for assisting scrapers to load.  DOZERS A dozer, can have a rear mounted ripper for loosing and breaking up rock. Shank BLADE ADJUSTMENTS Tilting BLADE ADJUSTMENTS C- frame blade mount, Outside of the tracks BLADE ADJUSTMENTS C- frame blade mount Inside the tracks BLADE ADJUSTMENTS Angle BLADE ADJUSTMENTS Angle BLADE ADJUSTMENTS Pitch DOZER PRODUCTION ESTIMATES Step 1. Ideal production Manufacture's charts or text Figures 7.13 & 14 Step 2. Grade correction Text Table 7.2, p. 192 Step 3. Material-weight correction  DOZER PRODUCTION ESTIMATES Step 4. Operator skill, GPS and computer graphics In the cab DOZER PRODUCTION ESTIMATES Step 5. Material-type correction DOZER PRODUCTION ESTIMATES Step 5. Material-type correction DOZER PRODUCTION ESTIMATES Step 5. Material-type correction DOZER PRODUCTION ESTIMATES Step 6. Operating technique Slot dozing Side-by-side dozing  DOZER PRODUCTION ESTIMATES Step 7. Visibility, Table 7.2 Step 8. Efficiency factor DOZER PRODUCTION ESTIMATES Step 9. Calculate production Production (lcy) = Ideal Production X product of factors DOZER PRODUCTION ESTIMATES Step 10. Material conversion if required, Table 4.4 Step 11. Determine total operating hours required DOZER PRODUCTION Ideal production Ideal production values (lcy/hr) are based on the following conditions:  100% efficiency  Power-shift machines  DOZER PRODUCTION Ideal production  Dozer cuts 50 ft, then drifts the blade load to dump over a high wall DOZER PRODUCTION Ideal production Ideal production values (lcy/hr) are based on the following conditions:  Coefficient of traction  0.5 crawler machines  0.4 wheel machines DOZER PRODUCTION Ideal production YES NO Based on:  Hydraulic controlled blades  DOZER PRODUCTION Material-weight correction Ideal production values are based on a soil density of 2,300 lb/LCY. Material-weight correct = 2,300/lcy (standard) Actual material unit wt.  DOZER PRODUCTION Efficiency factor Ideal production is based on a 60-minute working hour. Efficiency factor = Actual working minutes per hr 60 - min working hr  DOZER PRODUCTION Exercise How long will it take a crawler D7G dozer w/straight blade to move 6,700 bcy’s 150 feet? Grade -2% Dry clay, 1,950 lb/lcy Operator of average skill 50-min hour  Exercise Step 1. Ideal production, D7G dozer w/ straight blade @ 150 ft. Find the dozing distance on the bottom horizontal scale. Read up vertically and intersect the production curve for the D7G. Read production on the left vertical scale. Figure 7.13 Step 1. Ideal production, D7G-7S @ 150 ft. 320 lcy/hr  Exercise Step 2. Grade Correction, for -2% (-) downgrade or (+) upgrade Find the % grade on the bottom horizontal scale. Read up vertically and intersect the curve. Read the correction on the left vertical scale. 1.07 Table 7.2  Exercise Step 3. Material-weight correction, for 1,950 lb/LCY Ideal production values are based on a soil density of 2,300 lb/lcy. Material-weight correct = 2,300 lb/lcy  1.18 1,950 lb/lcy  Exercise Step 4. Operator skill, Average, track-type tractor Table 7.2 Operator skill = 0.75  Exercise Step 5. Material-type correction, Dry clay Table 7.2 Material-type correction = 1.00  Exercise Step 6. Operating technique, Not specified Table 7.2 Operating technique = 1.00  Exercise Step 7. Visibility, Not specified, assume satisfactory Table 7.2 Visibility = 1.00  Exercise Step 8. Efficiency factor, 50-min hour Table 7.2 Efficiency factor = 50 - min hr  0.83 60 - min working hr  Exercise Step 9. Calculate Production Product of factors 1.071.18 0.751.001.001.00 0.83  0.786  Exercise Step 9. Calculate Production Production (lcy) = 320 lcy/hr X 0.786  252 lcy/hr  Exercise Step 10. Material conversion, Dry clay, lcy to bcy Table 4.4 Swell factor 0.74 Production (bcy) = 252 lcy/hr X 0.74  186.48 bcy/hr  Exercise Step 11. Operating Hours, to move 6,700 bcy’s 6,700 bcy = 35.93 hr 186.48 bcy/hr THE END Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods Eighth Edition Peurifoy Schexnayder Shapira Schmitt Chapter 8 Scrapers SCRAPERS  APPLICATIONS Dozer: short haul, less than 300ft Scraper: medium haul up to 3,000 ft  APPLICATIONS Zone of application Shot Rock Ripped Rock Earth/Rock Mix Gravel Sand Silt Clay CONFIGURATIONS Conventional (push-loaded) Single engine CONVENTIONAL Conventional (push-loaded) single engine scrapers become uneconomical when: Haul grades > 5% Return grades > 12% CONFIGURATIONS Elevating CONFIGURATIONS Elevating scrapers are good for short hauls and in favorable material. Can work alone in the cut. Cost more initially & to operate Elevator adds weight & takes power. CONFIGURATIONS Tandem powered Engine CONFIGURATIONS Tandem powered (twin engine) scrapers are good for jobs having adverse grades and poor footing. Owning and operating cost are about 25% higher. CONFIGURATIONS Push-Pull CONFIGURATIONS Push-Pull scrapers can work as a team or can operate individually with a pusher. Tire wear will increase in rock or abrasive materials because of more slippage from the four-wheel drive action. CONFIGURATIONS Auger Auger CONFIGURATIONS Auger CONFIGURATIONS Auger scrapers can self-load in difficult conditions, laminated rock or granular materials. The auger adds weight to the scraper during travel and it is more costly to own and operate than a conventional scraper.  