Circulatory System PDF - Biology

 Circulatory System Purpose: cells Transport _____________to ALL body ____________ oxygen Waste Removal of ____________ CO...

 Circulatory System Purpose: cells Transport _____________to ALL body ____________ oxygen Waste Removal of ____________ CO2 from ALL body cells (metabolic waste which includes _________) hormones Transport of ______________from endocrine glands to their target organs digestive system Transport of nutrients from_________________ to ALL body cells infection To help protect the body from ________________(WBC) blood loss and ______________(platelets) Circulatory System Labeling:. Aortic value Superior Cava Pulmonary artery lungs) vena (to Pulmonary artery Pulmonary Pulmonary vein (back to heart) Leinback to heart RA LA Pulmonary valve left atrium s Rightem : / ↳ LV Bicuspid value Tricuspid value RV (Mitral value) Artic value Right venbide left venhicle Inferior Lena Cava Septum Descending Aorta  less diff in If mixed - concentration ↑ gradiento diffusion.. less Oz What function do Left side = oxygenated blood Separated into 4 chambers to supply the 4 chambers serve? Right side = deoxygenateda avoid mixing of oxygenated/ deoxygenated blood less muscles Abia receives blood , atria receiving blood = = · blood into ventricle, which pump ventricle pumping blood = has thicker muscle for pumping out ofthe heart Why does the heart Flaps of muscles that · Prevent blood from backflow need valves? Copposite direction) opencloseto - test part · Allows HIGH pressure for pumping action(chamber enclosed) only pumps to lusa Looking at the diagram, what Right-less (thinner) muscleRight anatomical differences do you left s more muscle Left-pumping (more to entire body pressure needed notice between the (thicker) left needs more muscle to be right and the left able to ventricle? pump blood everywhere What is the Separates left/right side Separates oxygenated/ purpose of the of the heart deoxygenated blood septum? (thick muscular wall)  Colour the arrows to depict the flow of deoxygenated vs. oxygenated blood To the body ↑↑ for gas To lungs exchange Right lung Leftlung ↑ ↓ > - - Pulmonary = > - T arley (away) ↑ > Pulmonary veins - lay = and 14 7 Ru Descending Aurta ↑ ↓ superior and From your tissues is collected into the _________________ inferior vena cava ______________________ right and fills ___________________ atrium CO2 ventricle right ahium into __________________ Moves from ________________ right tricuspid value (atrioventricular value) through the __________________ right venhide Is pumped from the ___________________ into the pulmonary artey value pulmonary ___________________ (through _____________________) lungs which leads to the __________ (capillaries lie on top of alveoli for gas exchange) lungs Pulmonary vein From the _________ moves into ____________________ left atrium and collects in the _______________ 02 left atrium Moves from _________________ left venhicle into __________________ bicuspid value (mitral value) through the __________________ left venhicle Is pumped from _________________ aorta into the ___________ through the aortic value ________________ aorta Is pumped from ______________ tissues to the _______________ in our body  Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange Flow of blood from heart to body to supply tissuel organ with oxygen/nutrients and remove wastes Horta Right ahium Right ventricle left ventride Left abium Inferior Vena Cava Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Superior Vena Cava Liver- > Receives all blood and cleans these bloods Sino abial node Y (natural peacemaker ↳ starting point of electic signal signals , are spread through walls ahia of u ahia to contract causes = forcing blood into venhides Cabrioventricular node) Delays signals (sent to Purkinje network) to give ahia time to contract before Lenhides do fibers that send impulse to muscular Pathway of contract walls of venhicle, causing them to from the apex (bottom) furcing blood up/outof the heart , EKG/ Measures the electrical impulses by a beating heart ↳ Used to diagnose abnormal heart rhythm (Electrocardiogram) a Apply a pacemaker to treat the disease  Measure of the pressure or force of blood against the wall of artery while heart is contracting relaxing + Pressure movement when venhicles CONTRACT 3 Bloods flows out of the ventricle + Tricuspid/bicuspid value CLOSED left ventide pumps blood to the body aorta through · Right ventride pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary veins Pressure movement when ventricles RELAX ↳ Blood moves into the ventide · Ventides relaxed + bicuspid/tricuspid value OPEN · Blood from ahria (L &R) fills the ventricles Systemic blood pressure Decreases the blood moves from as away left ventricles Anta-arteries > - arterioles > - CAPILLARIES - venules veins > - > - Vena Cava (Distance TPD) I Decrease in pressure as blood travels from heart S away ② Decrease in pressure as blood volume decrease (diverged Balanced into SMAL arterioles (Blood VIPV) + capillaries) ③ Increase in pressure as blood vessel narrows (Vessels V+ P1) from aorta to arterioles - more resistance within