Civics and Economics CE.2a-d Study Guide PDF

HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING American constitutional government is founded on CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) concepts articulated in earlier documents. Reformatted version created by SOLpass www.solpass.org...

HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING American constitutional government is founded on CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) concepts articulated in earlier documents. Reformatted version created by SOLpass www.solpass.org Influence of earlier documents on the Constitution The Magna Carta Civics and Economics established for the first time the principle CE.2a-d Study Guide that everyone including the king was STANDARD CE.2A subject to the law, and gave Englishmen -- FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES basic rights and freedoms. Foundations of American constitutional government- The charters of the Virginia Company of Fundamental principles: London guaranteed the rights of – consent of the governed Englishmen to the colonists. – limited government The Virginia Declaration of Rights served – rule of law as a model for the Bill of Rights – democracy The Declaration of Independence – representative government – stated grievances against the Fundamental political principles define and shape king of Great Britain American constitutional government. – declared the colonies’ Consent of the governed: Citizens give authority to the independence from Great government in exchange for the protection of their rights. Britain – affirmed “certain unalienable Limited government: Government is not all-powerful and rights” (life, liberty, and the may do only those things the people have given it the pursuit of happiness) power to do. – affirmed the idea that all Rule of Law: Everyone, including government officials, people are created equal. must follow the law. The Articles of Confederation Democracy: In a democratic system of government, the – established the first form of people rule. national government for the Representative government: In a representative system of independent states government, the people elect public officeholders to – maintained that major powers make laws and conduct government on the people’s resided with individual states behalf. – created weak central government (e.g., no power to STANDARD CE.2B tax or enforce laws); -- EARLIER DOCUMENTS – led to the writing of the Constitution The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom stated Impact of earlier documents: freedom of religious beliefs and opinions. – Magna Carta The Constitution of the United States, including the Bill of – Charters of the Virginia Company of London Rights, – Virginia Declaration of Rights established the structure of the – Declaration of Independence United States government – Articles of Confederation guaranteed equality under the – Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom law with majority rule and the – the Constitution of Virginia and the United rights of the minority protected States, including the Bill of Rights. affirmed individual worth and dignity of all people protected the fundamental freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. STANDARD CE.2C STANDARD CE.2D -- PREAMBLE TO THE CONSTITUTION -- AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION Purposes for the Constitution as stated in its Preamble. Procedures for amending the Constitution of Virginia and the Constitution of the United States. The Preamble of a constitution sets forth the The constitutions of Virginia and the United States can be goals and purposes to be amended through processes outlined in the constitutions. served by the government. The Virginia and United States constitutions have been amended and revised several times. Constitution of the United States The Preamble expresses the reasons the constitution was The amendment process is complex. written. To date, there are 27 amendments to the Purposes of United States government Constitution of the United States. To form a more perfect union Amendment process: – Proposal: action by Congress or convention of To establish justice the states To ensure domestic tranquility – Ratification: by the states To provide for the common defense Constitution of Virginia To promote the general welfare Amendment process: To secure the blessings of liberty – Proposal: action by General Assembly or constitutional convention – Ratification: by voters of Virginia The Preamble begins, “We the People,” thereby establishing that the power of government comes from the people. HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) STANDARD CE.3B Reformatted version created by SOLpass -- CITIZENSHIP’S RIGHTS & DUTIES www.solpass.org First Amendment freedoms of religion, speech, press, Civics and Economics assembly, and petition, and the rights guaranteed by due process and equal protection of the laws CE.3 & CE.4 Study Guide The Constitution of the United States establishes and protects the citizens’ fundamental rights and liberties. STANDARD CE.3A Few rights, if any, are considered absolute. -- BECOMING A CITIZEN First Amendment freedoms Religion: Government may not establish an official The processes by which an individual becomes a citizen of the religion, endorse an official religion, or unduly United States interfere with the A citizen is an individual with certain rights and duties free exercise of under a government and who, by birth or by choice, owes religion. allegiance to that government. Speech: Individuals are free to express The Fourteenth Amendment to their opinions and the Constitution of the United States beliefs. defines citizenship as follows: Press: The press “All persons born or naturalized in has the right to the United States, and subject to gather and publish the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens information, of the United States and the state including that wherein they reside.” which criticizes the government. Means of obtaining citizenship Assembly: Individuals may peacefully gather. By birth Petition: Individuals have the right to make their By naturalization views known to public officials. Immigration and naturalization, particularly in the twentieth The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments outline due century, have led to an increasingly diverse society. process. To become a citizen through naturalization, a person must: Fifth Amendment Be at least 18 years old Protects a citizen from being held for committing a crime unless they have been charged by the police. Be a legal resident of the U. S. for 3-5 or more years The Fifth Amendment also guarantees due process, Be