BOWL The load-carrying part of a scraper. ejector WORK CYCLE LOAD HAUL RETURN DUMP CUTTING AND LOADING For maximum production both single- and tandem- engine scrapers need the assistance of a push tractor. CUTTING AND LOADING Ejector Dirt enters horizontally and rolls back to fill corners. Curved ejector top keeps load “boiling” to heap high.  HAULING Apron lowered to capture the material. Keeping the bowl low enhances stability. SPREADING THE LOAD Dumping and spreading is one continuous operation. SCRAPER SELECTION Three main factors: Job size, volume of material to move and maneuver room Scraper configuration Job conditions, grades, rolling resistance and material type SCRAPER SELECTION COST: Must consider all hourly cost for the entire pusher-scraper fleet. ECONOMIC ZONES OF APPLICATION HAUL DISTANCE Figure 8.10 Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods Eighth Edition Peurifoy Schexnayder Shapira Schmitt Chapter 9 Excavators LOADERS WHEEL & TRACK LOADERS  LOADERS PRODUCTION STEP 1: BUCKET SIZE Loaders can usually be equipped with several different size and type buckets. STEP 1: BUCKET SIZE Buckets are rated in both Heaped and Struck capacities. Heaped Capacity is the rating of interest for Production Estimating. STEP 2: FILL FACTOR Heaped Capacity is based on the SAE standard of a 2:1 material repose angle. The Fill Factor adjusts Heaped Capacity in lcy based on the type of material being handled. LOADERS SHOVELS  SHOVELS William S. Otis, of the firm of Carmichael, Fairbanks and Otis, when living in Canton, Massachusetts in 1834 and 1835, while his firm was performing grading work for the Boston & Providence Railroad built the first steam excavator – a steam shovel. OTIS SHOVEL Working on the Panama Canal today  SHOVELS Front shovels are used predominately for hard digging above track level and for loading haul units. Loading of shot rock would be a typical application. The basic parts of a shovel are the mounting (substructure), boom, stick, and bucket SHOVEL PRODUCTION A shovel does not travel during the digging and loading cycle. One study of shovel travel found that on the average it was necessary to move after about 20 bucket loads. This movement into the excavation took an average of 36 sec. HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS Hoe  HYDRAULIC HOE Boom Stick HYDRAULIC HOES Bucket penetration (break out force) is developed by the hydraulic cylinders of the bucket, stick, and boom.  HYDRAULIC HOES The boom and stick of a hoe are arranges for downward arc motion. This downward swing dictates usage for excavating below the running gear. HYDRAULIC HOES A hoe is sometimes referred to by other names -- Backhoe OR Back Shovel HYDRAULIC HOES The modern hydraulic excavator is a multipurpose tool - a work platform designed for scores of applications. This is possible because of the many special attachments available.  HYDRAULIC HOES Track mounted Wheel mounted MULIPURPOSE TOOL A crane for carefully lifting heavy loads into position.  LIFTING LOADS See manufacturer’s performance data. (Fig. 9.15 is an example of plotted lift data) Lifting capability is given for over the front and over the side conditions.  LIFTING LOADS Over the front means boom extended over the idler end of the tracks.  LIFTING LOADS Over the front means boom extended over the idler end of the tracks. drive idler sprocket MULIPURPOSE TOOL Handling building bubble. MULIPURPOSE TOOL A drill mount allowing easy positing. MULIPURPOSE TOOL A mount for an impact hammer.  Hydraulic Excavators Production (LCY/h)=C  S  V  F  E where, – C = cycles/h (Table 3-3) – S= swing-depth factor (Table 3-4) – V=heaped bucket volume (LCY) – F= bucket fill factor (Table 3-2) – E=job efficiency Table 3-2 Bucket fill Factors for Excavator Material Bucket Fill Factor Common earth, 0.8-1.10 loam Sand and Gravel 0.9-1.00 Hard clay 0.65-0.95 Wet Clay 0.5-0.90 Rock, Well-blasted 0.7-0.90 Rock, poorly 0.4-0.70 blasted Hydraulic Excavators Hydraulic Excavators  Hydraulic Excavators Ex 1) – Find the expected production in loose cubic yards (LCY) per hour of a small hydraulic excavator. Heaped bucket capacity is 3/4 CY. The material is sand and gravel with a bucket fill factor of 0.95. Job efficiency is 50 min/h. Average depth of cut is 14ft. Maximum depth of cut is 20ft and average swing is 90°. – 14/20=70% Prod.