Excavation and Dozer Operations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary calculation used to determine production in cubic yards per hour?

  • Volume per cycle × Cycle per hour (correct)
  • Volume per cycle - Cycle per hour
  • Volume per cycle ÷ Cycle per hour
  • Volume per cycle + Cycle per hour

What does a bucket fill factor of 0.95 indicate in excavation?

  • The bucket has a capacity of 0.95 cubic yards
  • The bucket can only fill 95% of its capacity (correct)
  • The bucket is less efficient than expected
  • The bucket fills to over 100% of its capacity

Which type of truck is designed to operate over soft ground?

  • Rear-dump truck
  • Rigid frame truck
  • Highway truck
  • Articulated truck (correct)

What is the estimated cycle time given in the example provided for the excavating operation?

<p>40 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of dumping for trucks?

<p>Top dumping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of a wheel-type dozer compared to a crawler dozer?

<p>Higher speed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is standard for excavating operations?

<p>Dozers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blade is used for land clearing with dozers?

<p>Clearing blade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a rear-mounted ripper on a dozer?

<p>To loosen and break up rock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered in calculating dozer production estimates?

<p>Blade type (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dozer operation involves side-by-side placements?

<p>Slot dozing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences the efficiency factor in dozer production?

<p>Visibility and weather conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate production for a dozer?

<p>Ideal Production × product of factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum lifting capacity of a lattice-boom truck-mounted crane at 23 ft?

<p>825 tons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical maximum boom length of telecoping-boom truck-mounted cranes?

<p>70 to 140 ft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of rough-terrain cranes?

<p>High ground clearance and steep slope maneuverability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the curved ejector top in an ejector?

<p>To keep the load 'boiling' for better heap height (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered in scraper selection?

<p>Weather conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum travel speed of lattice-boom truck-mounted cranes?

<p>40 to 60 mph (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical minimum radius for most models of telescoping-boom truck-mounted cranes?

<p>10 ft (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Heaped Capacity and Struck Capacity in load estimation?

<p>Heaped Capacity is always larger than Struck Capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the Fill Factor of a loader's bucket?

<p>The type of material being handled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of front shovels?

<p>Hard digging above track level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often does a shovel typically need to move during its operation?

<p>After about 20 bucket loads (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for bucket penetration in hydraulic hoes?

<p>The hydraulic cylinders of the bucket, stick, and boom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of operational efficiency is enhanced by keeping the bowl low in hauling?

<p>Enhances stability during transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hand signal indicates to raise the load slowly?

<p>One hand flat, palm down over another hand with an index finger making a circular motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signals indicates to lower the boom?

<p>Outstretched arm, fingers clenched with thumb pointing down (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hand signal consisting of both arms outstretched, fingers clenched and thumbs pointing inward indicate?

<p>Retract the boom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a signal person wear to ensure they are visible while directing a crane operation?

<p>A high visibility vest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if there are three seconds of radio silence during a crane operation?

<p>Stop all operations immediately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the vertical movement of the load in crane terminology?

<p>Hoisting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement allows for the adjustment of the operating radius of a crane?

<p>Trolleying (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the slewing ring located in a fixed tower-type crane?

<p>At the top of the tower (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following configurations does not use pendants?

<p>Flattop tower crane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the counterweight in a crane?

<p>To counteract the load being lifted (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows for the rotation of the jib around the tower's vertical axis?

<p>Slewing ring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the operator cab in a tall tower crane?

<p>To control the hoist movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hoist cable run through on its way to the hook?

<p>Jib (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Crawler Dozer

A type of dozer that uses tracks for movement, offering high traction and low ground pressure.

Wheel-Type Dozer

A dozer that utilizes wheels for movement, providing greater speed compared to crawler dozers.

Dozer Blade Adjustments

Modifications to the blade's position and angle, influencing the dozer's pushing and shaping capabilities.

Dozer Production Estimates

Calculating the expected amount of material a dozer can move in a given time. Factors include: ideal production, grade correction, material weight, operator skill, material type, operating technique, visibility, and efficiency.

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Dozer Production Estimate: Ideal Production

The theoretical maximum amount of material a dozer can move, based on manufacturer's data.

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Dozer Production Estimate: Grade Correction

Adjusting the ideal production based on the slope of the terrain, accounting for uphill and downhill movement.

