Civics Test Review PDF

Unit 1 Civics Review Civics v.s Politics Civics - refers to the study or practice of the rights, duties, and responsibilities of citizens in a society. It focuses on how people interact with and contribute to the governance of their country or community. Civics is about the foundations of...

Unit 1 Civics Review Civics v.s Politics Civics - refers to the study or practice of the rights, duties, and responsibilities of citizens in a society. It focuses on how people interact with and contribute to the governance of their country or community. Civics is about the foundations of governance, individual rights, and active participation in a democratic society. Politics - refers to the processes, activities, and practices associated with the acquisition, use, and exercise of power in governance. Politics is more about the strategies and debates that shaped decision-making in government. It is about how power is distributed and exercised, the strategies used to influence outcomes, and the conflicts and negotiations that arise in a system of governance. In short, civics is about the principles and practices of democratic participation, while politics is about the strategies and power struggles that shape governmental action. 💪 Where do we as Christians find our citizenship? *Do not need anything for studying. Just follow your heart The study of governments and citizens and how governments work is called: Political Science Types of decision making: Authoritarian - Form of decision making where one person or small group holds all the power. -​ Who rules: Only one person or a small group -​ In whose interest do they rule: Their own interest and sometimes in favour of the people -​ How do they rule: Usually a dictatorship that can be backed up by military but if they are trustworthy they can be helpful -​ Characteristics: Only Political party. Government controlled press (censorship). Fake elections or no elections. Unequal legal rights. Courts under political control. Minorities often under attack. Democratic - a system of government where decisions are controlled by the people -​ Who rules: Majority voting. People elect representatives and a leader -​ In whose interest: The peoples -​ How do they rule: With equality and kindness(sometimes). They must follow the countries constitution -​ Characteristics: Two or more political parties. Free Press and media. Free, fair, frequent elections. Equal legal rights and courts free of political control. Minorities respected. Collective/Consensus - a group of individuals works together to reach a decision that is acceptable to all or most members -​ Who rules: everyone in the group -​ Whose interest: Everyones -​ How do they rule: Equality, fairness and open discussion How do governments use power? Authority, influence, and coercion. ​ Authority - Citizens are expected to follow the law because they recognize the legitimacy of these institutions and their authority. In democratic systems, authority is granted through the election process. Leaders gain authority through the consent of the governed, typically in the form of regular elections, allowing citizens to delegate power to representatives. Governments may also gain authority by aligning their policies with shared cultural values, ethics, or historical traditions. For example, a government may draw authority from its role in protecting national identity or upholding certain religious values. ​ Influence - Governments often use media, communication campaigns, and public relations to influence public opinion. They may try to shape how people view certain issues, like climate change, national security, or healthcare, by presenting information in specific ways. Internationally, governments use diplomacy, foreign aid, and cultural exchange programs to exert influence over other countries. This might involve encouraging trade, forming alliances, or promoting democratic values abroad. Governments may also use influence through negotiation with various interest groups to craft policies that align with their agenda. For example, a government uses media to persuade people to adopt healthier lifestyles, such as anti-smoking campaigns. ​ Coercion - Governments maintain police forces, military units, and other security services to enforce laws and prevent disorder. The threat of punishment, arrest, or imprisonment serves as a deterrent for illegal behavior. Governments may use military power to maintain internal control or defend the nation from external threats. In extreme cases, coercion can involve authoritarian tactics, such as martial law or violent repression. Authoritarian governments, in particular, often use coercion to control and monitor citizens. This can involve surveillance, censorship, and the suppression of political opposition to maintain power. How are conflicts resolved? Negotiation, mediation, arbitration. Negotiation - The parties involved discuss the issues, concerns, and needs in order to understand each other's positions. They work towards finding a common ground or a compromise where both