of good moral character and be loyal to the United which means that the state and the country have to States respect a citizen’s legal rights. Be able to read, write, and speak basic English Fourteenth Amendment Pass a naturalization test Declares no state may deprive persons born or Take the Oath of Allegiance at a naturalization naturalized in the United States equal protection of ceremony. the laws STANDARD CE.3C STANDARD CE.3E -- DUTIES OF CITIZENSHIP -- COMMUNITY NEEDS The duties of citizenship, including obeying the laws, paying Civic and social duties address community needs and serve taxes, defending the nation, and serving in court. the public good. For government to be effective, citizens must fulfill their A democratic society requires the active participation of civic duties. its citizens. Duties of citizens Ways for citizens to participate in community service Obey laws, including Express concern about the welfare of the community as a whole (e.g., as related to environment, public – Paying taxes health and safety, education). – Serving in the armed forces, if called Volunteer and help to – Serving on a jury or as a witness in court, when make the community a summoned good place to work and Citizens who choose not to fulfill these civic duties face legal live (e.g., by becoming consequences. involved with public service organizations, STANDARD CE.3D tutoring, volunteering in nursing homes). -- RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENSHIP The responsibilities of citizenship, including STANDARD CE.4A-G registering and voting; communicating with government officials; -- GOOD CITIZENSHIP participating in political campaigns; Thoughtful and effective participation in civic life depends keeping informed about current issue; upon the exercise of good citizenship. respecting differing opinions in a diverse society Personal traits of good citizens A basic responsibility of citizenship is to contribute to the common good. Trustworthiness and honesty Courtesy and respect for the rights of Civic responsibilities are fulfilled by choice; they are voluntary. others Responsibilities of citizens Responsibility, accountability, and self- Register and vote reliance Hold elective office Respect for the law Patriotism Communicate with government officials to Participation in the school and/or local community influence government actions Participation in elections as an informed voter Serve in voluntary, appointed Effective participation in civic life can include government positions formulating questions Participate in political campaigns analyzing information from a variety of sources Keep informed regarding current issues expressing a position Respect others’ right to an equal voice in devising and implementing a plan government practicing thoughtful decision making in personal, financial, and civic matters (e.g., voting, civic issues) HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING Third parties (e.g., Green Party, Constitution Party, CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) Libertarian Party) Reformatted version created by SOLpass Introduce new ideas and/or www.solpass.org press for a particular issue Civics and Economics Often take votes away from the two-major parties Often revolve around a political personality (e.g., Theodore Roosevelt) STANDARD CE.5C CE.5 Study Guide -- ROLE OF MEDIA IN CAMPAIGNS Campaigns for elective office, with emphasis on the role of STANDARD CE.5A the media -- POLITICAL PARTIES Voters evaluate information presented in The functions of political parties political campaigns to make Political parties play a key role in government and provide informed choices among opportunities for citizens to participate in the political candidates. process. The media play an Functions of political parties important role in the political process. Recruiting and nominating candidates Educating the people about campaign issues Strategies for evaluating campaign speeches, Helping candidates win elections literature, and advertisements for accuracy Monitoring actions of officeholders Separating fact from opinion Detecting bias STANDARD CE.5B Evaluating sources Identifying propaganda -- TWO-PARTY SYSTEM Mass media roles in elections Similarities and differences of political parties. Identifying candidates A two-party system characterizes the American political Emphasizing selected issues process. Writing editorials, creating political cartoons, Although third parties rarely win elections, they can play publishing op-ed pieces, posting to social media and an important role in public politics. blogs. Broadcasting different points of view Similarities between parties Organize to win elections Influence public policies Reflect both liberal and conservative views on the political spectrum Define themselves in a way that wins majority support by appealing to the center of the political spectrum Differences between parties Stated in party platforms and reflected in campaigning STANDARD CE.5D Voter registration is required before a citizen may vote. Only citizens who register may -- CAMPAIGN COSTS participate in primary and general elections. Role of campaign contributions and costs Running for political office can be very expensive. Qualifications to register to vote in Virginia Rising campaign costs Citizen of the United States require candidates to conduct Resident of Virginia and precinct extensive fund-raising activities At least 18 years of age by day of general election limit opportunities to run for public office How to register to vote in Virginia give an advantage to wealthy In person at the registrar’s office individuals who run for office By mail (application obtained from the Department of encourage the development of political action Motor Vehicles, public libraries, state/local government committees (PACs) and Super PACs offices, or other designated locations) give issue-oriented special interest groups increased Online influence. Voting is a basic responsibility of citizenship. Campaign finance reform Voter registration is closed 22 days before elections. Rising campaign costs have led to efforts to reform campaign finance laws. Factors in predicting which citizens will vote Education Limits have been placed on the amount Age individuals may Income contribute to political candidates and The percentage of voters who campaigns; however, participate in presidential individuals, business, elections is usually greater than the percentage of voters who and unions can donate participate in state and local elections. unlimited amounts to PACS and Super PACS Reasons why citizens fail to vote (Citizen’s United vs. Federal Elections Committee). Lack of interest (in candidates or