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Dozer Production Estimate: Material Weight

Correcting the ideal production according to the weight of the material being moved, considering denser materials require more effort.

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Dozer Production Estimate: Operator Skill

Adjusting the estimated production based on the operator's experience and proficiency with the dozer.

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Ejector

A curved component in the loading bowl that helps move material upward and outward, creating a 'boiling' motion, ensuring even distribution and heaping.

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Apron (Loading)

A movable plate that lowers to capture material being loaded into the bowl, improving stability.

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Scraper Selection

The process of choosing the appropriate scraper for a given job based on factors like job size, material volume, maneuverability, job conditions, and material type.

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Scraper Configuration

The design and shape of a scraper, including its size, blade configuration, and attachments.

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Economic Zones of Application

Specific ranges of haul distance that make certain scraper types most cost-effective.

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Shovel (Excavator)

Heavy construction equipment primarily used for digging and loading materials, especially hard or rocky materials.

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Shovel Production

The efficiency of a shovel, measured by how often it must relocate to access more material.

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Hydraulic Excavator (Hoe)

A specialized type of excavator with a boom and stick that move in a downward arc, making it ideal for digging below the running gear.

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Telescoping-Boom Truck-Mounted Crane

A type of crane with a boom that extends by telescoping sections, mounted on a truck chassis. Offers versatility and maneuverability on roads.

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Lattice-Boom Truck-Mounted Crane

A crane with a strong, lattice-like boom, mounted on a truck chassis. High lifting capacity, especially for heavy loads.

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Rough-Terrain Crane

A type of crane designed for uneven terrain, with large wheels and close axles for maneuverability. High ground clearance for challenging sites.

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Truck Classification: On-Road vs. Off-Road

Trucks are categorized based on their primary operating environment: on paved roads (highway) or off-road terrain (construction sites).

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Maximum Lifting Capacity

The highest weight a crane can lift safely at its minimum radius (closest to the crane).

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Minimum Radius

The shortest distance between the crane's center and the lifting point. This is where the crane has its highest lifting capacity.

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Truck Dumping Methods

Trucks are designed to dump their loads in different ways: rear, bottom, side, or using a conveyor system. The method depends on the type of material and the desired placement.

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Truck Frame: Rigid vs. Articulated

Trucks have either a rigid frame (single piece) or an articulated frame (multiple pieces connected with a hinge). Articulated frames provide greater maneuverability in tight spaces.

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Truck Drive Configuration

The number of wheels powered by the engine (e.g., 2-wheel drive, 4-wheel drive, 6-wheel drive) determines the truck's traction and power.

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Truck Capacity: Gravimetric vs. Volumetric

Capacity can be measured by weight (tons) or volume (cubic yards). Gravimetric capacity is used for heavy materials, while volumetric capacity is used for lighter materials that fill the bed.

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Hoisting

The vertical movement of a load, achieved by raising or lowering the hook using a hoist cable.

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Trolleying

Moving the trolley horizontally along the jib, adjusting the hook's operating radius.

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Slewing

Rotating the jib around the tower's vertical axis to change the load's direction.

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Saddle Jib

A fixed horizontal jib supported by pendants, used for moving loads around a circular area.

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Flattop Jib

A jib without pendants, offering a more compact design and flexibility in positioning the hook.

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Fixed Tower Crane

A crane with a slewing ring at the top of a fixed tower, allowing the jib to rotate around the tower's central axis.

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Traveling Tower Crane

A crane with a slewing ring at the base of the tower, allowing both the jib and tower to move relative to the base.

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Climbing Tower Crane

A crane with a cab that can climb the tower, allowing the crane to reach higher heights.

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Crane Load Limit

The maximum weight a crane can safely lift. Exceeding this limit can lead to catastrophic failure and injuries.

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Crane Proximity to Power Lines

Cranes must maintain a safe distance (at least 20 feet) from power lines to prevent electrical contact and potential shock hazards.

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Raise Load Signal

A hand signal used to indicate lifting a load. It involves pointing your index finger upwards in a circular motion.

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Lower Load Slowly Signal

A hand signal signifying the need to lower a load gradually. It involves a downward-pointed index finger rotating under a flat palm.

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Emergency Stop Signal

A signal used in case of immediate danger or emergency. Arms are crossed and waved back and forth.