vessels If pressure is too high capillaries might burst since they're only I cell thick 6 Also diffusion would Not be as eficient (gas exchange)  ↳ blood pressure cuff When a sphygmomanometer is inflated, it blood flow prevents ____________________________. No sound is heard. When pressure released, first sound is the systolic ______________pressure and the second is the diastolic _______________pressure s ~ ystolic 120/80 mm/Hg Average reading _____________________________ ↳ diastolic available in the classroom measure your BP according to the instructions from your teacher (be comfortably seated with your arm at chest height; place the cuff on your left arm above your elbow so that it is not overly tight - see visual) closure of articl pulmonary values diastole during LUB-DUB sound. ↑ 1. Using the stethoscope provided, carefully place the scope near your heart. Listen for the LUB-systolic : which of the sounds is louder/stronger? O The LUB or the DUB? > - closure of DUB- diastolic bicuspid/tricuspid 2. Move the stethoscope round the general area of where the heart is located (you can also values listen to the heart from placing the scope against your ribs on your back) during systole Do all the areas produce the same sounds? O Yes or NO · Apex (bottom) produces deaver LUB-systolic sound (tricuspid/mitral) · Base (top) produce clearer DUB- diastolic sound (pulmonary/aortic) Blood pressure is the measure of the pressure of blood flow against the walls of arteries when the heart is contracting (systole) and relaxing (diastole) 120/80 mmHg is the normal measure of an adult's blood pressure. 120 is the systolic pressure (contraction of ventricles), and 80 is the diastolic pressure (relaxation of ventricles) Systole is a stage in the cardiac cycle where ventricles CONTRACT. In this stage, the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves are CLOSED, and the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve, and the left ventricle to the entire body through the aortic valve. Diastole is a stage in the cardiac cycle where ventricles RELAX. In this stage, mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves are OPEN, allowing blood from the pulmonary vein to enter the atria, and then into the ventricles. Blood accumulates in ventricles and is then pumped out during systole. The amount of blood ejected/ pumped from the left ventricle SV = EDV (End-diastolic volume) - ESV (End-systolic volume) ○ Diastolic = preload (ventricles filled); systolic = pumped (ventricles empty) Normal Range: 50 to 100 ml Stroke volume INCREASES or stays the SAME as age increases; physical activity may increase SV in healthy individuals. The quantity of blood pumped by the heart (L/ min) Female CO < Male CO on average; Female = 5.6 vs. Males = 6.7 L/min (diff 2.2L/min) ○ Female hearts are smaller than male hearts, deliver less oxygen at each beat (smaller SV) and need higher HR CO (Cardiac Output) = HR (Hear Rate) * SV (Stroke Volume) Normal resting HR for adults = 60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM) Females have a higher heart rate than males. This is because females hearts are smaller and deliver less SV at each systole, so faster pumping action is needed to deliver enough oxygen.  The left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to the body through the aorta (passing through the aortic valve) The right ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. (passing through the pulmonary valve) However, on the cross-section diagram, the left and right ventricle are the patient’s left and right, opposite to the viewers. ○ RV = bottom left; LV = bottom right The left ventricle is surrounded by stronger and thicker muscles, while the right ventricle has fewer muscles. Because left ventricle needs higher force to pump the blood all over the body, while the right ventricle only needs to pump to the lungs (nearby) Atria would have thinner walls than ventricles. This is because the atria are only responsible for receiving the blood, but ventricles need more muscles to ACTIVELY pump the blood away from the heart. The athlete’s heart has more muscles surrounding the left and right ventricles compared to a normal heart. Because athletes need more oxygen supply to help their muscle cells generate ATP energy during exercise, their stroke volume will be significantly higher than non-athletes. To do this stronger muscle is needed to deliver more oxygenated blood at each pump. Athletes would have a lower resting Heart Rate (HR), because they have more muscles surrounding the ventricles, making them more efficient at pumping blood. Therefore, they could pump more blood at each beat → need less pumping action per minute to obtain the required amount of oxygen.  