issues) Failure to register STANDARD CE.5E Belief that vote does not count or will have no impact -- VOTER REGISTRATION No time or too busy Requirements for voter registration Every vote is important. Through legislation and constitutional amendments, Students can participate in the democratic process by: different American citizens have been granted the right to vote at different times. participating in campaigns participating in classroom and online simulation Legislation and constitutional amendments – 15th Amendment – 19th Amendment – 23rd Amendment – 24th amendment – 26th Amendment – Voting Rights Act of 1965 STANDARD CE.5F -- ELECTORAL COLLEGE The role of the Electoral College in the election of the president and vice president. The Electoral College process is used to select the president and vice president of the United States. The Electoral College casts the official vote for president and vice president. The number of electors of each state is based on each state’s congressional representation (the number of United States senators plus the number of representatives in the House). Electoral College Process Each political party chooses its slate of electors After the popular vote, the electors cast their official votes Most states have a “winner-take-all” system that awards all electors to the winning presidential candidate Candidates need 270 electoral votes to win, which favors the two-party system The winner-take-all system leads to the targeting of densely populated states for campaigning, although candidates must pay attention to less populated states and swing states whose electoral votes may make the difference in tight elections. In most states, the party that wins the popular vote has its slate of electors cast the official vote for the president. HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING The executive branch CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) Headed by the president of the United States, the Reformatted version created by SOLpass chief executive officer of the nation www.solpass.org Executes the laws of the land Civics and Economics Prepares the annual budget for congressional action CE.6 Study Guide Appoints cabinet officers, ambassadors, and federal judges Oversees executive agencies and departments The judicial branch Consists of the federal courts, including the Supreme Court, the highest court in the land The Supreme Court exercises the power of judicial review. The federal courts try cases involving federal law and questions involving interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. STANDARD CE.6A -- NATIONAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE The structure and powers of the national government. The Constitution of the United States defines the structure and powers of the national government. The powers held by government are divided between the national government in Washington, D.C., and the governments of the 50 states. Legislative, executive, and judicial powers of the national government are distributed among three distinct and independent branches of government. The legislative branch Consists of the Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the – House of Representatives (435 members, STANDARD CE.6B – based upon populations of the states) and Senate (100 members—two per state) -- SEPARATION OF POWERS Separation of powers and the operation of checks and Makes the laws of the nation balances Approves the annual budget The powers of the national government are separated Confirms presidential appointments among the three branches of the government to limit any Raises revenue through taxes and other levies one branch from abusing its power. Regulates interstate and foreign trade Separation of powers Declares war The Constitution of the United States in Articles I, II, and III defines the powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the national government. Checks and balances Each of the three branches of the national government limits the exercise of power by the other two branches. The legislative branch Sending the bill to the other house The Congress checks the president when legislators Repeating the process in the other house – override presidential vetoes Sending the bill to the president – impeach and convict a president Elected officials in Congress write laws and take action in response to problems or issues. – approve the budget Individuals and interest groups help shape legislation. – approve presidential appointments. The formal powers of Congress are limited (denied powers) by The Congress checks the courts when legislators the Constitution of the United States. – confirm or refuse to confirm federal – judges/justices impeach and convict judges/justices. STANDARD CE.6D The executive branch -- EXECUTIVE BRANCH The president checks Congress when the president The roles and powers of the executive branch (national level) – proposes legislation The executive branch plays a key role in the policymaking – prepares an annual budget for Congress to process. approve Presidential power has grown in the years since the – call special sessions of Congress Constitution was ratified, but there are limits on what the – vetoes legislation Congress has passed. president can and cannot do. The president checks the courts when the president Ways the executive branch influences policymaking – appoints judges/justices Delivering an annual – grants pardons and reprieves speech to Congress (State of the Union The judicial branch Address) The courts check Congress when judges/justices Proposing legislation declare acts of Congress to be unconstitutional. Approving or vetoing The courts check the president when judges/justices legislation declare executive actions to be unconstitutional. Appointing officials who help carry out the laws STANDARD CE.6C Issuing executive acts/orders -- LAWMAKING PROCESS Appealing directly through the media and communications with citizens The lawmaking process (national level). Cabinet departments, agencies, and regulatory groups execute National laws are made by Congress. the laws. Citizens learn the lawmaking The president exercises power as process and influence public chief of state: policy through direct ceremonial head of participation and/or the government simulation. chief executive: head The lawmaking process of the executive requires collaboration and compromise. branch of government Legislative powers chief legislator: proposer of the legislative agenda Expressed: Specifically listed in the Constitution of the United States commander-in-chief: head of the nation’s armed forces Implied: Used to carry out expressed powers chief diplomat: American foreign policy leader The lawmaking process in