CL-8: Grammar & Vocabulary Practice PDF

Okay, here is the converted text from the images you sent, formatted in Markdown. ### alchemist **A person whose job is to prepare and sell medicines along with other goods in a shop.** ### gastronomist **A person who studied a form of chemistry in the Middle Ages which involved trying to discov...

Okay, here is the converted text from the images you sent, formatted in Markdown. ### alchemist **A person whose job is to prepare and sell medicines along with other goods in a shop.** ### gastronomist **A person who studied a form of chemistry in the Middle Ages which involved trying to discover how to change ordinary metals into gold.** ### pharmacist **A person who is trained to give anesthetics to patients.** ### anesthetist **A scientist who studies the way in which different characteristics are passed on from each generation of living things to the next.** ### chemist **Someone who studies gastronomy, the art and practice of cooking and eating good food.** ### geneticist **A person whose job is to prepare medicines and sell or give them to the public in a shop or in a store or in a hospital.** Based on the job descriptions given in column B of the table, make meaningful sentences with the words in column A. ## LEARN Grammar ### A. The future perfect Read these dialogues: **ROHIT:** What time will you be home? **SHALINI:** I'll have finished my work in the office by half past seven, so I should be home by eight. **ASHISH:** Let's go to the theatre tonight. **PRAVEEN:** OK. I have some work to do, but I'll have finished it by seven. **The future perfect has the form:** * will/shall + have + past participle (in the active) * will/shall + have + been + past participle (in the passive) It refers to a future time that precedes another future time. The period indicated by this tense may actually begin in the past but will only be completed in the future. It is usually accompanied by a time expression (at, by, before, etc.) to indicate when the event/action will be completed. Example: It's quarter to five. Asha is putting something in the pressure cooker. It needs to be cooked for an hour and forty-five minutes. When will it have cooked? It will have cooked by half-past six. 1. Fill in the blanks with the future perfect form of the verbs in brackets. a. I'll have much more time next week because I **will have completed** (complete) my science project by then. b. I know you'll put on a fine show. You **will have so much practice** (have) so so much practice by next week that it will surely be splendid. c. By 2020, the Mishra family **will have lived here** (live) here for thirty years. d. Call me after 9 o'clock. I **will have finished dinner** (finish) dinner by then. e. We're late. The film **will have started** (start) by the time we get to the cinema. 2. Fill in the blanks with the future perfect form of the words given in brackets. Oscar was fast asleep. He dreamt about being a famous singer one day. When he woke up, a series of thoughts crossed his mind. He sat back in bed and put the thoughts in order. I wonder if **won the award** (win/award) won the award before I'm by awards) before twenty-five. Maybe I am a Grammy (award) before twenty-five. Maybe I am a Grammy **B. Gerund phrases** * Gerunds are participial forms of the verb which function as nouns. Example: She prefers traveling alone. * Gerund phrases are objects of the prepositions that precede them. Example: I had the opportunity of watching Viswanathan Anand in action. * Gerund phrases can function as subjects. Example: Hunting birds in this village is forbidden. * Gerund phrases can function as objects. Example: I enjoy playing the guitar. Complete the sentences by supplying the right preposition and the -ing form of the verbs given in the brackets. One has been done for you. 1. I had the opportunity of seeing (see) a rare bird in Ranganathitu. 2. The ozone layer prevents ultraviolet rays from entering (enter) the earth's atmosphere. 3. The doctor warned Rohit against taking (take) too many antibiotics. 4. Radhika is always complaining about having (have) too much work to do. 5. Bad weather prevented them from continuing (continue) with the tennis match. 