Introduction to Dialectology II 2024 PDF

Introduction to Dialectology II Suprasegmental Phonology of English Antigua y Barbuda and Dialectology II 2024  Table of contents 01...

Introduction to Dialectology II Suprasegmental Phonology of English Antigua y Barbuda and Dialectology II 2024  Table of contents 01 02 Trudgill’s Sociolinguistic How dialectologists do Pyramids their work. 03 04 Dialect maps Dialect continua Belgium Palau  Table of contents 05 06 Dialectology at present Recap Hong Kong  0 1 Trudgill’s Sociolinguistic Pyramids Malta  Trudgill’s Sociolinguistic Pyramid The Relationship between social status, dialects and accents The place speakers occupy on the social scale is closely related to the number of regional dialects (geographical variation). The dialects spoken by individuals from the upper classes show minimal variation compared to the dialects spoken by individuals from the working classes. Dialects present the most geographical variation at the bottom of the social scale.  Trudgill’s Sociolinguistic Pyramid The Relationship between social status and regional dialects and accents The same is true for accents. The accents spoken by the upper classes present very little variation, whereas the most variation in accents occurs among speakers from lower classes. Accents present the most geographical variation at the bottom of the social scale.  Social and Regional Dialect Variation highest class: standard dialect social variation lowest class: most localized nonstandard dialect regional variation From “Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society” (4 th ed., pp.30 and 32) by P. Trudgill, 2000, Penguin Books. Copyright 2000, Peter Trudgill.  Social and Regional Dialect Variation Standard English: He's a man who likes his beer. He's a man that likes his beer. From “Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society” (4 th ed., pp.30 and 32) by P. Trudgill, 2000, Penguin Books. Copyright 2000, Peter Trudgill.  Social and Regional Dialect Variation Regional variation in nonstandard British English varieties: He's a man who likes his beer. He's a man that likes his beer. He's a man at likes his beer. He's a man as likes his beer. He's a man what likes his beer. He's a man he likes his beer. He's a man likes his beer. From “Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society” (4 th ed., p.31) by P. Trudgill, 2000, Penguin Books. Copyright 2000, Peter Trudgill.  Social and Regional Dialect Variation highest class: RP social variation lowest class: most localized accent regional variation From “Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society” (4 th ed., pp.30 and 32) by P. Trudgill, 2000, Penguin Books. Copyright 2000, Peter Trudgill.  Social and Regional Accent Variation RP and local-accent pronunciation of home Edinburgh Newcastle Liverpool Bradford Dudley Norwich London RP Inter- mediate Most localized From “Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society” (4 th ed., p. 32) by P. Trudgill, 2000, Penguin Books. Copyright 2000, Peter Trudgill.  0 How2 dialectologis ts do their work. Swaziland  How dialectologists do their work Traditional dialectology Postal questionnaires Used by Georg Wenker in Germany in 1876. He mailed a list of sentences written in standard German to school teachers in the north of Germany. The teachers were asked to write the sentences in their local dialect. By 1887, Wenker had sent the list to 50,000 teachers in the whole country.  How dialectologists do their work Wenker received around 44,300 questionnaires back. He produced two sets of maps by hand. Each map displayed a single feature. The Sprachatlas des Deutschen Reichs was published 1881. The first linguistic atlas to be published.  How dialectologists do their work In 1926, Wenker’s project was fully achieved with the publication of the Deutscher Sprachatlas. Letters were also sent to all the schools in Scottland starting in 1952 to produce the Survey of Scottish Dialects. The Midwest section of the American National Survey (1930s) directed by Hans Kurath used postal questionnaires to collect dialect data.  How dialectologists do their work Questionnaires applied by fieldworkers France in 1896 with Jules Gilliéron. Gilliéron chose a fieldworker to record the responses to the questionnaire at each interview. Edmond Edmont. Edmont cycled through the French countryside, selecting informants and sending the responses periodically for analysis.  How dialectologists do their work Publication of the results started in 1902, finishing in 1910 with the 13th volume. Gilliéron’s survey was enormously influential due to its efficacy and the quality of its results. A page from the Atlas Linguistique de la France mapping pronunciations onto localities. (Image: Jules Gilliéron/Public Domain)  How dialectologists do their work Hans Kurath initiated The Linguistic Atlas Project (LAP) in 1929 with the American Dialect Society to record words and pronunciations of everyday American English across the country. The result was the publication of the Linguistic Atlas of the United States.  How dialectologists do their work Kurath's research interest was historical linguistics. His objective was to reconstruct the evolution of English in the United States from the original forms introduced by British settlers to the existing regional dialects (Brown, 2021)..  How dialectologists do their work Tape recorded exchanges between fieldworkers and informants Lee Paterson and William A. Kretzchmar Jr. produced the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States, covering eight southern states between 1968 and 1983. Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (LAMSAS) by Kurath, McDavid Jr., and Kretzchmar Jr. was the result of the collection of survey questionnaires between 1933 and 1974.  