Congress chief of party: leader of the political party that Introducing a bill in either house controls the executive branch Working in committees chief citizen: representative of all of the people. Debating the bill on the floor Voting on the bill HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) Reformatted version created by SOLpass www.solpass.org Civics and Economics CE.7 Study Guide STANDARD CE.7A -- STATE GOVERNMENT The structure and powers of the state government. The form of government of the Commonwealth of Virginia is established by the Virginia Constitution. Legislative, executive, and judicial powers are separated at the state level of government. The Virginia Constitution distributes power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the state government. STANDARD CE.7B The legislative branch is the General Assembly, a bicameral legislature—the House of Delegates and the Virginia Senate— -- FEDERAL SYSTEM that meets annually for a fixed number of days. The executive power is exercised by the governor, who is elected for a four-year term of office. The governor appoints members of the cabinet, who oversee specific functions of government. The lieutenant governor and the attorney general are executive branch officers who are elected for a four-year term of office. The judicial power is exercised by a court system that consists of four levels of courts: Supreme Court The relationship of state governments to the national Court of appeals government in the federal system. Circuit courts The Constitution of the United States of America establishes the principle of federalism, which is the District courts (including small claims courts and division of power between the states and the national juvenile and domestic relations courts) government. The expansion of the national government’s powers into areas traditionally reserved to the states has altered the relationship of states to the national government. The Constitution of the United States establishes a federal form of government in which the national government is supreme. The powers not given to the national government by the Constitution of the United States are reserved to the states. The Constitution of the United States denies certain powers to both the national and state governments. Some powers are shared between the national and state government (concurrent powers). Primary responsibilities of each level of government  National: Conducts foreign policy, regulates commerce, and provides for the common defense STANDARD CE.7D State: Promotes public health, safety, education, and -- STATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH welfare The roles and powers of the state executive branch and Tensions exist when federal mandates require state actions regulatory boards. without adequate funding. The executive branch of the Virginia state government enforces the laws and plays a key role in the policymaking process. STANDARD CE.7C Ways the executive branch influences policymaking -- STATE LAWMAKING Proposes biennial budget PROCESS Proposes legislation Approves veto or line-item veto bills The state lawmaking process. The governor of Virginia exercises the formal powers granted Members of the Virginia General Assembly are elected to by the Virginia Constitution. make state laws. In carrying out both the formal and informal powers of the office, the governor fills several roles, including Citizens learn the lawmaking process and influence public chief of state: ceremonial head of the state policy through direct participation and/or simulation. government The lawmaking process requires collaboration and chief legislator: proposer of the legislative agenda compromise. chief executive: head of the executive branch of state The lawmaking process in the Virginia General government Assembly party chief: leader of the political party that controls Introducing a the executive branch bill in either commander-in-chief house chief citizen: representative of all Virginians Working in committees Cabinet secretaries and departments, agencies, commissions, Debating the bill and regulatory boards on the floor administer laws and enforce laws Voting on the create regulations to monitor aspects of business and bill the economy Sending the bill to the other house provide services. Repeat process in the other house Sending the bill to the governor Elected officials in the Virginia General Assembly write laws and take action in response to problems or issues. Individuals and interest groups help shape legislation. The primary issues in the legislative process at the state level Education: To promote an informed and engaged citizenry (i.e., establish minimum standards for local schools) Public health: To promote and protect the health of its citizens Environment: To protect natural resources (i.e., improve water quality in the Chesapeake Bay) State budget: To approve a biennial (two year) budget proposed by the governor Revenue: To levy and collect taxes HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING Virginia local governments exercise defined and limited CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) powers, including the power to Reformatted version created by SOLpass enforce state and local laws www.solpass.org promote public health Civics and Economics protect public safety CE.8 Study Guide educate children protect the environment STANDARD CE.8A regulate land use levy and collect taxes. -- LOCAL GOVERNMENT In every county and city, state courts resolve judicial disputes. The structure and powers of the local government. The Virginia Constitution requires that voters in every locality The units of local governments in Virginia are created by elect a sheriff, a clerk of the circuit court, a commissioner of the General Assembly. revenue, and a treasurer. Local governments exercise legislative, executive, and judicial powers. STANDARD CE.8B Structure -- LOCAL VS. STATE GOVERNMENT The relationship of local government to the state government The units of local government in Virginia are counties, towns, and cities. The authority of local governments in Virginia is derived from the state. County All powers of local governments in Virginia are given to them Elected board of by the Constitution of Virginia and acts of the General supervisors, which Assembly. exercises legislative powers, enacting Not all counties and cities are given the same powers. Cities ordinances (local laws) and adopting an annual budget have charters listing their powers. A manager may be hired by the elected legislative branch Counties and cities assist in the local implementation of state to oversee the operations of the local government laws and programs. Elected or appointed