=C*S*V*F*E =250cycles/hr*1.00*0.75cy*0.95*50min/60min =148lcy/hr  Job Efficiency Management conditions: – Skill, training, and motivation of workers – Planning, job layout, supervision, and coordination of work Job conditions: – Topography and work dimensions – Surface and weather conditions  Operating factor for earthmoving Job condition Management Conditions Excellent Good Fair Poor Excellent 0.84 0.81 0.76 0.7 Good 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.65 Fair 0.72 0.69 0.65 0.6 Poor 0.63 0.61 0.57 0.52  Shovels Production (LCY/h) = C  S  V  F  E Where, – C = cycles/h (Table 3-6) – S = swing factor (Table 3-6) – V = heaped bucket volume (LCY or LCM) – F = bucket fill factor (Table 3-2) – E = job efficiency Shovels  Shovels Ex 2) – Find the expected production in loose cubic yards per hour of a 3-yd hydraulic shovel equipped with a front-dump bucket. The material is common earth with a bucket fill factor of 1.0. The average angle of swing is 75° and job efficiency is 0.80. – Prod.=C*S*V*F*E – =150cycles/hr*1.05*3cy*1.0*0.8 – =378lcy/hr  Draglines & Clamshells Draglines are typically cable operated Clamshells can be either cable or hydraulic 41  Dragline Are typically cable operated allowing for a longer reach 42 They Vary Greatly In Size 43  Draglines Expected production = Ideal Output  Swing-depth factor  Efficiency Ex3) Determine the expected dragline production in loose cubic yards per hour based on the following information. Dragline size = 2 cu yd , Swing angle = 120º Average depth of cut = 7.9 ft ----7.9ft/9.9ft=80% Material = common earth Job efficiency = 50 min/h Soil swell = 25% Prod.=230bcy/hr*0.9*50/60*(1+25%) =216lcy/hr Draglines Draglines Draglines  Clamshells Clamshell Link 1 Clamshell Link 2  Clamshells Are typically hydraulically operated 49 They Vary Greatly In Size 50  Clamshells No Standard Table. – Production= Volume per cycle  Cycle per hour Ex 4) – Estimate the production in loose cubic yards per hour for a medium-weight clamshell excavating loose earth. Heaped bucket capacity is 1 cu yd. The soil is common earth with a bucket fill factor of 0.95. Estimated cycle time is 40 s. Job efficiency is estimated at 50 min/h. 3600s/hr/40s=90cycles/hr Prod.=1cy*90cycles/hr * 0.95 * 50min/60min = 71.25 lcy/hr  Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods Eighth Edition Peurifoy Schexnayder Shapira Schmitt Chapter 10 Trucks and Hauling Equipment Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. TRUCKS EARLY DUMP TRUCKS EARLY WAGONS TRUCKS Distance is a major factor in selecting haul units. CLASSIFYING TRUCKS Highway (On-Road) or Off-Road Method of dumping - rear, bottom, side, conveyor Frame - rigid or articulated Engine - gasoline, diesel, propane CLASSIFYING TRUCKS Drive configuration - 2-, 4-, 6- wheel Transmission - direct or diesel- electric Capacity - gravimetric (tons) or volumetric (cubic yards) HIGHWAY REAR-DUMP SIDE DUMP OFF HIGHWAY TRUCK They are  TRACTOR with BOTTOM DUMP TRAILER Bottom dump trailer deposits a wind row of material.  ARTICULATED TRUCKS Two frames joined by pin ARTICULATED TRUCKS Can operate over soft ground. ARTICULATED TRUCKS Retainer plate to increase load capacity. TRUCKS MOBILIZE the JOB SERVICE TRUCKS Maintenance is key to keep the fleet running.  TIRES Tires are designed for a wide range of applications. SAFETY One way to get ALL the dirt out Off Road truck driver sight lines of things up close are limited. Do not park to close.  TRUCK PRODUCTION A Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods Eighth Edition Peurifoy Schexnayder Shapira Schmitt Chapter 17 Cranes “Mobile Cranes” Part 1 Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods Eighth Edition Peurifoy Schexnayder Shapira Schmitt Chapter 17 Cranes “Mobile Cranes” Part 2 SELECTION FACTORS  Height of reach required  Working envelope  Maximum load  Time  Duty cycle  HEIGHT OF REACH REQUIRED  Height load is to be lifted  Height of the load  Sling height  Hook block height  Size of the load CONSIDER ALL HEIGHTS Hook Block Sling Height Load Height Height Load is to be Lifted HEIGHT OF LOAD  SLING HEIGHT  HOOK BLOCK HEIGHT SAFE LOAD LIFTING You are tasked to place concrete into column forms using a bucket. The following information describes the lift. Load Height (Bucket) 5 ft Hook Block Height 2 ft Sling Height 2 ft Load must be raised 25 ft HEIGHT OF REACH Hook 2 ft Sling 2 ft Load 5 ft 34 ft Raised 25 ft  CRANE MOTION The motions a mobile crane uses to move a load are: 1. Hoist 2. Swing 3. Boom Up/Boom Down 4. Travel These are listed in descending order of fastest to slowest rate of motion. CRAWLER CRANE SWING A key aspect of crane capacity is quadrant of operation. A track-mounted crane has three quadrants that are established