How dialectologists do their work After WWII The Survey of English Dialects (SED) published maps of variation across England. According to the SED official website: “During the 1950s and 60s, fieldworkers from the Survey of English Dialects travelled across England, visiting more than 300 different towns and villages. They asked people about their words for everyday objects and got them to talk about their local customs, culture, and way of life. The result was hundreds of dialect recordings, notebooks, photographs, and drawings […].” https://dialectandheritage.org.uk/about/the-survey-of-english-dialects/  How dialectologists do their work Under the direction of Eugen Dieth and Harold Orton, the SED produced the Atlas of English Dialects, first published in 1996. Ideal informants for the SED were non-mobile, old, rural males (NORMs). Men’s speech was believed to be more conservative than women’s. The motivation of the SED was to record traditional dialects that were thought would become extinct due to increasing urbanization, improvement in means of communication, and extended use of new technology.  SED response book for an informant from Thropton. ‘Book VI: The Human Body ‘Thropton Response Book’ (LAVC/SED/2/2/1/3/6 ) by Stanley Ellis Taken from https://dialectandheritage.org.uk/about/the-survey-of- english-dialects/ ‘SED Word Map: To Brew Tea’ ( LAVC/PHO/ S006 ) by Harold Orton. https://dialectandheritage.org.uk/about/the-survey-of-english-dialects/  Survey of English Dialects informant Amos Brown, standing in the doorway of his home in Cuxham (Oxfordshire). ‘Amos Brown’ (LAVC/PHO/P1869 ) by Stanley Ellis Stanley Ellis mock- interviewing Tom Mason in 1967. ‘Stanley Ellis and Tom Mason’ ( LAVC/PHO/P21 64 ) https://dialectandheritage.org.uk/about/the-survey-of-english-dialects/  How dialectologists do their work Urban dialectology In the 60s, dialectology received a new stimulus from the sociolinguistic work of William Labov. Sociolinguistics moved from rural male informants to a wider variety of speakers, taking into account their social background. Dialectology was now urban. Labov worked on the social stratification of English in New York City. Similar works were carried out by Trudgill (1974) in Norwich and Glasgow (1977) by Macaulay.  How dialectologists do their work Labov, Ash, and Boerg published their Atlas of North American English in 2006 and interviewed informants on the phone using computers to produce the maps. “The Atlas of North American English provides the first overall view of the pronunciation and vowel systems of the dialects of the U.S. and Canada. The Atlas re-defines the regional dialects of American English based on sound changes active in the 1990s and draws new boundaries reflecting those changes. It is based on a telephone survey of 762 local speakers, representing all the urbanized areas of North America.” The Atlas of North American English (degruyter.com)  How dialectologists do their work Sociodialectology Labov’s contributions to modern dialectology are (1) changing the focus to cities and (2) incorporating acoustics analysis for more detailed and reliable measures of vowel quality. Labov aimed to track ongoing sound changes and correlate variables to speakers' social backgrounds. Variations are socially stratified.  How dialectologists do their work Analysis of corpus Computers make it possible to collect and analyse large, searchable data corpora. The Internet, online surveys, and social media The internet facilitates the rapid collection of vast quantities of data on regional variations in ordinary language, primarily written but also spoken.  How dialectologists do their work The BBC’s Voices project (2013) sent 51 researchers to find groups of people in their areas to respond to a survey questionnaire. The same project also encouraged participants to send their responses to an online survey on a BBC site. A total of 734,000 responses were obtained from about 84,000 participants.  0 Dialect 3 maps Pakistan The dialect features collected from the informants are displayed on a map for their visualisation and interpretation. A dialect map usually visualizes the geographical distribution of one feature—the use of a particular sound, word, or syntactic structure. Using a reference system (symbols, words, transcriptions), the map represents the feature compared to the ‘standard’ form or a historical form from a reference system. Isoglosses separate areas where different varieties of a linguistic feature are used. Isogloss map (variants for “hungry” in the dialects of England, AED, map 53). AED=Atlas of English Dialects A dialect map has two layers: a basic layer containing minimum topographical information in the background using light colours or light grey (rivers, coastlines, major cities, and political or administrative divisions), and the main layer containing the linguistic information represented by graphic elements in contrasting colours or darker grey. The graphic elements may be points, dots (or other geometrical forms), lines, areas, or surfaces. The maps are then denominated point-related, dot-related, line-related, area-related, and surface-related. A subset of the point-related map is the point-text map where a combination of dots and written forms or phonetic transcriptions are included. A combination of elements is often used. Lines and dots. Dots and geometric symbols, lines and symbols, coloured dots or symbols, or simply colour gradients  Point-related map (variants for the pronunciation of “foot” and “cut”) in the British Isles. https://www.ourdialects.uk/maps/foot-cut/ Hotspot map with colour gradients. Do foot and cut rhyme for you? Light yellow areas represent the absence of a phonemic split. In the British