parties can agree on a resolution. Mediation - The mediator meets with both parties and listens to their perspectives. The mediator helps clarify the issues, identify areas of agreement, and explore potential solutions. The mediator guides the parties through the negotiation process, but does not impose a decision. The goal is to reach a voluntary agreement that works for both sides. Arbitration - Both parties agree to submit the conflict to an arbitrator or panel of arbitrators, who are usually experts in the relevant area (e.g., law, contracts, etc.). Each party presents its case, including evidence, witnesses, and arguments. The arbitrator(s) reviews the case and makes a decision that is legally binding. Democracy around the world Types of democracy: Direct - People vote directly on each issue rather than have representatives vote for them. Representative - People vote representatives into power who will make decisions on their behalf. Constitutional Monarchy - Type of democracy that supports the main points of a representative democracy, but still has a monarch as the official head of state (Doesn’t have any real power) History of Democracy: ​ The start - 500 BC greece ​ Citizenship - 0-500 AD Roman empire concept of citizenship ​ Iroquois Confederacy - 1150-1450 Consensus decision making ​ Magna Carta - 1215 Kings absolute power is limited by law ​ American Revolution - 1775-1783 Declaration of independent states “all men are created equally” ​ French Revolution - 1789-1794 The people overthrow the absolute monarch, establish a republic: revolution spreads across Europe Elements of Democracy: 1)​ Democratic decisions are made for the good of most people, most of the time. -​ Elected representatives make decisions that the citizens support -​ frequent elections ensure that Representatives listen to the citizens 2)​ Democracy emphasizes legal and political equality -​ all citizens are equal -​ a constitution lays out the rules and principles for governing and the rights of the people 3)​ Democracy protects minorities -​ majority opinion can't always Triumph because it could crush the minority 4)​ Democracy encourages peace, respect and tolerance in citizens -​ Democratic decision-making means compromise Obstacles to democracy: 1)​ Ethnic differences and conflicts -​ ethnic groups - people who share a language, religion or homeland -​ Perhaps a strong leader is better to keep Unity (?) 2)​ a large gap between rich and poor -​ Democracy needs a middle class - otherwise the poor aren't involved in the rich takeover  3)​ a low literacy rate -​ difficult to participate in a democracy if you can't read/write What makes a country free? Partly free? Not free? ​ Free: Democracy- freedom from violence, freedom of expression ​ Partly free: they vote but don’t have liberal democracies (poor human rights) Dominican Republic ​ Not Free: China Communist country, the government dictates everything Citizenship in Canada Citizenship - the position or status of being a citizen of a particular country. What it means to be a citizen in Canada - You are a canadian citizen -You have rights, duties and responsibilities -To become a citizen you must either be born in Canada, became a neutral citizen (immigrated and then became a citizen) -born outside of canada but at least one parent is a canadian citizen -Responsibilities include….within the oath: swear to be faithful to the King Charles and the Country of Canada, follow the laws and constitution of Canada, recognize the 1st nations people and fulfill my duty as a Canadian citizen -What is the constitution? The constitution outlines the rights of Canadian citizens and permanent residents Charter of Rights and Freedoms? Tells you your fundamental freedoms, mobility rights, democratic rights, legal rights, equality rights, official languages act, minority language and education rights How are you considered a citizen in Canada - You are a citizen if you are either born from Canadian Parents or are accepted by the government. Benefits of Citizenship - Employment Insurance, dental coverage, child benefit, pensions and benefits for housing, student aid, family, disabilities and after a death. How to become a citizen of Canada - 18 years or older, permanent resident lawfully admitted, has lived in Canada 3 of the last 5 years, speaks and writes English or French, knows info from citizenship handbook Basic responsibilities for Canadians- Obeying the law, taking responsibility for oneself and one's family, serving on a jury, voting in elections, helping others in the community, protecting and enjoying our heritage and environment. Canadian Constitution and Charter of Rights & Freedoms- It is the supreme law in Canada: (a) freedom of conscience and religion; (b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; (c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and. (d) freedom of association.  