Liquid part of the blood. ↳ A of salts diluted solution , glucose, produce Plasma (55%) amino acids + Bone proteins vitamins/ , de ↳ While BloodCells mineral , area t and fats Platelets (1 %) produce Red Blood Cells (45 %) The heart beats around 3 billion times in an average person’s life. second About 8 million blood cells die in the human body produced each second. - every , and the same number are Within a tiny drop of blood, there are some 5 million red blood cells. It takes about 20 sec for a red blood cell to circulate through the whole body. Red blood cells make approximately 250, 000 round trips around the body before returning to the bone marrow (where they were produced) to die. Red blood cells may live for about four months circulating throughout the body, feeding the 60 trillion other body cells. Thrombocytes Enquid Leukocytes Erythrocytes Cellular component of blood  x0 = 2 Shape Biconcate disc (concass sides) on both Does not have nucleus to have space for hemoglobin to bind molecules oxygen issues and Function Transportagen to Carbon dioxide lungs to (or gas exchange) allows larger surface area for gas exchange How does the 1. Biconcave shape fit into don't get stuck in capillaries exchange lessdistanset structure relate. 2 Flexible so they to the function? 3. Diameter of RBC = diameter of capillary -b increase in gas At of RBC to ↳ single-filed Disease sidle cell Sickle cell anemia-change in shape a Affecting the cell C-shaped cresent can cause > - blockage in vessels/lack of oxygen supply (smaller > - Helpful SA) Protein found RBC CO-proteins · on Composed · of 4 protein chains each contain , a Heme group Heme each contain sin le FRON atom (Feat) 00 groups a (affinity · · Fron binds to OXYGEN - strongly attracted to · IRBC 1 = protein chains = 4 Heme groups = 4 FRON/O2 molecule Allows blood to carry zox more oxygen thanitwouldif Ost · > - Harmful Themoglobin · Poisonous due to HIGHER AFFINITY Carbon Monoxide has easier time to RBCs (than Oxygen) attaching to · nemoglobin therefore will replace oxygen · Deprives body of oxygen- > faint Shape various Shapes depending on roles in immune system · Have nucleus Function · Immune defense · # in bloodstream increase (double) when fighting infection How does the Some WBCs are larger and can engulf foreign structure relate to particles/bacterial viruses tagged for destruction the function? ↳ phagocytosis Disease affecting Leukemia - Abnormal WBCs are produced. Those abnormal while blood cells longer function properly attack body's -> own no the cell RBCs  Platelike not actual cells but , Shape ↳ Have No nucleusfragments of cells produced by bone marrow Function Involved in blood dotting process How does the Chemicals in platelets allow them to stick to to structure relate to cell walls of vessels and form a clot in response a the function? cut, sealingthe leak blood Disease affecting Hemophilia prevents proper - clotting the cell (X-linked recessive inheritance Cross-section e Min SMALLER SIZE Endothelium layer of collagen Peripheral Circulatory I B sters call Aorta s artng > arterioles = capillaries - venules - veins - Vena Cava BP High BP Low  - small lumen diameter the heart Function Carry blood away from Structure of Thick musde layer (inner) + elastic muscle the Wall ↳ narrower lumen Valves? No A. L How Does Structure Thick wall that withstand the is highly elastic allows to that the heart Relate to high pressure Function? exerts on blood v L - larger lumBP enghigh at arteries (doseu to left enti a back to the heart Function Bringblood Structure of the thinner, less elastic tissue Wall ↳ wider lumen Valves? Yes > - prevent backflow and help bring blood back to heart from LV How Does Structure Blood lacks pressure in veins (away thick Relate to Therefore walls do not need to be as extra force to return blood to heart Function? · Values are required to give + Values in Veins Pressure is very low in veins so blood cannot naturally return to heart Skeletal muscles help open/close the venous values Muscles CONTRACT -> > values OPEN pushes blood UPWARDS > - u Muscles RELAX-values close blood falls until it fills the -> VALVE = When filled values close to prevent backflow Varicose Leins- > Value Failure muscle value did close not completely RBCs accumulate in veins > - backflow occurs during swollen RELAXATION - > as Function Sile of internal GAS EXCHANGE ballows diffusion of nuhients + wastes between cells + bloodstream capillaries from E On into - Pulmonary alredi : into alvedi + CO2 from cap. Of from into Systemic : capillaries from cells into body cells + CO2 cap. cell thick Structure of the Wall Single Valves? No. cell thick walls allow for of Structure · Single exchange distance to travel) Related to gas nutrient + waste (shorter , small diameter pushes RBCs against cell walls for easier Function? · gas exchange 6. If someone is sitting down for long periods of 1. What is an IV? time, for instance a plane from Vancouver to 2. What components are in an IV? Sydney, how will this affect venous blood 3. When is an IV given to a patient? return? 4. If someone is fighting off an infection, 7. What is the difference between what would you expect to see in the vasoconstriction and vasodilation? What is the significance of being able to do both? blood? 8. What are three structural differences 5. Some women have to go on between the arteries/arterioles and immunosuppressants during pregnancy veins/venules? due to the blood type of mother versus : child. Think back to genetics, explain 1. How many weeks in utero before the why and which blood groups would be cardiovascular system is fully developed? affected. 