Isles, black LAE isoglosses from Orton et al. (1978:Ph50) for the word butter.). LAE: Linguistic Atlas of England Point‐text map (variants for “oil lamp” in the Southern Italian dialects, AIS, vol. 5, map 915 [detail]). There are two line-related maps: one has lines (isoglosses) drawn to separate locations with different variants. The other uses lines to connect locations and arrows to represent the “movement” of the variants. The written form of the variants may be included. Directed line map (movements of the variants of the intervocalic consonant cluster ‐hs/ss/ks‐ in Germany, Schirmunski 1956, map 15). Area-related maps display linguistic information by delimiting areas using colours, shading, or hatching. There are also area-text maps Qualitative area map/chorochromatic map (multilingualism in the Aosta Valley, Dell’Aquila 2010, map 2304). DG: diglossia ITA: Italian FRP: Francoprovençal Surface maps are used to represent three-dimensional objects such as mountain ranges. Spatial patterns of three different variants used for the word “dark.” (Modified from Thebpanya and Hatfield 2016) in the Chiang Mai province, Thailand.  What are dialect maps for? “The most basic objective of dialect maps is the visualization of the spatial linguistic features. [These maps] might be very elaborate but they simply show the areal picture and leave it up to the reader to draw further conclusions” “Dialect maps can be used to investigate and present historical and cultural facts, for example, historical territories, ecclesiastical areas, migration movements, trading relations and other communication contacts that leave linguistic traces.” They are helpful in sociolinguistics by including sociological information like age groups to the areal distribution. Both geographical and social variations are recorded in the maps. (Rabanus, 2018:357) Atlas lingüístico Diatópico y Diastrático del Uruguay (ADDU). Map 3. Diatópico: related to different geographical origin of informants Diastrático: related to social class This map displays the data for four social groups according to age and educational level. “En cada localidad encuestada, entonces, hay cuatro grupos distintos, jóvenes y adultos con y sin educación superior a la primaria.” (Elizaicín 2021:9) “Dialect maps are extensively used in historical linguistics and the study of language change for two main reasons: 1) “different dialects preserve different stages in the development of the language and 2) [regiomañ and traditional ] dialects change rather freely as they are less inhibited by normative grammar. They thus enable the detection of “natural” directions and regularities of language change.” (Rabanus, 2018, p. 356) Historical Dialectology is the linguistic discipline that reconstructs specific stages in the historical processes of language/dialect change.  Point‐text map 28065001 from LAEME (A Linguistic Atlas of Early Modern English). (-)AND(-): ‘(-)and(-)’ type in e.g. ‘hand’, ‘land’, ‘stand’ etc, incl (-)an(t) and (-)aand, but excl -oand and excl forms of conjunction ‘and’. Period: 1150-1325 http://archive.ling.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2_scripts/create_feature_map.php?mapid=28065001  0 4 Dialect continuum Singapore  Dialect continuum A dialect continuum is where neighbouring regional and traditional dialects differ minimally, but differences increase with distance. While speakers of adjacent dialects can understand each other, those further apart may not be mutually intelligible despite being linked by a chain of intermediate dialects. Dialect continua can also be social, with sociolects changing gradually along the social scale.  Dialect continuum “The map shows that England can be divided up into thirteen different Traditional Dialect areas. Excluded from this subdivision in map 9 are those areas of the country which were not English- speaking until the eighteenth century or later and where Traditional Dialects have not therefore had time to develop: western Cornwall and most of Wales. Also excluded is the urban area of London.” Trudgill 1990: 32-33  0 5 Dialectology at present Fiji  Dialectology at present Dialectology no longer holds the central position in linguistics that it enjoyed in the 19th century. It remains, though, as an active and relevant sub-discipline that continues to produce new scholarly work. Dialectology has become part of interdisciplinary studies in sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, linguistic geography or geolinguistics, and sociophonetics, contributing to a better understanding of linguistic variation.  Dialectology at present Dialectologists are now concerned with the borders between dialects (areas of transition), studying dialect continua and the rise of new dialects. Another trend in dialectology turns from production to perception by examining what ordinary people think about dialect and accent diversity in their languages. Despite all the changes, most dialectologists today focus on the central questions that gave rise to the field over a century ago.  Dialetology at present Essential questions in Dialectology. How do languages vary across the territories in which they are spoken? What are the common patterns in this variation, including the linguistic constraints that govern it, viewed across different languages? How do settlement history, topography, social patterns, urbanization, and other non-linguistic factors explain the spatial distribution of linguistic features  Dialectology at present “What is the nature of the transitions or boundaries between spatial distributions? How do innovative features spread across new territory? Is regional variation receding, stabilising, or increasing over time?” Boberg 2018:12 https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-app-maps-decline-in-regional-diversity-of-english- dialects https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-app-maps-decline-in-regional-diversity-of-english- dialects  06 Recap Sierra Leone  Recap There is a relationship between the number of regional dialects and accents associated with the socioeconomic status of speakers. There is more variation among dialects and accents of the same language among working classes in different regions than among upper classes in those same regions. Standard English varies much less in different locations than non-standard English in those same locations. Notably, there is some regional variation at the top of the social scale regarding dialects rather than accents.  