school board, which oversees the Local government derives its funding from its ability to raise operation of the K–12 public schools in the county revenue in addition to money that the state provides. Town (incorporated) STANDARD CE.8C Elected town council, which exercises legislative powers, enacting ordinances and adopting an annual budget -- LOCAL LAWMAKING PROCESS A mayor is elected by either the voters or the town council The local lawmaking process members Counties, cities, and towns adopt and enforce ordinances A manager may be hired by the elected legislative branch to provide services for their residents. to oversee the operations of the local government Citizens learn the lawmaking process and influence public Located within counties, and citizens receive and pay for policy through direct participation and/or simulation. services from both the town and county The lawmaking process requires collaboration and Cities compromise. Elected city council, which An elected board of supervisors is responsible for passing exercises legislative powers, laws (ordinances) in counties. enacting ordinances and An elected council is the local legislative body in adopting an annual budget independent cities and incorporated towns. A mayor is elected by either Individuals can have the the voters or the city council members greatest influence on the A manager may be hired by the elected legislative branch decisions made by local to oversee the operations of the local government government officials by communicating with them Elected or appointed school board, which oversees the about their opinions and operation of the K–12 public schools in the city preference HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING dollar amounts and original jurisdiction in juvenile and CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) family cases Reformatted version created by SOLpass www.solpass.org STANDARD CE.9B Civics and Economics -- JUDICIAL REVIEW CE.9 Study Guide The exercise of judicial review. STANDARD CE.9A The power of judicial review is an important check on the legislative and executive branches of government. -- JUDICIAL SYSTEM ORGANIZATION The supreme courts of the United States and Virginia Organization of the judicial system as consisting of state and determine the constitutionality of laws and acts of the federal courts with original and appellate jurisdiction. legislative and executive branches of government. This power is called “judicial review.” The United States has a dual court system which consists of state courts and federal courts. Marbury v. Madison established the principle of The role of the judicial branch is to interpret laws. judicial review at the Terms to Know national level. jurisdiction: Authority to hear a case The Constitution of the United States is the supreme original jurisdiction: Authority to hear a case first law of the land. Appellate jurisdiction: Authority to review a decision of State laws must conform to the Virginia and United States a lower court constitutions. Felony: A serious crime misdemeanor: A smaller or less serious offense STANDARD CE.9C Federal courts have jurisdiction over federal laws. -- CIVIL & CRIMINAL CASES Civil cases and Criminal cases. The United States has a court system whose organization and jurisdiction Courts resolve two kinds of conflicts—civil and criminal. are derived from the Constitution of the United States and federal laws. Criminal case U.S. Supreme Court: Justices, In a criminal case, a court determines whether a person no jury; appellate jurisdiction; accused of breaking the law is guilty or not guilty of a limited original jurisdiction misdemeanor or a felony. U.S. Court of Appeals: Judges, no jury; appellate Procedure for criminal cases jurisdiction A person accused of a crime may be arrested if the U.S. District Court: Judge, with or without jury; original police have probable cause. jurisdiction The case proceeds to an State courts have jurisdiction over state laws. arraignment where probable cause is reviewed, an attorney Virginia, like each of the other 49 states, has its own separate may be appointed for the court system whose organization and jurisdiction are derived defendant, and a plea is entered. from Virginia’s constitution and state laws. The accused may be committed Virginia Supreme Court: Justices, no jury; appellate to jail or released on bail. jurisdiction; limited original jurisdiction In a felony case, a preliminary hearing is conducted to Court of Appeals of Virginia: Judges, no jury; appellate see if there is probable cause. If probable cause is jurisdiction to review decisions of circuit courts determined, a grand jury will determine if there is Circuit court: Judge, with or without jury; original enough evidence to indict the accused. jurisdiction for felony criminal cases and for certain civil In a misdemeanor case, there is no preliminary hearing cases; appellate jurisdiction from district courts or grand jury. A trial date is set instead. General district court, and juvenile and domestic A court date is set, and a trial is conducted. relations court: Judge, no jury; original jurisdiction for misdemeanors in civil cases generally involving lower A guilty verdict may be appealed. Civil case In a civil case, a court settles a disagreement between two parties to recover damages or receive compensation. Procedure for civil cases The plaintiff files a complaint to recover damages or receive compensation. Cases can be heard by a judge or a jury. A ruling is issued Cases can be appealed. STANDARD CE.9D -- DUE PROCESS Due process protections seek to ensure justice. The right to due process of law is outlined in the 5th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America. Due process of law protects against unfair governmental actions and laws. Terms to know due process of law: The constitutional protection against unfair governmental actions and laws Due process protections The 5th Amendment prohibits the national government from violating due process. The 14th Amendment prohibits state and local governments from violating due process. The Supreme Court has extended the guarantees of the Bill of Rights, based upon the due process clause. HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) STANDARD CE.10C Reformatted version created by SOLpass www.solpass.org -- INTERNATIONAL IMPACT Civics and Economics The impact of international issues and events on local decision making. CE.10 Study Guide Local governments may be required to formulate, adopt, and implement public policies in response to international issues and events. STANDARD CE.10A International issues and events that would require policy decisions by local government officials