Civics EOC Review PDF

Civics EOC Review Mr. Fanjul Civics Citizenship Natural Born Citizen 1. Law of Blood 2. Law of Soil Naturalization The legal process of becoming a citizen! Requirements to become naturalized. 1. Be at least 18 2. Permanent resident for 5 years or longer 3. Be of good moral character...

Civics EOC Review Mr. Fanjul Civics Citizenship Natural Born Citizen 1. Law of Blood 2. Law of Soil Naturalization The legal process of becoming a citizen! Requirements to become naturalized. 1. Be at least 18 2. Permanent resident for 5 years or longer 3. Be of good moral character 4. Read, write, speak, and understand English 5. Understand basic history and government principles of the US 6. Show loyalty to the US  Naturalization- Continue 1. Must meet permanent residency requirement 2. Complete application Citizenship 3. 4. Fingerprint and background check Interview with government official 5. Must pass English and civics test 6. Oath of allegiance  Duties and Responsibilities of Citizens Influences on America’s Constitutional Republic The foundation of our constitutional republic are built on ideas from a long time ago Ancient Greece and Rome a) Ancient Athens is the birthplace of democracy. Athens was a direct democracy. b) Greeks emphasized civic participation. Citizens were part of legislative bodies. c) Ideas of written constitutions come from Greek philosophers. d) Rome had a republican form of government or representative democracy. e) Rome had a set of written laws which established rule of law and equal protection of the law. f) Rome separated powers among different groups of government officials  Judeo-Christian Ethical Ideas Judeo-Christian ideas influenced many Americans and our constitutional republic. 1. Belief in justice- fairness 2. Belief in individual worth 3. Belief in personal responsibility 4. Belief in the rule of law Examples of these ideas can be seen in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the American Legal System.  Magna Carta (1215) Limit Government Power- Limited the king’s power Due process of law Right to a fair trial ( trial by jury of peers) Right to justice Foundations of Mayflower Compact (1620) Government Was the written plan for a democratic government in North America. Social contract Consent of the governed Self-government  English Bill of Rights 1689 It outlined many of the rights included in the US Constitution, particularly in the Bill of Rights. Rights included: No taxation without representation Foundations of Right to a fair trial No excessive punishment Government Require to show why a person under arrest is being held (writ of habaes corpus)  Enlightenment Thinkers John Locke- Two Treatises of Government Ideas of Natural Law- right to life, liberty, and property Social Contract Baron de Montesquieu- The Spirit of Laws Separation of Powers Road to the Declaration of Independence After the French and Indian War, the king and Parliament passed a series of laws that angered the colonist. Stamp Act 1765 The Quartering Act 1765 Declaratory Act 1766 Townshend Acts 1767 Boston Massacre March 5, 1770 Tea Act 1773 Boston Tea Party December 1773 Coercive Acts of 1774 ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies) Road to the Declaration of Independence First Continental Congress- colonial representatives met in September of 1774 to discuss what to do in response to British actions. Lexington and Concord April 1775- First battle of the American Revolution Second Continental Congress- May 1775 Thomas Paine- Published his pamphlet Common Sense in January of 1776. It argued why the colonies should declare their independence from Great Britain. The pamphlet was a big influence on the Representatives at the Second Continental Congress. On July 4, 1776, The Second Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence.  Structure of the Document 1. Preamble or Introduction- Explains the theory of government that the colonists believed gave them the right to declare independence. 2. List of Grievances- Complaints towards the king and the British government. The Declaration of 3. Formal declaration and conclusion- states that Independence the colonies are free and independent states.  The Articles of Confederation was the first plan of government for the new independent states. It created a government with only one branch (a one house legislature). The Articles of The government could declare war Confederation and manage foreign affairs (make treaties with other countries).  Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation No national court system Changes to the Articles of Confederation required unanimous consent. All 13 states had to agree! 9 out of 13 states were required to pass laws Congress could not enforce laws, no power to tax, or regulate trade No executive to carry out congress’s laws No power to raise troops Shays’ Rebellion highlighted the need for a new constitution.  Creating a New Constitution In the spring of 1787, 55 delegates gather in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation, they ended up creating a new constitution. Plans- 1. The Virginia Plan- Favored by large states 2. The New Jersey Plan- Favored by small states The Great Compromise or Connecticut Compromise solved the differences of both plans and gave us the structure of the government that we have today,  The Three-Fifths Compromise- provided that enslaved people would count as three-fifths of other persons in determining representation in congress. For ever 5 slaves they would equal 3 free persons Congress could regulate trade between states and other countries Congress could not tax exports Other Compromises at the Congress could not ban the slave trade before Constitutional Convention 1808 Electoral College Federalists and Antifederalists Organization of the US Constitution The Preamble to the US Constitution Lays out the purpose and introduces the Constitution. The Articles The second part of the constitution are the articles. Organizes the federal government. The Amendments Changes or additions to the US Constitution. There have been 27 amendments to the US Constitution. The first 10 are known as the Bill of Rights.  