by a radius running from the center of rotation through both the idler and final drive on each side of the crane or by lines parallel to the tracks. RADIUS DEFINITION Over the Over the drive end Side (back) Over the Over the Side idler end (front) RADIUS DEFINITION Over the Over the drive end Side (back) Over the Over the Side idler end (front) FRONT or BACK? Drive end (back)  RATED LOADS FOR CRAWLER CRANES Load capacity depends on the quadrant position of the boom with respect to the machine’s undercarriage. In the case of crawler cranes, the quadrants that should be considered are: Over the side Over the drive end of tracks Over the idler end of tracks  WHEEL-MOUNTED CRANE SWING A wheel-mounted crane has three quadrants that are established by a radius running from the superstructure center of rotation through the outrigger support on each side of the crane. Over Over the side the C rear Over the front Over the side RATED LOADS FOR WHEEL- MOUNTED CRANES Quadrants of consideration will vary with the configuration of the outrigger locations. RATED LOADS FOR WHEEL- MOUNTED CRANES For 4 outriggers, the three quadrants to consider are usually defined by imaginary lines running from the super- structure center of rotation through the position of the outrigger support: Over the side Over the rear of the carrier Over the front of the carrier  LOAD CHART Crane size Operating radius Boom length Boom height (angle) Maximum capacity rear Maximum capacity side  LOAD CHART Some load charts give load capacity based on quadrant of operation; others give a 360 degree rating.  STABILITY Counterweight and Load superstructure Short Load distance distance STABILITY Short Load distance distance LEVERAGE  MAXIMUM LOAD Cranes may fail by two different mechanisms: Stability Table 17.2 loads appearing below the solid line. Structural capacity  LOAD CHART Load charts usually specify the boom and boom top for the load ratings, examples: Boom No. 22A or No. 22C with open throat top. 77 SA Hammerhead Boom BOOMS Angular Tubular RATED LOAD For a crawler crane rated load is 75% of tipping load.  RATED LOAD For a carrier-mounted crane on outriggers rated load is 85% of tipping load.  RATED LOAD For a carrier-mounted crane on rubber rated load is 85% of tipping load.  MAXIMUM LOAD Stability (tipping) Proper use of outriggers Ground conditions Level  MAXIMUM LOAD Proper use of outriggers PROPER USE OF OUTRIGGERS OUTRIGGERS ON CITY STREETS OUTRIGGERS ON CITY STREETS KEEP IT LEVEL Mats may be required  MAXIMUM LOAD Structural capacity: At short radii capacity may depend on boom or outrigger strength. Whether the load is limited by tipping or other factors will be noted on the load chart. Table 17.2, above the line is controlled by other factors. MAXIMUM LOAD Table 17.2, above the line is controlled by other factors.  MAXIMUM LOAD NET HOISTING CAPACITY (LOAD WEIGHT) = GROSS CAPACITY DEDUCTIONS Deductions differ between crane manufacturers and with crane types.  COMMON DEDUCTIONS Weight of hook & headache ball Weight of slings & rigging  ADD ALL WEIGHTS Hook Block Weight Sling Weight GROSS CAPACITY Net Capacity  COMMON DEDUCTIONS Weight of wire rope from tip sheave to auxiliary hook Weight of auxiliary hook  COMMON DEDUCTIONS Is the extension jib being used? Then look up a different load chart.  COMMON DEDUCTIONS Weight of stowed jib  SAFE LOAD You are to place beams on a bridge project using a crane w/180 ft of boom. LOAD WEIGHT 35,200 lb HOOK BLOCK WT 2,250 lb SLING WEIGHT 975 lb HEIGHT OF LIFT 126 ft LOAD 16 ft HOOK 4 ft SLING 10 ft OPERATING RADIUS 40 ft  MAXIMUM LOAD DEDUCTIONS: 3,225 lb (2,250 lb + 975 lb) Gross Capacity must be greater than: 38,425 lb (35,200 lb + 3,225 lb) LIFTING HEIGHT LIFT 126 ft LOAD 16 ft HOOK 4 ft SLING 10 ft TOTAL 156 ft  SAFE HOIST At a radius of 40 ft, gross capacity must be greater than 38,425 lb. CHECK following chart  SAFE HOIST At a radius of 40 ft, gross capacity must be greater than 38,425 lb. from the chart 47,700 lb @ 40 ft Elev. Boom point 182.9 ft Therefore lift is OK.  HOIST ANALYSIS LOAD HEIGHT 16 ft LOAD WT 35,200 lb SLING HEIGHT 10 ft SLING WT 975 lb HOOK BK HT _4 ft HOOK BK WT 2,250 lb LIFT HEIGHT 126 ft ADDITIONAL WT 0 TOTAL HT 156 ft TOTAL WT 38,425lb CRANE SIZE 200 tn OPERATING RAD. 40 ft BOOM HEIGHT 183 ft BOOM LENGTH 180 ft BOOM ANGLE 78.3º MOBILE CRANES  CRANES Mobile cranes and tower cranes are the primary machine used for the vertical movement of construction materials.  MOBILE CRANES Boom Mast Boom stops Counter weight CRAWLER or WHEEL MOUNT  COMMON MOBILE CRANE TYPES Telescoping-boom Crawler truck-mounted All-terrain Lattice-boom Cranes for truck-mounted heavy lift Rough-terrain  CRAWLER CRANES The full revolving super-structure of this crane is mounted on a pair of parallel crawler tracks, which provide the crane with good travel capability around the job site.  