Recap In earlier academic studies, traditional dialectology used postal questionnaires (Wenker) to collect written dialectal data. Subsequent dialectal studies employed trained fieldworkers to survey using extensive questionnaires (Guilliéron and Edmont). The fieldworkers began transcribing the informants' speech, but the tape recorder was later introduced. Georg Wenker and Jules Guilliéron & Edmond Edmont's work significantly influenced posterior dialect research.  Recap Important representatives of dialectological projects in the US are H. Kurath, A. Kretzsmar Jr., and Mc David Jr. In England, E. Dieth and H. Orton carried out one of the highest-regarded large-scale dialect studies globally, one of the most extensive dialectological surveys.  Recap The SED focused on recording traditional dialects. In the SED, informants were referred to as NORMs. Other significant projects in scope and impact are the Atlas Linguistique de la France (Guilliéron and Edmont) and the Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada (American Dialect Society).  Recap In the 60s, W. Labov gave a boost to dialectological studies. He changed the focus from rural dialects and accents to urban dialects and accents. From then on, dialectology would usually incorporate social variables and not only the geographical distribution of dialects. Labov’s research on the New York accent inspired other investigations in the 70s, Norwich by Trudgill and Glasgow by Macaulay.  Recap Dialectology considering the social background of speakers is called sociodialectology. With the help of computers, analysing a large corpus of dialect data became possible. Dialectology extensively uses the internet and social media to research digital dialect variation.  Recap Primarily, the objective of dialect maps was to visualise dialect variants' geographical distribution. Isoglosses separated the areal distribution of the variants. Dialect maps may include text, transcriptions, geometric symbols, colour gradients, and geographical features.  Recap The utility of dialect maps is significant in investigating language change in historical linguistics, displaying different stages (diachronic and synchronic) in the history of a language or dialect/accent, allowing the reconstruction of the direction of change processes and finding possible regularities in those changes. Dialect continuum: geographically neighbouring dialects, particularly traditional rural dialects, differ from one another minimally, but the greater the distance between locations where dialects are spoken, the more difficult comprehension will be.  Recap Dialect continua can also be linked to the social stratum speakers belong to. The present role of dialectology in linguistics studies is interdisciplinary and collaborative. Recent interests in dialectology include studying areas of transition and dialect continua and investigating people's attitudes towards dialects and accents.  08 Assignment Reading Writing Speaking Units 4 to 7 from Make a list of the main Discuss in class (next ‘Dialects’ by Peter concepts mentioned by Tuesday/Thursday what Trudgill Trudgill and write what you have written. you understand by them including examples.  References Boberg, C., Nerbonne, J., & Watt, D. (2018). The Handbook of Dialectology. John Wiley & Sons. Brown, N. (2021). Hans Kurath: Linguistic Atlas of the United States. CSISS Classics. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/09v5z6fg Brunn, S. D., & Kehrein, R. (2020b). Handbook of the Changing World Language Map. Springer International Publishing. Cambridge app maps decline in regional diversity of English dialects. (2016, May 26). University of Cambridge. https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-app-maps- decline-in-regional-diversity-of-english-dialects Chambers, J. K., & Trudgill, P. (1998). Dialectology. Cambridge University Press Elizaincín, A. (2021). Geolingüística y sociodialectología: integración de conocimientos. Cadernos De Linguística, 2(1), e313. https://doi.org/10.25189/2675- 4916.2021.v2.n1.id313  References MacKenzie, L., Bailey, G., & Turton, D. (2022). Towards an updated dialect atlas of British English. Journal of Linguistic Geography, 10(1), 46–66. doi:10.1017/jlg.2022.2 Labov, W. (2006). The social stratification of English in New York City. Cambridge University Press. Labov, William, Ash, Sharon and Boberg, Charles. (2005) The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. De Gruyter Mouton. Laing, M. (2013) A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150–1325, Version 3.2 [http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2/laeme2.html]. Edinburgh: © The University of Edinburgh. Trudgill, P. (1990). The Dialects of England. Wiley-Blackwell. Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. Penguin UK. Trudgill, P. (2003). A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press, USA. Next Introduction to Dialectology III Language/Dialect contact Written test (3 introductory classes and Trudgill’s units 1 to 7 from ‘Dialects’ in week 10