Amending the Constitution “Two-thirds of congress three-fourths of the states that is what makes an amendment so great!” Amending the US Constitution and Florida Constitution Compared  Comparing Constitution s The Bill of Rights Civil War Amendments Voting Amendments 15, 19, 24, and 26 Amendments all extended the right to vote for different groups. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Federalism- The US Constitution created a federal system of government, in which power is shared between the federal and state governments. The Branches of Government 1. Legislative 2. Executive 3. Judicial The first three articles of the US Constitution describes the structure, functions, and process of the branches of government. Legislative Branch The Federal Government’s legislative branch (US Congress) is a bicameral legislature( 2 chambers or houses) The Senate and House of Representatives.  1. A senator or representative introduces the bill. New legislation may be suggested by the president, interest groups or any citizen, but only a member of Congress can introduce a bill for consideration. How a Bill 2. The bill is assigned to a committee. Becomes a The majority of work on a bill takes place in committee. The congressional committee studies, revises, and assesses the bill. The committee determines if the bill moves forward or not. Most bills never make it out of committee. A bill that does make it out of committee is sent to the floor of the House or the Senate. Law in 3. The full House or Senate debates and votes on the bill. Congress The full House or Senate may pass the bill or may not. If the bill is passed and has not already been considered by the other house, the bill is then sent to the other house for consideration. 4. The other house will go through the same process. If the bill has not passed the other house, it will be assigned to a committee and must go through all of the same steps there. Both the House and Senate must pass a bill before it goes to the president. 5. The president can sign or veto the bill. If the president signs the bill, it becomes a law. If the president vetoes, or stops the bill, Congress can override the veto if two-thirds of both houses vote to do so.  The Florida Constitution establishes the legislative branch for the state government. The Florida Legislature is Florida State bicameral, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is made up for 40 state Legislature legislators who serve four-year terms, each elected from districts across the state. The House is composed of 120 Structure state legislators who serve two-year terms. The Florida Legislature meets in session every year for 60 consecutive days. Legislative districts are drawn based on population. The primary purpose of the legislature is to enact new laws and amend or repeal existing laws. The Senate president heads the Senate, while the Speaker of the House heads the House of Representatives.  Within each county of Florida, cities and towns have their own governments. These are called municipal governments. A city council or commission is elected to make policies and decisions that affect its Municipal specific city or town. Legislative The elected legislators of municipal governments are councilmembers and commissioners. Their legislative power to create local laws, called Branch ordinances, is derived from the state constitution and state law. The city charter and related laws also guide city councils or commissions. Commissions and councils often involve citizens and interest groups in the decision-making process by holding public meetings to give citizens the opportunity to voice their opinions and concerns. Specific town or city charters determine the details of city or town law-making processes. However, mayors can typically veto legislation passed by councils or commissions, and councils and commissions can typically override that veto with a two-thirds vote.  Each state creates its own list of requirements There are also specific requirements to run Qualifications for anyone wanting to run for public office. for national office. These specifications are listed in the United States Constitution. for Local, State, To serve in the state legislature in the state of Florida, candidates: To become a senator, candidates: and National Must be at least 21 years old Must be a resident of the district they are Must be at least 30 years old Must have been a United States citizen for at Office seeking office in least nine years Must have lived in Florida for the last two years Must hold residency in the state they are seeking office in To serve in local legislatures in the state of To become a representative, candidates: Florida, candidates: Must be at least 25 years old Must be a registered voter Must have been a United States citizen for at Must be a resident of the county they are least seven years seeking office in Must hold residency in the state they are Other candidate requirements may