CRAWLER CRANES The full revolving super-structure of this crane is mounted on a pair of parallel crawler tracks. Turntable CRAWLER CRANES Large crawler crane with a rear mast  CRAWLER CRANES Giant crawler crane (900 US ton) erecting a bridge pylon 440 ft Note the scale  CRAWLER CRANES Lattice-boom crawler crane rigged with a jib extension  CRAWLER CRANES End of workday Jib-extension of crawler crane is folded down While tower cranes stay unchanged CRAWLER CRANES Rubber-track telescoping- boom crawler crane on an urban project CRAWLER CRANES CRAWLER CRANES CRAWLER CRANES Mobile crawler cranes with tower attachment CRAWLER CRANES Common dimensions Maximum boom length: 100 to 400 ft Maximum fly-jib length: 30 to 500 ft Maximum radius (boom only): 80 to 300 ft Minimum radius: 10 to 15 ft  CRAWLER CRANES Common capacities: Maximum lifting capacity (at minimum radius): 30 to 1,000 tons (but up to 2,500 tons for a few very large machines) Maximum travel speed: 50 to 100 ft/min (0.6 to 1.2 mph) Ground bearing pressure: 7 to 20 psi  TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK-MOUNTED CRANES These are Outriggers truck cranes that have a self-contained telescoping boom  TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK-MOUNTED CRANES Outriggers on large steel mats to reduce ground pressure and prevent damage to pavement  TELESCOPING- With extension jib BOOM TRUCK-MOUNTED CRANES Raised on outriggers  TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK-MOUNTED CRANES A crane is required to disassemble the large-size extension jib of a larger truck-mounted crane.  TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK-MOUNTED CRANES Disassembly of a large extension jib. Interruption to traffic  TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK-MOUNTED CRANES Point-load exerted by outrigger Crane positioned on hollow- core precast concrete panel slab Temporary slab support TELESCOPING- BOOM TRUCK- MOUNTED CRANES Large truck- mounted crane  TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK-MOUNTED CRANES Common dimensions: Maximum boom length: 70 to 140 ft Maximum fly-jib length: 30 to 70 ft Maximum radius (boom only): 60 to 120 ft Minimum radius: 10 ft for most models  TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK-MOUNTED CRANES Common capacities: Maximum lifting capacity (at minimum radius): 20 to 100 tons Maximum travel speed: 40 to 70 mph Number of axles: 3 to 4 LATTICE-BOOM TRUCK- MOUNTED CRANES The lattice-boom structure is lightweight. This reduction in boom weight means additional lift capacity, as the machine predominately handles hoist load and less weight of boom.  LATTICE-BOOM TRUCK-MOUNTED CRANES LATTICE-BOOM TRUCK- MOUNTED CRANE (Modern design) Max. lifting capacity: 825 US ton @ 23 ft Crab steering LATTICE-BOOM TRUCK- MOUNTED CRANES Common dimensions: Maximum boom length: 170 to 470 ft Maximum fly-jib length: 40 to 100 ft Maximum radius (boom only): 130 to 380 ft Minimum radius: 10 to 25 ft LATTICE-BOOM TRUCK- MOUNTED CRANES Common capacities: Maximum lifting capacity (at minimum radius): 50 to 300 tons Maximum travel speed: 40 to 60 mph Number of axles: 4 to 8 ROUGH-TERRAIN CRANES These units are equipped with unusually large wheels and closely spaced axles to improve maneuverability at the job site. They earn the right to their name by their high ground clearance, as well as the ability to move on steep slopes. ROUGH- TERRAIN CRANES ROUGH-TERRAIN CRANES Raised on outriggers ROUGH-TERRAIN CRANES Retracted telescopic boom and stowed extension jib ROUGH-TERRAIN CRANES Hauled on a low-bed truck ROUGH-TERRAIN CRANES Common dimensions: Maximum boom length: 70 to 170 ft Maximum fly-jib length: 20 to 50 ft Maximum radius (boom only): 70 to 140 ft Minimum radius: 10 ft for most models ROUGH-TERRAIN CRANES Common capacities: Maximum lifting capacity (at minimum radius): 10 to 100 tons Maximum travel speed: 15 to 35 mph Number of axles: 2 for all models ALL-TERRAIN CRANES They have an undercarriage capable of long-distance highway travel. Yet the carrier has all-axle drive and all-wheel steering, crab steering, large tires, and high ground clearance. ALL-TERRAIN CRANES Tilting cab ALL-TERRAIN CRANES Common dimensions: Maximum boom length: 100 to 200 ft (the largest machines 330 ft) Maximum fly-jib length: 30 to 240 ft Maximum radius (boom only): 70 to 250 ft Maximum radius (with fly jib): 100 to 300 ft (the largest machines 400 ft) Minimum radius: 8 to 10 ft ALL-TERRAIN CRANES Common capacities: Maximum lifting capacity (at min. radius): 40 to 300 tons (but up to 1,300 tons for the largest machines) Maximum travel speed: 40 to 55 mph Number of axles: 2 to 6 (but up to 8 or 9 for the largest machines)  CRAWLER CRANES FOR HEAVY-LIFTING Additional counterweight mounted on a wheeled platform to increase lifting capacity  CRAWLER CRANES FOR HEAVY-LIFTING Ring system, “ringer,” a heavy counterweight system supported on a large circular turntable ring  CRAWLER CRANES FOR HEAVY-LIFTING A “ringer” on a bridge project Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods Eighth Edition Peurifoy Schexnayder Shapira Schmitt Chapter 17 Cranes “Tower Cranes” Part 1 TOWER CRANES  TOWER CRANES Flattop or topless tower crane  TOWER CRANES The flexibility of its freely suspended hook moving in three planes provides a tremendous advantage in terms of load pick-up and positioning.  