Climatology and Meteorology for Air Quality Control PDF

AIR QUALITY CONTROL CLIMATOLOGY & METEOROLOGY Ms NC Omuta EFFECTS OF CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY ON AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY This section will be a brief reminder to the self study session from last term on the climatology and meteorology...

AIR QUALITY CONTROL CLIMATOLOGY & METEOROLOGY Ms NC Omuta EFFECTS OF CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY ON AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY This section will be a brief reminder to the self study session from last term on the climatology and meteorology course you had to complete. Learning Outcomes 01 Understanding the impact of atmospheric factors on air quality, for effective air quality control. 02 Teaching Methods Teams recording, activity and personal further reading. 03 Learning Resources Textbook, Journal Articles, Standards and Lecture notes. DEFINATIONS: CLIMATOLOGY Climatology is the study of the atmosphere and weather patterns over time. It focuses on the study of climate and how it changes over time. It brings an understanding of weather patterns and temperature changes over time. It is a science of recording and analyzing weather patterns to understand atmospheric conditions that causes them. They focus on both natural and artificial forces that impact on climate (Geographic, 2022) DEFINATIONS: METEOROLOGY Meteorology is the branch of science that deals with atmosphere and weather patterns over a short period of time, for example the day to day atmospheric and weather patterns(Strom, 2019). EFFECTA OF ATMOAPHERIC PATTERNS ON AIR QUALITY Meteorological Factors: Atmospheric and weather conditions affect the behavior of air 1. Temperature pollutants, so it important that 2. Pressure when ever we study the 3. Precipitation concentrations of air pollutants in a specific area, we also study local 4. Wind speed and direction weather patterns. 5. Cloud formation 6. Humidity EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC PATTERNS ON AIR QUALITY If the air is calm pollutants can not move so they build up in the atmosphere. In turn when there is strong turbulent winds air pollutants dispense quickly in the air resulting in lower pollutants. THE IMPORTANCE OF METEIEOLOGICAL DATA IN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT: 1. Identify the source of pollutants 2. Predict air pollution events (inversion and high pollution concentration days). 3. Simulate and predict air pollution using models  ATMOSPHERIC FACTORS The study of the following atmospheric factors helps us understand the chemical reaction of air pollutants in the atmosphere: 1. Wind direction and Speed. 2. Temperature 3. Humidity 4. Rainfall 5. Solar radiation 6. Pressure WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED When high air concentrations are captured by the monitoring station, wind data assist with locating the general wind direction and sources of emission. Identifying the source will ensure implementation of relevant and effective control measures. An instrument called an anemometer measures wind speed and direction.  TEMPRETURE Taking measurements of temperature help support the assessment of air quality, modeling and forecasting activities. Temperature and radiation from the sun affect chemical reaction of pollutants to form photochemical smog. Favorable temperature conditions can increase concentration of smog. Temperature is measure with a platinum wire because it has a resistance that changes with temperature. A sensor measures the charge and make it a temperature reading. TEMPRETURE Warm raising air moves pollutants way from the surface, but during winter the layer of the air acts like a lid causing an inversion layer. Those traps pollutants. Ozone and Particulate matter are at extreme high levels during hot days. Ozone form in sunlight and on hot days the high pressure causes stagnant air that traps Particulate matter. HUMIDITY Like temperature and solar radiation humidity plays a very important role in chemical reaction of pollutants in the atmosphere. The small water particles that are highly polar they bind with many substances. If attached to suspended particles the increase the amount of light scattered by the particles. If the water molecule attached to corrosive pollutant like sulfur dioxide, the gas will dissolve and form an acidic solution that will be harmful to health and the environment RAINFALL Water from rainfall removes particulate matter the atmosphere and dissolves gaseous pollutants. If rain dissolves gaseous pollutants like Sulphur dioxide it forms acid rain which can be dangerous to health. The common method of measuring rainfall is called the tipping bucket. The instrument measures the quantity and intensity. SOLAR RADIATION Measuring radiation is important for modelling events of photochemical smog events. The intensifying of sunlight has an affect in the rate of chemical reaction. The cloudiness of the sky affects radiation. Instrument called pyranometer measures solar radiation: PRESSURE The pressure of the air also affects the concentration levels of air pollutants in the atmosphere. During high pressure systems the air is usually calm or still which encourages build of pollutants in the air. During low pressure systems the air is usually wet and windy which cause pollutants to be dispensed and washed out of the atmosphere. Barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure. (Center For Science Education, 2022) (Liu et al., 2020) A study conducted in the year 2020 in China that explored the relationship between air pollution and meteorological conditions found that: Air pollution and meteorological condition have seasonal and regional characteristics. Most pollutants in the air have dropped over the period of 2019 to 2022 except for ozone. The concentrations of air pollutants were affected by meteorological the impact varied depending on region and type of pollutant, Most pollutants s negatively correlated with wind speed, precipitation, and relative humidity. There was positive correlation with atmospheric pressure. As the latitude increase the impact of temperature on the pollutants become evident. EXERCISE 1. Compare the annual concentrations of the criteria pollutants in China from the year 2015 to 2018 (on the table on the previous slide) to WHO organization Standards and South African national Standards. 2. Discuss the compliance of the pollutant concentrations over the years and based on research outline possible causes. 3. Finally Discuss the effects of Climatology and Meteorology on concentrations of Ambient Air Pollutants. POLLUTANTS Concentrations WHO SA national standard standards CONCLUSION To effectively managing air pollution, it important to link air pollution to meteorology based on long-term, daily, or real time data. Meteorological conditions have an important influence on formation of air pollutants and concentrations of air pollutants. Understanding the link between meteorological factors and air pollutants formations and concentration of air pollutants is the basis of formulation of prevention and control measures.  Bibliography Center For Science Education. (2022). How Weather Affects Air Quality | Center for Science Education. https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/air-quality/how-weather-affects-air-quality Geographic, N. (2022). Climatology. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/climatology Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., & Lu, J. (2020). Exploring the relationship between air pollution and meteorological conditions in China under environmental governance. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71338-7 Queensland Government. (2022, June 7). Meteorological factors | Environment, land and water | Queensland Government. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/management/monitoring/air/air-monitoring/meteorology- influence/meteorology-factors Strom, C. (2019, April 4). Climatology and Meteorology. http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference- between-climatology-and-meteorology/