6. Harbinder insisted on paying (pay) the bill though we protested. **C. Non-defining relative clauses** 1. Study the sentences given in the box below. a. She lives in the US. b. It is on the banks of the river Ganga. c. They are 4 feet 9 inches tall. d. She served in the Crimean war. e. It was built by Qutubuddin Aibak. f. It is the only planet with air and ater. g. It was built in the third century B.C. Now fill in the blanks below with non-defining clauses, formed from the sentences given in the box. Choose the sentence that is appropriate and convert it into an adjectival clause using a suitable pronoun like which or who. One has been done for you. Remember to use commas. a. My aunt, who lives in the U.S., is a neurosurgeon. b. The Great Wall of China, which is one of the wonders of the world. c. Florence Nightingale was called the Lady with the Lamp. d. The Qutub Minar is one of the tallest towers in Delhi. e. Haridwar is a holy place for Hindus. f. The earth **is also called the living planet.** g. Pygmies **who are the shortest of the tribes in the world.** 2. Read the information and complete the sentences. Use non-defining relative clauses beginning with which/ who/whose/whom. Use commas in the appropriate places. One has been done for you. a. Mr. Sinha is a bit deaf. He couldn't hear the phone ringing. Mr. Sinha, who is a bit deaf, couldn't hear the phone ringing. b. There was a strike at the car factory. It lasted for ten days. It is now over. The strike at the car factory **which lasted** c. Rahim is away from home a lot. His job involves a lot of travelling. Rahim, **whose job involves a lot of traveling.** d. The new stadium will be opened next month. It will hold 90,000 people. The new stadium **which will hold 90000 people** e. Hema is one of my closest friends. I have known her for a very long time. Hema, whom I have known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends. f. My office is on the first floor of the of the building. It is very small. My office LEARN TO Write Given on the next page is a is a report on reports from Science Nation. Read it carefully, underline the key information, and write a summary of the report for your school Magazine. ## LEARN Words **Collocations** In the passage, the writer says: In the 1980s, when the statue was found to have serious structural problems, people again rallied to restore the weak structure and refurbish the monument. The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines restore and refurbish in the following way: **restore:** to repair a building or a work of art so that it looks as good as it did originally **refurbish:** to clean and decorate a room, a building, etc. in order to make it more attractive, more useful, etc. Though the meanings seem similar, there are differences too. Similarly, there are other words in English like renovate, renew, remodel, revamp, repair which are synonyms. 1. Consult your dictionary and find the meanings of the above words. Note the differences in use. Though the above words are synonyms they cannot always replace each other. For example, we can say renovate the office but not renew the office. In the above phrase, the words renovate and office naturally occur together. In other words, they collocate. 2. Which of these phrases are acceptable? * ✔️ renovate a building * ✔️ revamp a business * refublish a painting * refublish a house * remodel the house * repair a statue * renew a bag * ✔️ restore monuments * repair a toy * ✔️ restore an antique * remodel painting * renew the contract * ✔️ restore a painting * ✔️ renovate an antique * revamp a toy * refublish a sculpture ## LEARN Grammar ### A. Past perfect continuous Put in the past perfect continuous (had + been + -ing) form of the verbs given in the brackets. 1. **SAKSHI:** Asma had a splitting headache yesterday. **AMIT:** What had she been doing? **SAKSHI:** She **had been working** at the computer since morning. (work) 2. **ANANT:** A dog was run over by a train yesterday. **SOFIA:** What had it been doing. **ANANT:** It **had been sitting** on the railway line. (sit) 3. **RITA:** My mother had a terrible backache last week. **AUNT MEENA:** Oh dear, what **had she been doing**? **RITA:** She **had been digging** the garden. (dig) 4. **POOJA:** My neighbor died of electric shock two days ago. **RAKHI:** What ***had he been doing?*** **POOJA:** He **had been using** a faulty electric drill. (use) ### B. Reporting questions When we report a question, we use a verb such as ask followed by an if clause or a wh-word clause. Examples: I asked if I could stay with them. They wondered whether it would rain. 1. Rewrite the following questions in the reported form. a. 'Is there a bus to Gandhinagar?" (Amit/a policeman) Amit asked a policeman if there was a bus to Gandhinagar. b. 