TOWER CRANES Advantage of having both the operator and jib above the construction site.  NOMENCLATURE Pendant Cat-head Saddle jib (A-frame) Counter jib Trolley Trolleying Counter Hook Slewing weight block Operator cabin Slewing ring Hydraulic Hoisting climbing cage Fixed tower Mast sections Base ballast Traveling  NOMENCLATURE Trolley Main jib Counterweight Cab Slewing ring Counterjib Tower (mast)  CAB Climbing-rotating operator cab for a tall tower crane. REMOTE CONTROL HOOK MOVEMENT Hoisting is the vertical movement of the load.  HOISTING The hoist cable runs from the hoist drum located on the crane’s counter jib, through the jib and then to the trolley and down to the hook. HOIST DRUM The hoist cable runs from the hoist drum located on the crane’s counter jib. HOIST CABLE Trolley Hook Through the jib to the trolley and then down to the hook.  HOOK MOVEMENT Trolleying is the horizontal movement of the trolley along the jib; this allows adjustment of the operating radius. HOOK MOVEMENT Slewing is when the jib rotates around the tower’s vertical axis.  Trolleying Slewing HOOK Hoisting MOVEMENT CONFIGURATIONS Slewing Ring Location Fixed tower-type crane Slewing ring is located at the top of the tower and the jib slews around the vertical axis of the tower SLEWING TOWER Slewing ring located at the base of the tower and both the tower and jib slew relative to the base. JIB CONFIGURATION Saddle (or hammerhead) jib is fixed in a horizontal position by pendants. To vary the hook radius, a trolley moves along the bottom of the jib. Pendants Trolley  JIB CONFIGURATION Flattop or topless tower crane has no pendants. The jib is fully cantilevered. JIB CONFIGURATION Luffing jib - is pinned at its base and supported by luffing cables. The hook radius is varied by changing the angle of jib inclination. There is no trolley.  JIB CONFIGURATION Various type luffing-jib tower cranes Tokyo Las Vegas  MOUNTING CONFIGURATIONS Fixed base (stationary) – either free standing or braced to the building structure Climbing – lifts itself on the building structure as the work progresses Traveling – on rails or wheels FIXED BASE FREE STANDING Does not transfer any load to the building structure.  FIXED BASE BRACED TO THE BUILDING Anchorage frames transfer lateral loads to the building structure ANCHORED TO THE BUILDING A closer look; operator walkway bridge right above upper anchor ANCHORED TO THE BUILDING Details of engineered steel brackets (mast side) ANCHORED TO THE BUILDING Details of anchors (building side)  FIXED BASE Tower crane based on piles 70 ft CLIMBING Climbing frame Usually climbs through Temporary an opening within the shores structure. Must insure that the structure’s Temporary framing has sufficient shores load carrying capacity to support the added Climbing frame stresses of the combined weight of the crane and Temporary the lifted loads. shores CLIMBING Internal tower crane, climbing through openings left in the floors of the structure Temporary shores CLIMBING Internal tower crane, climbing through openings left in the ceilings of the structure Upper climbing frame CLIMBING Hydraulic climbing mechanism  TRAVELING Mounted on rails (Bottom-slewing) TRAVELING Electrical power cable Rails on sleepers  (Top-slewing) TRAVELING Rails on concrete base (precast inverse T beams)  TRAVELING Rails on high concrete base (leaving storage space on a tight site)  TRAVELING Between projects (Bottom-slewing) Completely folded, in towing position SETUP AND DISMANTLING Tower cranes (of the top-slewing type) need other equipment, commonly a mobile crane, to erect (assemble) them at the start of their service on the project and dismantle them at the end of their service.  SETUP AND DISMANTLING Tower crane dismantled by two mobile cranes: a large one and a small, auxiliary one. SETUP AND DISMANTLING Erection or dismantling in urban area may interrupt traffic. SELF-RAISING Top Slewing Top slewing cranes can increase their height as the project progresses.  