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Study Notes

Dozers

  • Crawler (tracklaying) dozers are the workhorses of the construction industry.
  • Dozers are designed for high drawbar pull and tractive effort.
  • Crawler dozers exert low ground-bearing pressure, increasing versatility.
  • Dozers, tractors equipped with a blade are standard excavating equipment.
  • Dozers with special clearing blades are used for land clearing.
  • Dozers equipped with push blades or blocks assist scrapers loading materials.
  • A dozer can have a rear-mounted ripper for loosening and breaking up rock.
  • Blade adjustments include tilting, C-frame blade mount (outside/inside the tracks) and blade angle.
  • Pitch is also a type of blade adjustment.
  • Dozer production estimates include ideal production based on manufacturer's charts or figures, grade correction (using reference tables), material-weight correction, operator skill, GPS and computer graphics factors, material-type correction (e.g., clay, sand, loam), operating technique (slot dozing, side-by-side dozing), visibility, efficiency factor, material conversion if required, and total operating hours required.

Scrapers

  • Dozers are used for short hauls (less than 300 ft).
  • Scrapers are used for medium hauls (up to 3,000 ft).
  • Scrapers are effective for shot rock, ripped rock, earth/rock mix, gravel, sand, silt, and clay.
  • Scrapers can be conventional (push-loaded) or elevating, depending on conditions
  • Conventional scrapers are uneconomical when haul grades are greater than 5% and return grades are greater than 12%.
  • Elevating scrapers are suitable for short hauls and favorable materials.
  • Elevating scrapers cost more to operate and purchase than their conventional counterparts. An elevator adds weight and requires more power.

Loaders/Shovels/Hydraulic Excavators

  • Loaders can be equipped with various bucket sizes and types.
  • Buckets are rated for heaped and struck capacities.
  • Heaped capacity is the primary rating for production estimating.
  • The fill factor adjusts heaped capacity in loose cubic yards.
  • Front shovels are used for hard digging above track level and loading haul units.
  • A typical shovel has a mounting (substructure), boom, stick, and bucket.
  • Shovel production estimates involve measuring cycles per hour, swing-depth factor, bucket volume, fill factor, and job efficiency.
  • Hydraulic excavators are multipurpose tools used in different applications.
  • Hydraulic excavators have a hoe that swings downward, useful for digging below running gear.
  • Modern hydraulic excavators can be equipped with other attachments.
  • These excavators are either track-mounted or wheel-mounted.
  • Load capacity depends on the quadrant position of the boom.

Draglines & Clamshells

  • Draglines are typically cable-operated.
  • Clamshells can be either cable- or hydraulic-operated.
  • Draglines' reach is longer than that of clamshells.
  • Production estimates for draglines and clamshells should incorporate factors like machine size, swing angle, average depth of cut, material properties, job efficiency, and soil swell.

Trucks/Hauling Equipment

  • Trucks are classified by their method of dumping (rear, bottom, side, conveyor).
  • Trucks are also classified by frame type (rigid or articulated) and engine type (gasoline, diesel, propane).
  • Additional truck classification criteria include drive configuration (2-, 4-, 6-wheel) and transmission type (direct or diesel-electric).
  • Truck capacity is either gravimetric (tons) or volumetric (cubic yards).
  • Distance is important when choosing the right truck for a particular haul.

Tower Cranes

  • Tower cranes are extremely versatile.
  • These cranes are flexible, enabling load pick-up and positioning in multiple planes.
  • Tower cranes have an advantage in that both the operator and jib are typically above ground level and the work area.
  • Tower cranes are constructed with a fixed base, which can be either free-standing or braced to the structure.
  • Different types of tower cranes include: flattop or topless tower cranes, luffing jib cranes, and others.
  • Tower crane components include the saddle jib, pendant, cat-head, counter jib, trolley, hook block, hoisting, and slewing.
  • Lifting height, radius, hoisting speed, mounting configurations, and crane size can determine selection factors.
  • A crane is a complex machine with many moving parts that require specific considerations for safe operation.

General

  • Safety is critical for operation of any equipment.
  • Operators must be competent—with training and proficiency.
  • Understand the machine's specifications.
  • Check the manufacturer's load charts, and follow instructions, including safety measures.
  • Ensure that the crane can safely perform each specific lift based on its parameters.
  • Various safety factors, including clear space for movement, should be observed.

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Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods (Chapter 7-9) PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on excavation techniques and dozer operations with this quiz. Explore topics such as production calculations, equipment types, and operational efficiency. Ideal for students and professionals in construction and civil engineering.

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