'Is anyone going to buy your house? (Mrs. lyer/her neighbor) Mrs. lyers asked her neighbor if anyone was going to buy his house. * 'Can I stay with you?" (Aman/his aunt) Aman asked his aunt if he could stay with her (Aman/his aunt) * 'Have you worked before?' (she/the candidate) She asked the candidate if he had Worked before * 'Does this road lead to the palace?' (the tourist/ a passerby) the tourist asked of passerby that road lead to the palace 2. You meet your favorite cricketer at a party and ask him the following questions. Report to your friend the questions you asked your favorite cricketer. a. "How old were you when you started playing cricket?" I Asked Sachin how old he was when he had start. b. Who was your coach!? Asked sachin who had been had. c. How did you get interested to cricket?! Had he had. d. Where did you have your practice sessions?! e. Were there good facilities for sports in your school?! f. Who is your favourite cricketer?! **C. Infinitives and gerunds** Study these sentences: * I must remember *to send* this parcel today. It's important. (suggests necessary action) * I remember *sending* the parcel. I sent it on Saturday morning. (suggests memory of the past) * I stopped *writing* the essay. (suggests a halt to the activity) * I stopped *to write* the essay. (suggests everything else was stopped in order to write the essay) As we can see, the choice of a to + infinitive or an -ing form depends on the meaning. Some other verbs that can be used in the same way are: regret, try, mean, go on, need. **Regret:** * We regret *to inform* you that we aren't recruiting any staff at the moment. * I regret *spending* all my money. **Try:** I'm trying *to run* this dishwasher. I tried *running* this dishwasher but it didn't work. **Mean:** I think Nina meant *to break* the crystal vase I'm applying for admission, It means to fill in forms **Go on:** * The house master introduced himself and went on *to explain* about the house. * The principal told everyone to be quiet, but they went on *shouting*. **Need:** * I need, *to clean* my desk. * My desk needs cleaning 1. Use the to infinitive or the -ing form of the verb in brackets to complete the sentences. a. Ashish: Did you remember... *(collect)* the files? Ashish: I remember *(mention)* it to you only this morning. Praveen: I can't remember *(agree)* to pick up any files. b. I used to like *going* to our local theatre. It was old and rather damp, but it was an institution. Now, they've stopped *(show)* movies there. c. The owner would like *to go on*(run) the theatre, but he would need *(make)* lot of changes and renovation which would mean. d. I remember *(seeing)* the last film at the movie hall. It was a thriller. It was two minutes from the end and we were trying *(figure)* out who the killer was when the film reel broke! e. The owner soon appeared, wringing his hands in regret, and went on *(explain)* how the film ended. I didn't understand anything, but don't regret *(go)* 2. Write a second sentence, similar in meaning to the first, using the words given in brackets. * I wish I hadn't sold sold my aparttement. (regret) The I regretting selling my apartment * I hate up stand to speak in a crowded room. (stand) Standing up and speaking * By chance I saw your you're yesterday I happened see your Youle Yesterday * By The school office usually opens. Usually opens fifteen minutes late. (Tends) * The School officer tends to open five Minutes late. You Would you like to go for a pizza (fancy) woul would you fancy going for a pizza and. The on that 3. Describe the detective continued stalking his suspect (carried on) (carried) the the the his suspect. 4. Rewrite the following paragraph about Mrs Mehta using gerunds in place of the infinitives given in italics, * To keep house is not easy, and it has to be one of Mrs Mehta's many feel and and it is not that that it is not that that **D. Question tags** 1. Complete the sentences using appropriate question tags. * You've been told about the new meeting, haven't you? * You wouldn't have been able to do to it, would you. * Cars pollute the environment, don't do they? * The trip is very expensive, isn't it. * You will come to my party, won't you? * Let's play tennis, shell we? * There's a problem well here in isn't it? 2. Complete the conversation using appropriate question tags. * Lets Let's go to iMax to watch the movie on the Bigscreen, Shaws? * Sure, but it's ither late note his note his. * Snewa OK lets so we have plenty of time I suppose that there's I hear him in try. * Rob That's the Spritwe plan watching this moment in the best the at don't don't LEARN TO Writing * What do you know that. 12 June is called in World World * What do you know that children working at their is child Labour * The main thing that we had to do, we had were to keep them to say is is to make a difference.