BOTTOM SLEWING Telescoping mast (lattice type) BOTTOM SLEWING Telescoping mast (tube section) TERMINOLOGY Maximum free standing height is the height to which a tower crane can safely rise from its base without the need of external bracing for lateral stiffing. TERMINOLOGY Maximum braced height is the height to which a tower crane can safely rise from its base with additional external bracing for lateral stiffing. Available head room is the clear distance between the maximum height position of the hook and the uppermost work area. Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods Eighth Edition Peurifoy Schexnayder Shapira Schmitt Chapter 17 Cranes “Tower Cranes” Part 2  SELECTION The most important factors to be considered when selecting a tower crane are: 1. Operating radius 2. Lifting capacity 3. Lifting speed  SELECTION Technically, selection means defining the main parameters of the crane that will satisfy the requirements determined by the construction method, building height and footprint, site constraints and layout, access to the site, and the distribution of the various lift demands over time.  SELECTION The following slides explain the main parameters of the crane: 1. Jib length (operating radius) 2. Max. lifting capacity at jib end 3. Max. lifting capacity 4. Crane height 5. Hoisting speed 6. Mounting configurations JIB LENGTH Operating radius Typical Length 100 to 270 ft (max 330 ft) Desirable cover: Entire structure + storage areas Minimum for industrialized method: Ability to remove flying forms (e.g., 2/3 of table length)  MAXIMUM LIFTING CAPACITY AT END OF JIB Wmax at jib-end 2,000 to 13,000 lb (max 100,000 lb) Typical lifting capacities: Concrete bucket: 1 cy – 4,800 lb 2 cy – 9,200 lb Industrialized forms: 10 – 20 lb/sf MAXIMUM LIFTING CAPACITY Wmax 10,000 to 90,000 lb (max 350,000 lb) CRANE HEIGHT Hfree-standing 120 to 240 ft H: height under the hook (max 400 ft) Common: 200 ft HOIST SPEED = VH Hoisting = ½VH Two-part Four-part line line  HOIST SPEED = VH Hoisting = ½VH Hoisting 50 to 150 m/min Trolleying 30 to 100 m/min Slewing 0.6 to 1.0 (0.8) rpm Traveling 20 to 30 m/min  MOUNTING CONFIGURATION Rail-mounted traveling  MOUNTING CONFIGURATION Fixed base: large footprint  MOUNTING CONFIGURATION Fixed base: small footprint Typical concrete foundation: 15×15×12 ft = 100 cy Rebar 120 lb/cy = 12,000 lb 4 to 8 ft MOUNTING CONFIGURATION Climbing  WEIGHT OF LOAD The weight of the hook block is usually* considered as part of the crane’s dead weight, but the rigging system is taken as part of the lifted load. *Always check the manufacturer’s load chart notes.  WIND LOAD Tower cranes are wind-sensitive machines because of their high contact surface area. Operations should be discontinued when wind velocities exceed the manufacturer’s maximum permissible in-service wind velocity; this is usually in the 39 to 40 mph range.  LOAD RATINGS STRUCTURAL COMPETENCE The ASME B30.3-1990 standard requires that for structural competence dynamic effects associated with hoisting and slewing, and wind at maximum service velocity, be considered.  WEIGHT OF LOAD Because of how tower cranes are load rated and from experience, the Construction Safety Association of Ontario recommends that a 5% working margin be maintained on every tower crane lift. SAFE LOAD LIFTING Weight of load 15,000 lb Weight of rigging 400 lb Total weight 15,400 lb Working margin 1.05 Safety Required capacity 16,170 lb LOAD CHART, Table 17.3 Lifting capacities relative to jib length and operating radius are listed on the crane’s load chart. Jib lengths on these charts are listed across the top. The first row states the jib model. The second row states the maximum reach for the particular jib.  LOAD CHART Jib lengths  LOAD CHART Table 17.3 Operating radius (hook reach) is listed in the right hand column.  LOAD CHART Lifting capacities relative to jib length and operating radius are listed in the crane’s load chart. Note the charts (Table 17.3 and 17.3 continued) are different: one is for a trolley with a two-part line and the other is a four-part line situation. two-part line four-part line  SAFE LOAD You are to place a 16,170 lb load (previously calculated) using a tower crane for which Table 17.3 is valid. The crane has a L7 jib and a two-part line. The load must be placed at a radius of 142 ft. SAFE LOAD Two-part line Table 17.3 L7 jib Radius of 142 ft  SAFE LOAD From Table 17.3 capacity is 16,400 lb 16,400 lb greater than 16,170 lb Therefore crane can safely make the pick.  MAXIMUM LOAD Under different hoist line configurations, two-part or four-part, a tower crane will have different lifting capacities at a given operating radius.  MAXIMUM LOAD Capacity comparison two-part vs. four-part line with a L6 jib. Hook Reach Two-part Four-part 10’ 3” 27,600 lb 13’ 6” 55,200 lb 88’ 2” 27,600 lb 90’ 0” 27,700 lb 180’ 13,200 lb 11,500 lb  MAXIMUM LOAD Operating radius less than 90 ft the crane has a greater lifting capacity with the four-part line. Operating radius exceeds 90 ft the crane has a greater lifting capacity with the two-part line.  