Current Events Presentations You will need to be able to discuss one current events presentation according to the note taking sheet we completed. Human Rights Articles of the Declaration of Human Rights: life justice liberty Global Citizenship Individual Level: The individual level includes through foreign policy. By investing in education each individual person within an organization. Each and industry, by adopting fairer trade policies, by individual acts differently which affects group forgiving debts owed by developing countries. dynamics and the organization as a whole. Global Conflict: Terrorism (and Canada’s response): What terrorism is and that it is not new. Canada as a Global Citizen: Canada is a part of Canada’s response was to join in on an UN NATO, the United Nations, and has been a part of operation in Afghanistan. However Canada did not drafting many conventions. Peacekeeping missions help the USA in invading Iraq. for the UN. Environmental Interdependence: Several Geneva Convention: First signed in 1864 as an agreements have been signed by multiple countries agreement to allow the red cross to help injured in respect to climate change. The Kyoto PRotocol soldiers on the battlefield and not be attacked. which set specific goals for 2012 was signed in 1997. The Paris Agreement in 2015 goal is to keep Failures of the Declaration: The Rwandan global temperature rise under 2 degrees celsius. Genocide - 1994, UN not permitted to intervene. Darfur, Sudan - 2003-now, UN not permitted to Sustainable Development Goals: (THERE ARE intervene as not all countries viewed it as a ABOUT A DOZEN) No poverty, zero hunger, genocide. Quality education, good health and wellbeing Enforcing Human Rights: There was no universal Global Affairs Canada: Distributes approximately government with the power to enforce human rights. $5.7 billion dollars a year in aid and loans either After WW11, allies held the Nuremberg Trials, set a directly or through NGOs for development projects precedent. In 2002 creation of the International around the world. Criminal Court (ICC) NGOs: Non-Government Organizations - Canada and Human Rights: Past issues - Women’s not-for-profit operate separately of government, rights, slavery, Japanese internment. Over time there funded through donations and support from GAC have been huge improvements Canadian Peacekeeping: Intervene in areas where Trade: Canada negotiates trade agreements with human rights are at stake. Peacekeeping includes other governments. supervising elections, delivering humanitarian aid, setting up local police forces, and mediating Global Poverty and Foreign Policy: countries like differences. Canada can make a difference in world poverty Leadership What is a leader? Someone who influences others. Myths of leadership: Some people are born leaders, leaders defeat armies, leadership is a characteristic and some have and some don’t, leadership is no more than getting others to do what you want them to do, leadership always involves action Forms of leadership ​ Autocratic - Autocratic leadership is a directive style of leadership where one person holds significant power and makes decisions without consulting others. ​ Democratic - Democratic leadership is a collaborative and participative approach that encourages team involvement, open communication, and shared decision-making. ​ Laissez-Faires - leadership style characterized by minimal direct supervision and hands-off management. In this approach, the leader provides very little guidance or direction, allowing team members to make decisions and manage their own work. The Evolution Of Democracy *study your timeline Ideology What is it - a set of beliefs and values about how society should be organized. Autocracy: a form of government in which political power is controlled by 1 individual such as a monarch dictator or emperor Monarchy: ruled by kings queens, leader usually gain their power because their parents were leaders too, some modern monarchies have constitutional monarchy Dictatorship: Power is not inherited but acquired by force Oligarchy: Power can be based on several things such as: military strength, family power. Can often come from or lead to other forms of government Theocracy: Ruled by God or high power Anarchy: No government What does personnel ideology look like - I believe in you guys. Speak from your heart. We got this What is a pluralist society - A society in which multiple groups, cultures, religions, ethnicities, or social identities coexist, interact, and are recognized as being part of the broader social fabric. It is important because it promotes diversity, tolerance, and inclusion, allowing people from different backgrounds to coexist peacefully and contribute to a richer, more dynamic culture. Human Rights -​ the right to live free from torture, the right to live free from slavery, the right to own property, the right to equality and dignity, and the right to live free from all forms of discrimination. -​ There is 30 but these are the main 5 Article 1 Right to Equality Article 25 Right to Adequate Living Standard Article 26 Right to Education Article 27 Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of Community Article 28 Right to a Social Order that Articulates this Document