Hardware and Software PDF

HARDWARE Data Processing (IPO) Input - raw data Output - processed HARDWARE - tangible / physical parts of the computer MAIN UNITS OF A COMPUTER: (IOMP) - Input - Output - Main Storage - Processor: Interprets and carries out basic instructions. PARTS OF PROCESSOR: (CARS) Control Unit: Passes da...

HARDWARE Data Processing (IPO) Input - raw data Output - processed HARDWARE - tangible / physical parts of the computer MAIN UNITS OF A COMPUTER: (IOMP) - Input - Output - Main Storage - Processor: Interprets and carries out basic instructions. PARTS OF PROCESSOR: (CARS) Control Unit: Passes data to ALU for processing Arithmetic Logic Unit: performs all calculation Registers: Small, high speed storage; temporarily holds data System Clock: Controls the timing; regular electronic pulse(ticks). TYPES OF MEMORY: (RRCm CMOS)​ RAM (Random Access Memory): A.K.A "Memory/Primary Storage". Is volatile and stores data for processing. Stores: Systems Software, Apps, Data. ROM (Read Only Memory): Contains stored instruction required; nonvolatile Cache Memory: for informations that are frequently used by CPU CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor): Provides information everytime the computer is turned on e.g. Date/Time, Battery, Storage INPUT DEVICE: Peripheral device used to send data to computer. - MICR (Mark Interface Character Recognition): pang botohan - Touch Screen - Sensor - Speech Synthesizers: Speech to text OUTPUT Device: Device used to send data from computer to another device or user. - Printer - Monitor - Xerox - Speaker - Projector Other Hardware: Second or Auxiliary Storage Devices - Is where data is stored permanently outside the primary storage. Why store in Auxiliary? - Primary storage is limited - Data stored in primary are volatile and temporary Auxiliary Storage Devices (MEMOS) - Magnetic Tape: Data stored serially can only be accessed in serial manner. - Magnetic Disk: Direct access storage media. - Optical Disc (CD, DVD, Blu-ray): write data through light/laser beam rather than electromagnetic. - Solid State Devices: uses IC assemblies as memory. External Hard drive, flash drive, cloud. SOFTWARE SOFTWARE: Program which consists of step by step instructions 2 TYPES OF SOFTWARE: SYSTEM SOFTWARE: Program that control or maintain operations of the computer; interface between Apps, Hardware & User. APPLICATION SOFTWARE: Consists of programs that can make users productive. SYSTEM SOFTWARE​ TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE (Os, Up, C/I) ​ Operating System: ​ Utility Programs ​ Compiler/Interpreter Operating System: Collection of programs that coordinates all activities in hardware, manages computer internal workings, provides means for users to communicate to a computer. (OS Examples: IOS, MacOS, Android, Linux, Windows) Boot Operation: (BIOS, POST, CMOS) -​ When a computer is turned on, it must rely only on code stored in systems memory A.K.A "BIOS" BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) - A firmware that resides in ROM, performs series of task called POST (Power On Self Test) POST: Checks for various system components; results are compared with data in the CMOS. CMOS: Stores Configuration information. *If POST is successful then BIOS search for system files and load them into memory from storage* PROVIDING UI Providing UI: Interaction with software of user Types of UI: (CL, MD, GUI) ​ Command-Line Interface: Displays prompt, users type on keyboard, computer executes, provides textual output. ​ Menu-Driven Interface: User has a list of items and can make selection by highlighting ​ Graphical User Interface: Windows, Icon, pointers, menu, etc. Device Driver: small program that tells OS how to communicate Category of OS: Stand Alone OS: Can operate with or without a network Network OS: Coordinates how multiple users access and share resources on a network. (designed to support a network; resides on a server). OS provides users the capability of: - Managing files - Viewing Images - Uninstalling programs - Scanning Disks - Diagnosing problems - Screen Saver Utility Programs: Type of System Software that supports computer infrastructure. - Anti-Virus - Back-up - Disk Compression tool Compiler - converts entire source program into machine language Interpreter - Translates and executes code one statement at a time APPLICATION SOFTWARE​ APPLICATION SOFTWARE: Consists of programs that can make users productive. 2 types of Application Software: - Packaged - Custom Application Software Categories: ​ Business ​ Graphics and Multimedia -​ Desktop Publishing, Paint-image editing, Web Page editing ​ Home/Personal/Education ​ Communications ​ Email, Chat, videoconferencing PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: Low Level Languages Machine Language - 1st Assembly Language - 2nd Procedural Languages - 3rd OOP Languages Software: Variety of Forms Open Source Software: for use, modification, redistribution; no copyright Shareware: Copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost for trial period. Freeware: Copyrighted software provided at no cost: distributed for free to expand the market. Public-domain Software: Software placed in public domain; no ownership. PEOPLEWARE IT GROUPS AND JOB TITLE Management Group ​ Computer Systems Manager -​ Performs planning, organizing, monitoring, controlling, and staffing of the project. -​ Must possess technical skills, knowledge of business processes, ability to communicate and motivate. ​ Systems and Procedures (Group) ​ Systems Analyst -​ Develop and apply principles to produce computer applications. Also design programming tools and knowledge based systems. ​ Computer Engineer -​ Tests computer components and systems by developing and designing hardware and software. Make computers more mobile or incorporate in other areas. Programming (Group) ​ Computer Programmer -​ Responsible for writing, testing, and maintaining detailed instruction or programs. -​ Must be a critical thinker, must pay attention to minute details, must have ingenuity, creativeness and imagination. Computer Operator ​ Computer Operator  -​ Sets up the processor, loads and unloads the program, and ensures proper and correct operations of the computer. ​ Data Encoder -​ Prepares and encodes documents to transform source documents into machine readable form. ​ Computer Librarian -​ Catalogues, stores, and secures processing storage media. ​ SPECIALIZATIONS Cyber, System and Network, Security and Forensics -​ This specialization focuses on application, data, and network security and the management of information technology security. Data Analytics and Data Science -​ Data collection, cleansing, and processing. Application of statistical analysis on data. Correlating disparate data, storytelling and visualization. Data and Database Administrator -​ Overall management of data resources in an organization and handling of security, availability, and accuracy of data. Software Development -​ This specialization focuses on programming and the development of sophisticated applications. Web Design and Application Development -​ Design and development of fully-interactive websites and online applications for internet deployment. Network, Information and Communications Technology -​ This specialization focuses on network applications and management.