MAXIMUM LOAD OTHER FACTORS Weather: Extremely cold temperature will cause a crane’s structure to become brittle. Zero° Fahrenheit is the prohibiting temperature for operations. Ice, snow or rain will increase the weight of the item being lifted. CRANE LOCATION A tower crane needs 360° of clear space without obstructions for jib slewing. A minimum of 10 ft should be maintained between the jib tip and any obstacle.  CRANE LOCATION When there are multiple cranes on a site with overlapping slewing, erect at different heights so that each will have 360° of clear space. CRANE LOCATION Overlapping work envelopes of multiple tower cranes  CRANE LOCATION Multiple cranes on a site with overlapping slewing radii.  EXERCISE You are selecting a tower crane configuration to place a 24,200 lb load. Use Table 17.3 data. The load must be placed at a radius of 100 ft.  EXERCISE The pick will require a 2,300-lb spreader bar attached to a 423-lb set of slings. What is the required capacity for this pick? EXERCISE SAFE LOAD Weight of load 24,200 lb Weight of rigging 2,300 lb 423 lb Total weight 26,923 lb Working margin 1.05 Safety Required capacity 28,270 lb  EXERCISE Required capacity 28,270 lb Maximum capacity of a two-part line configuration is 27,600 lb. Therefore must use a four- part line configuration.  EXERCISE Required capacity 28,270 lb With a four-part line configuration can lift 30,700 lbs at 100 ft 9 in. using a L1, L2 or L3 jib.  INFORMATION www.liebherr.com www.manitowoccranegroup.com Hazards: tower cranes overlapping each other and the pump’s placing boom. SAFETY Hazards: overlapping cranes working near high-voltage power lines. SAFETY Restricted access to the mast; no unauthorized climbing. SAFETY Aftermath of crane accident involving two tower cranes and a mobile crane. SAFETY Crane Hand Signal Who can give the hand signals?  A person qualified to give crane signals to the operator  There should be ONLY one designated signal person at a time  A crane operator should move loads only on signals from one signal person  A crane operator must obey Emergency STOP signals no matter who gives it at a site What should you do when in charge of signaling?  Be in clear view of the crane operator, have a clear view of the load and the equipment, keep persons outside the crane operating area  Hold your hands away from your body so that the operator can clearly see them  Always give signals according to the OPERATOR’s right or left  As the designated signal person, your only duty is signaling the crane by focusing on the tasks. Rigging and other duties will be performed by others.  Use a middle-man to transfer hand signals when you can’t see the operator, or a radio  Always watch the load, the crane operator is watching you.  Make sure the load does not pass above workers  Keep the crane at least 20 feet away from power lines, keep an eye out overhead power lines Proper Hand Signals and How to Perform them Raise the Load/Cable Up Index finger points up, hand & forearm make a small circular motion Raise the Load slowly/Cable Up Slowly One hand is held flat, palm down, over the other hand which has a pointed index finger making a circular motion under the palm area Raise the Boom/Hold the Load Outstretched arm, thumb pointing up, hand opening & closing Swing the Boom Outstretched arm, with index finger (or four fingers) pointing in the desired direction, try to keep thumbs in. Lower the Load Slowly/Cable Down Slowly One hand is held flat, palm up, with the other hand having a downward pointed index finger making a circular motion over the palm area Lower the Boom Outstretched arm, fingers clenched with thumb pointing down. Trolley Out/Extend the Boom (Telescoping ) Both arms outstretched, fingers clenched with both thumbs pointing outward. Retract the Boom(Telescoping ) Both arms outstretched, fingers clenched with both thumbs pointing inward. Walk the Crane Forward Forearm circling forward, away from the body or Reverse the motion to walk the crane backward Routine Stop Arm extended, palm down, starting folded in front of your chest extending outward Emergency Stop Arms crossed waving A B C D More signals I More signals II *Dog Everything: It means to stop everything and just sit there until told otherwise Don’t Forget  Three seconds of radio silence means STOP. This is a fail safe used to protect the employee from battery failure or loss of radio transmission  The signal person must be competent and know “all the right moves.”  The signal person must wear a high visibility vest.  A hand signal chart should be mounted on the crane unit so everyone knows the signal system.