could include the -- THE MEDIA following: The impact of the media on public opinion and public policy. Public health concerns in the event of a pandemic The media informs policymakers and influences public Public safety in the event of an act of terrorism policy. Economic development policies in response to the Ways the media play an important role in setting the public emerging global economy agenda Policies to protect the environment (e.g., wildlife Focusing public attention on selected issues protection) Offering a forum in which opposing viewpoints are communicated Holding government officials accountable to the public Government officials use the media to communicate with the public. Strategies for evaluating media Separating fact from opinion Detecting bias Evaluating sources Identifying propaganda STANDARD CE.10B -- INTEREST GROUPS & INFLUENCE Individuals and interest groups influence public policy. Individuals and interest groups influence public policy. Terms to know lobbying: Seeking to influence legislators to introduce or vote for or against a bill Individuals can influence public policy by participating in politics (e.g., voting, campaigning, seeking office) joining interest groups Individuals and interest groups influence public policy by Identifying issues Making political contributions Lobbying government officials Expressing opinions (e.g., through lobbying, demonstrating, writing letters or e-mail, using social media). HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING – Resources available and consumer preferences CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) determine what is produced. Reformatted version created by SOLpass Consumption is the using of goods and services. www.solpass.org – Consumer preferences and price determine what is Civics and Economics purchased and consumed. CE.11 Study Guide STANDARD CE.11B STANDARD CE.11A -- ECONOMIC SYSTEMS -- MARKETPLACE DECISIONS How traditional, free market, command, and mixed economies decide how to allocate their limited Scarcity, consumers, producers, and governments must make resources. choices; everyone’s choice has an opportunity cost Every country must develop an economic system to Because of scarcity, consumers, producers, and determine how to use its limited productive resources. government decision makers are forced to The key factor in determining the type of economy a make choices. country has is the extent of government involvement. Whenever you make a choice, you are The greater the amount of decision making that is left to actually making two choices. This is because the individual, the closer a system is to a free market whenever you choose to do one thing, you system. are also choosing not to do something else. What you choose not to do is your opportunity cost. The greater the amount of decision making that is left to a centralized authority, the closer the system is to a All choices have opportunity costs. command system. The problem of scarcity faces all individuals and The basic questions of economics organizations, including businesses and governments. What will be produced? We have unlimited wants, but our resources are limited. How will it be produced? The goods and services we want exceed our ability to For whom will it be produce them. produced? Scarcity forces consumers, producers, and governments Each type of economy to make difficult choices. answers the basic questions differently. Scarcity is the inability to satisfy all wants at the same time. Traditional – All resources and goods are limited. economy – Limited goods and resources require that choices be Economic decisions are based on custom and historical made. precedent. Resources are factors of production that are used in the People often perform the same type of work as their production of goods and services. parents and grandparents, regardless of ability or – Types of resources are natural, human, capital, and potential. entrepreneurship. Free market economy Choice is selection of an item or action from a set of Private ownership of property/resources possible alternatives. Profit motive – Individuals must choose or make decisions about desired goods and services because these goods and Competition services are limited. Consumer sovereignty Opportunity cost is what is given up when a choice is made (the second best alternative). Individual choice – Individuals must consider the value of what is given Minimal government involvement in the economy up when making a choice. Production is the combining of human, natural, capital, and entrepreneurship resources to make goods or provide services. Command economy Central ownership (usually by government) of property/resources Centrally planned economy Lack of consumer choice Mixed economy Individuals and businesses are owners and decision makers for the private sector. The government is owner and decision maker for the public sector. The government’s role is greater than in a free market economy and less than in a command economy. Most economies today, including the United States, are mixed economies. HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) STANDARD CE.12B Reformatted version created by SOLpass www.solpass.org -- SUPPLY & DEMAND Civics and Economics In a market economy supply and demand determine prices Both buyers and sellers CE.12 Study Guide respond to price changes. When prices change, buyers change STANDARD CE.12A the quantity they are willing and able to buy -- U.S. ECONOMY and sellers change the quantity they are Characteristics of the United States economy, including willing and able to bring to market. limited government, private property, profit, and competition. Neither supply nor demand alone can set the price. The United States economy is primarily a free market Price economy; but because there is some government Price is determined by the interaction of supply and involvement it is characterized as a mixed economy. demand Government intervenes in a market economy when the Price is the amount of money exchanged for a good perceived benefits of a government policy outweigh the or service anticipated costs. Demand Characteristics of the United States economy Demand is the amount of A market exists whenever buyers and sellers exchange a good or service that goods and services. consumers are willing and able to buy at different Free enterprise: Markets are generally allowed to operate prices during a given time without undue interference from the government. period. – Prices are determined by supply and demand as Law of demand- buyers and sellers interact in the marketplace. Consumers will buy more of a good or service at lower Private property: Individuals and businesses have the right