vary depending on county seeking office in Executive Branch Qualifications The requirements to serve as United States president are listed in the U.S. Constitution. The Constitution lists only three qualifications for the for Local, Presidency: State, and Must be at least 35 years of age Must be a natural born citizen National Must have lived in the United States for at least 14 years Office The requirements to serve as Florida governor are listed in Article IV, Section five of the state constitution: Must be at least 30 years old Must have been a United States citizen for at least seven years The requirements to serve as mayor in Florida vary by city. However, they typically list two qualifications: Must be a resident of the city they are running in Must be a registered voter in the city they are running in Judicial Branch The highest court in the land is the Supreme Court of the United States. Systems of Government Types of Governments Democracy 1. Direct Democracy 2. Representative Democracy/Republic Oligarchy Autocracy Monarchy 1. Absolute 2. Constitutional Monarchy https://youtu.be/pvPCYqKZP3Y?si=PCoipXlo5GR-HTFz Types of Systems of Government Levels of Government and Branches  Levels of Government and Branches  Civil Cases Civil cases are brought by a person or party in order to recover property, to force someone to honor a contract, or to protect one’s civil rights. Types of Criminal Cases Court Cases Criminal cases are brought by the government against a person accused of committing a crime. The criminal charge may be a serious felony, such as committing burglary or fraud. It may be a less serious misdemeanor, such as vandalism or stealing a small amount of money. Federal and State Courts- Dual Court System  Natural law: This type of law includes a system of rights believed to be common to all humans. For example, natural law assumes that people believe killing another person is wrong. Sources and Statutory law: Types of Laws This type of law includes laws passed by the legislature. For the federal government, the statutory law is the acts passed by the United States Congress. Constitutional law: This type of law is based on the interpretation and application of the Constitution.  Code of Hammurabi- System of laws from 1772 BC Sources of Law Common Law- Legal precedent based on customs and prior legal decisions.  Marbury v. Madison- It was the first time the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review. Dred Scott v. Sandford- Scott could not sue on the grounds that slaves could not be considered United States citizens. The decision limited the rights of Landmark African American people, whether they were currently enslaved or not. Supreme Plessy v. Ferguson- affirmed the principle of “separate but equal” as a constitutional justification for segregation Court Cases Brown v. Board of Education- legally ended racial segregation in American schools. Gideon v. Wainwright- The United States Supreme Court ruled that Gideon’s 6th Amendment’s guarantee of counsel(lawyer) is a fundamental right essential to a fair trial.  Miranda v. Arizona- ruling found that an arrested individual has rights against self-incrimination and to an attorney under the 5th and 6th Amendments. Police officers now issue a “Miranda warning” when they arrest people. In re Gault- The Court determined that though there are reasons to Landmark treat juvenile cases differently from adult cases, juveniles are still entitled to certain procedures under the Due Process Clause of the Supreme 14th Amendment. Court Cases United States v. Nixon- the decision limited the powers of the United States president by stating that presidents were not above the law. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier- schools may limit student speech and writing if it does not align with the school’s “basic educational mission.  Local At each level of county commissioners government, mayors candidates in Florida public school board members run for many county court judges AND MANY others! different State government governor positions. Some state house representatives examples include: state senators lieutenant governor AND others! National/Federal senators representatives presidents and vice presidents (No other offices are elected at the national level.)  To vote in Florida, citizens must be: a citizen of the United States a legal resident of Florida Voting 18 years or older In addition, citizens convicted of felonies cannot vote until their rights are restored. There are also restrictions against voting for citizens whom courts find incapacitated (unable to understand the process).  There are different types of elections as well as elections for different levels of government. Primaries are elections in which political parties select candidates to run in general elections, the two main types are: Open Primary Types of Close Primary Elections General Elections- Held the first Tuesday of November in even numbered years. The candidates that win general elections take office. Special Elections Runoff Elections  Role of Political Parties candidate recruiting and nominations Political influence the actions of officeholders support of public policy positions Parties provide candidates with resources to win elections Democratic Party and Republican Party Democratic Party Republican Party increasing access to healthcare and reducing taxes and business government welfare programs regulations Increase taxes and business emphasizing national defense regulations increasing border security increasing wages for lower income workers