CLAUSES GST 111 PDF

CLAUSES A clause is a group of words with its own subject and a finite verb. Depending on the type, it either forms a whole sentence where it expresses a complete thought or part of a sentence when it provides partial meaning. When a clause forms part of a sentence, it often functions as a noun, an...

CLAUSES A clause is a group of words with its own subject and a finite verb. Depending on the type, it either forms a whole sentence where it expresses a complete thought or part of a sentence when it provides partial meaning. When a clause forms part of a sentence, it often functions as a noun, an adverb or an adjective. Examples: She posted the letters (forming a whole sentence) ii. She posted the letters which she had written (forming part of the sentence and functioning as an adjective by modifying noun letter) Types of Clauses: There are two main types of clauses distinguished by their level of independence: These include: the main/independence/principal and the subordinate/ dependent clauses: Main/Independent/Principal Clauses: These clauses are completely independent in the sense that they can stand on their own and be complete in meaning. Consequently, they can form whole sentences. For example: I love pets. ii. The weather is quite hot. iii. I am a student. Subordinate/Dependent Clauses: These clauses are dependent on the main clauses to express complete thoughts or ideas hence they cannot stand on their own and be completely meaningful. For example: I love pets although I have none. ii. The weather is quite hot because it hasn't rained yet.  Subordinate clauses based on their functions in sentences are further subdivided into noun clauses, adjectival clauses and adverbial clauses. Noun Clauses: Noun clauses are also referred to as nominal clauses and are introduced by words such as what, that, whether, if, how, etc. For example: How he managed to pass, whether he is innocent or not, that the young man stole the money etc. Noun clauses perform the same functions that nouns perform in sentences. These include: i. Subject of a Sentence: How he managed to pass his examination remains a miracle. ii. That the young man stole the money is very obvious.  Object of a Preposition: This school is meant for whoever is qualified. Appositive:. My worry, why students are unserious these days, is every teacher’s concern. Object of a Verb: I hate how he treats her. Subject Complement: My major concern is what went wrong. Object complement: I killed the snake that has been disturbing us.  Adjectival Clauses: These are also known as relative clauses. They modify nouns or noun equivalents in sentences. Thus, they can be said to function as adjectives. Adjectival clauses are often introduced by who, whose, which, whom, etc For example: The student whose money was stolen yesterday has recovered it. An adjectival clause can be restrictive or non- restrictive: Restrictive adjectival clauses also known as defining clauses usually provide the basic information about the noun or noun equivalent they modify.  For example: The book which talks about the origin of apes has been stolen. (provides information about the book) Non- restrictive Adjectival Clauses give explanatory comments which may not be needed to identify the structure being modified. For example: The man, who drove the car, is my father. Adverbial Clauses: These are group of words that modify or give more information about the verb in a clause. Adverbial clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions which are in themselves adverbs such as after, because, although, when, wherever, unless, until etc. Types of Adverbial Clauses Adverbial clauses are further subdivided into the following: Adverbial Clause of Time indicates when the action of the verb took place. E. g. I was teaching when he came in. Adverbial Clause of Manner shows how the action of the main verb was performed, e. g: He worried as if it was the solution to his problem. Adverbial Clause of Place tells where the action of the main verb took place. E.g. I found my luggage where I went to eat. ii. You can go wherever you want. Adverbial Clause of Purpose shows the motive behind the action of the main verb. E.g. i. Angela ate much so that she could become fat. ii. Most countries are shutting down lest they experience a third wave of Covid-19 Adverbial Clause of Reason states why the action of the main verb took place, e.g. He read his books because he wanted to pass his examination. Adverbial Clause of Result shows the outcome of the action of the main verb, e.g.: She studied so hard that she emerged the overall best. Adverbial Clause of Concession shows that what obtains in the main clause is contrary to what one expects in the adverbial clause, e.g: He is rich although he dresses shabbily.  Adverbial Clause of Comparison: compares the information in the main clause with that of the adverbial clause, e. g: i. She talks more than I do. ii. He is not as stupid as you think