prices and less at higher prices. to own real and personal property as well as the means of Higher prices for a good or service provide incentives production without undue interference from the for buyers to purchase less of that good or service. government. Lower prices for a good or service provide incentives for – The government provides a structure to define buyers to purchase more of that good or service. and enforce such property rights. Supply Profit motive: Profit consists of earnings after all expenses have been paid. Individuals have the opportunity to create Supply is the amount a business and earn profits. of a good or service that producers are Competition: Rivalry between producers and/or between willing and able to sellers of a good or service usually results in better quality offer for sale at each goods and services at lower prices. possible price during a given period of time. Consumer sovereignty: Consumers determine through purchases what goods and services will be produced. Law of Supply- Producers will produce more when they can sell at a high price and will produce less when they – Government involvement in the economy is can sell at a low price. limited. Most decisions regarding the production of goods and services are made in the private Higher prices for a good or service provide incentives sector. for producers to make or sell more of a good or service. Lower prices for a good or service provide incentives for producers to make or sell less of a good or service. Equilibrium price: The circular flow diagram is a way of visualizing and categorizing activity within an economy. Goods, services, and Equilibrium price is the point where supply and demand resources flow in one direction. Money flows in the opposite meet. direction. Everyone who wants to sell at that price can sell. Everyone who wants to buy at that price can buy. Economic flow STANDARD CE.12C (circular -- BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS; ROLE flow) OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP There are three basic ways that businesses organize to earn profits. Entrepreneurs play an important role in all three types of business organizations. Households own the resources used in production, sell the resources, and use the income to purchase products. Basic types of business ownership Businesses buy resources; make products that are sold to Proprietorship: A form of business organization with one individuals, other businesses, and the government; and use owner who takes all the risks and all the profits. the profits to buy more resources. Partnership: A form of business organization with two or When households and businesses spend money, the more owners who share the risks and the profits. income is used by households to purchase goods and services and by businesses to purchase resources. Corporation: A form of business organization that is authorized by law to act as a legal entity regardless of the Governments use tax revenue from households and number of owners. Owners share the profits. Owner businesses to provide public goods and services. liability is limited to the amount of their investment. Entrepreneur STANDARD CE.12E A person who takes a risk to produce and sell goods and services in search of profit -- FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS How financial institutions channel funds from savers to May establish a business according to any of the three borrowers types of organizational structures Private financial institutions help facilitate an exchange Entrepreneurs increase competition by bringing new of money between savers and borrowers. goods and services to market or by delivering products in innovative ways. They often foster technological progress Private financial institutions and economic growth. Include banks and credit unions STANDARD CE.12D Receive deposits and make loans Encourage saving and investing by paying interest on -- CIRCULAR FLOW deposits Circular flow shows how consumers (households), businesses Help provide financial capital (money) to (producers), and markets interact. people/businesses to start or grow businesses Resources, goods and services, and money flow continuously among households, businesses, and markets STANDARD CE.12F in the United States economy. -- GLOBAL ECONOMY The relationship of Virginia and the United States to the global economy, with emphasis on the impact of technological innovations Virginia and the United States pursue international trade in order to increase wealth. Terms to know  global economy: Worldwide markets in which the buying and selling of goods and services by all nations takes place Reasons that states and nations trade To obtain goods and services they cannot produce or cannot produce efficiently themselves To buy goods and services at a lower cost or a lower opportunity cost To sell goods and services to other countries To create jobs Virginia and the United States specialize in the production of certain goods and services, which promotes efficiency and growth. Impact of technological innovations Innovations in technology (e.g., the Internet) contribute to the global flow of information, capital, goods, and services. The use of such technology also lowers the cost of production. HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING Ways governments pay for public goods and CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) services Reformatted version created by SOLpass www.solpass.org Through tax revenue Civics and Economics Through borrowed funds Through fees (e.g., park entrance fees) CE.13 Study Guide Through fines STANDARD CE.13C STANDARD CE.13A -- TAXATION -- MARKETPLACE COMPETITION How local, state, and federal governments allocate their budgets and collect taxes to pay for goods and services they Competition in the marketplace provide; The government promotes and regulates marketplace competition. Every level of government— federal, state, and local— Ways the government promotes marketplace requires revenue to pay for goods and services provided competition by the government. Taxes and fees levied on individuals and businesses are the major source of this revenue. Establishing and enforcing antitrust legislation to discourage the development of monopolies Local, state, and federal governments determine how best Enacting policies that encourage global trade to use and allocate the money they collect. Supporting business start-ups In the United States, governments collect several different types of Government agencies that regulate and promote revenue or taxes from individuals competition in the marketplace and businesses. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) The income tax is main source of revenue for the federal SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) government FTC (Federal Trade Commission) Income taxes and sales tax are These agencies oversee the way individuals and key sources of revenue for state governments. companies do business. Property and sales taxes are key sources of revenue for most local governments. STANDARD CE.13B Income tax: Payments made by individuals and -- PUBLIC GOODS & SERVICES corporations based on income received Sales tax: A tax consumers pay on many items they purchase. It How and why government provides certain goods and is a percentage of the sale price. services Property tax: A tax levied on land and buildings. Property tax Government provides certain goods and services that may also be levied on personal property such as boats or cars. individuals and businesses acting alone cannot provide efficiently. Federal government revenue pays for services such as national defense and homeland security, some medical expenditures Characteristics of most goods and services provided (such as Medicare), payments to Social Security recipients, and by government interest payments on the national debt. Provide benefits to many simultaneously Most state and local government revenue is spent on Would not likely be available if individuals had to provide education, public health and welfare, road construction and them repair, and public safety – including police and fire departments. Include such things as interstate highways public schools, and national defense Most economic decisions in the United States are made in the marketplace, but government also plays a role in the economy by providing goods and services that markets cannot provide efficiently STANDARD CE.13D STANDARD CE.13F -- FEDERAL RESERVE --MONEY Federal Reserve System acts as the nation’s central bank. The role of government currency and the purpose of a money economy As the central bank of the United States, the Federal Reserve System Money is defined as anything that is generally accepted as regulates banks to help ensure the a method of payment for goods and services. soundness of the banking system Money makes it easier to trade, borrow, save, and invest, and the safety of deposits and to compare the value of goods and services. Influences the money supply and interest rates in the economy to When the United States keep inflation low and stable government issues coins and currency, people Provides financial services to banks and the federal accept it in exchange for government goods and services The Federal Reserve System consists of a Board of Governors because they have and 12 federal reserve banks confidence in the government. The chairperson is appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Money acts as a medium of exchange, making trade easier. Money acts as a store of value, making it easier to save and STANDARD CE.13E invest. -- CONSUMER & PROPERTY RIGHTS Money acts as a measure of value, making it easier to compare the value of goods and services. The United States government passes laws and creates The three types of money generally used in the United States agencies to protect consumer rights and property rights, are competition in the marketplace, labor, and the environment. coins A property right is a legal claim of currency ownership. deposits in bank accounts that can be accessed by – Government helps define and checks and debit cards. enforce property rights. – Property ownership is protected by negotiated contracts that are enforceable by law. – This process helps beneficial exchanges take place. Government agencies establish regulations that protect public health and safety and promote competition. Consumers may take legal action against violations of consumer rights. Some government agencies that protect consumers, labor, or the environment include the following: Consumers: – CPSC- Consumer Product Safety Commission – FDA- Food and Drug Administration Labor: – OSHA- Occupational Safety and Health Administration – EEOC- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Environment: EPA- Environmental Protection Agency HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARDS OF LEARNING from foreign workers for United States jobs but also may CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK 2015 (NEW) create opportunities for United States workers to work for Reformatted version created by SOLpass companies based in other countries. www.solpass.org Being fiscally responsible includes making careful spending Civics and Economics decisions, saving and investing for the future, having insurance, keeping to a budget, using credit wisely, as well CE.14 Study Guide as understanding how contracts, warranties, and guarantees can protect the individual. STANDARD CE.14 -- CAREERS & FINANCES The student will demonstrate knowledge of personal finance and career opportunities by a) identifying talents, interests, and aspirations that influence career choice; b) identifying attitudes and behaviors that strengthen the individual work ethic and promote career success; c) identifying abilities, skills, and education and the changing supply and demand for them in the economy; d) examining the impact of technological change and globalization on career opportunities; e) describing the importance of education to lifelong personal finances; f) examining the financial responsibilities of citizenship, including evaluating common forms of credit, savings, investments, purchases, contractual agreements, warranties, and guarantees. An awareness of personal talents, interests, and aspirations is needed to select a career. Human capital refers to the combination of a person's education, knowledge, skill, experience, health, training and talent. People develop their human capital through formal and informal education. People who have invested in their own human capital have the potential to produce more, earn more and choose a career that is satisfying to them. Career planning starts with self-assessment. Attitudes and behaviors that support a strong work ethic enhance career success. Employers seek employees who demonstrate the attitudes and behaviors of a strong work ethic. There is a correlation among skills, education, and income. Higher skill and/or education levels generally lead to higher incomes. Supply and demand also influence job income. Employers seek individuals who have kept pace with technological changes by updating their skills.? Changes in technology influence the abilities, skills, and education needed in the workforce. Technological advancements create new jobs in the workplace. Technology and information flows permit people to work across international borders. This creates competition