2. How does fetal circulation differ from adult circulation? Intravenous Fluids (IV) are liquids injected into a person's veins through an IV (intravenous) tube Venous blood return relies on the assistance of skeletal muscle pump. When skeletal muscle contract, valves in veins are forced open and A spike, a vent, a drip chamber, a long tube for thus returning blood upwards back to heart. connection, a roller clamp, and a needle adaptor However, if a person is sitting down for long with a needle periods of time, their skeletal muscles would NOT contract as frequently as they are walking, resulting in slower venous blood return Vasodilation - widening of blood vessels Vasoconstriction - narrowing of blood vessels Being able to do both allows a balance of blood flow within the body, When the patient has fluid loss in their body (dehydration, inability to intake nutrients, 8. What are three structural differences between diarrhea, or over-sweating, vomiting, after the arteries/arterioles and veins/venules? surgery) Wall thickness → arteries have thicker vessel IV is a direct method of supplementing fluids, walls while veins have thinner vessel walls electrolytes, nutrients, medications into your Elastic tissue → arteries have more elastic tissue bloodstream so they can be quickly transported on their walls, while veins have less elastic tissue to the rest of the body on their walls Lumen size → arteries have smaller lumen size due to thicker vessel walls, while veins have larger lumen size due to thinner vessels walls BP → in arteries BP is high (need thicker walls), in veins BP is low (thinner walls) A significant increase in the number of White blood cells (WBCs), as well as phagocytosis (WBCs engulfing foreign cells) : Starting around 8 weeks, but 12 weeks for the cardiovascular system to be completely functional RBCs in the body can be classified as Rh positive or Rh negative due to the presence or absence of Rh protein. If the mother is Rh-negative and Fetus have shunts to bypass the lungs and liver baby is Rh-positive, the mother’s immune system (do not use these organs for circulation because may recognize the Rh-positive RBCs in the baby they’re NOT yet functional); they receive blood as foreign and attack them, causing defects in directly through the mother’s placenta, and most the baby. circulation happens in the HEART only.  The red blood cell has a nucleus __T or F__ C O Red blood cells are round __T or F__ biconcave C Blood is a tissue; tissues are collections of specialized cells in close association. __T or F__ There is only one iron atom in a blood cell __T or F__ 4& Fron atom ↳ Red blood cells have a slow replacement rate __T or F__ C replaced rapidly values prevent #C RBC’s are formed in the bone marrow and are stored in the spleen __T or F__ backflow The human heart is a single pump __T or F__ C2 systemic + : pulmonary x Arteries have valves __T orC veins do F__ No values Only C. ↳ Although the circulatory system appears to be a tangled mess, blood flow is unidirectional _T or F__ All creatures have a four chambered heart. __T or F__ C ↳ Earth worms have real hearts __T or F__ C diameter 1. What special property of red blood cells allows them to pass through capillaries? Biconcave, same 2. How does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?Tissues - Vena Cava XRA-RV as capillaries 3. Describe how structure and function are related in a capillary, artery and vein. & 4. Distinguish between an open and closed circulatory system. 6 SA Node. 5. Why is your carotid (neck) pulse stronger than your radial (wrist) pulse? Neck is closer to heart + shonger (sinoatrial)6. Where is the heart’s pacemaker? What is it called? blood flow inthe night7. What am I? Given a description of the circulatory system of various animals can you identify them? For example, who has a two, three, partially divided and four chambered heart? atrium 8. Explain how it is possible to return blood from the tissues back to the heart when the blood has to move against the force of gravity. Skeletal muscles contract to force venous values OPEN > blood moves - upward to heart Engthrocytes 9. Another name for mature red blood cells is _________. Erythrocytes-RBC thrombocytes 10. Cardiac output is the product ofstroke _________ heart rale (HR) Leukocytes WBC volumeand _________. - a Platelets heart (the pump), (2) blood Su 11. The components of the circulatory system are (1) _________ _________ (the passageways), and (3) blood (the transport medium). _________ vessels contraction C 1. What is the correct order of the peripheral circulatory system divisions, starting from the A 4. Which of the following statements about- systole arteries: is true: i. Venules, ii. Capillaries, iii. Veins, iv. Arterioles C ~ A) It is an indicator of ventricular blood pressure. A) iv → ii → iii → i B) Its normal measure is about 80 mmHg. X120 B) iii → i → ii → iv arteriessiriiiiii C) It describes the pressure in the heart when the C C) iv → ii → i → iii ventricles are relaxedXand filledXwith blood. D) ii→ i → iii → iv D) It describes the pressure in the heart when it E) i → ii → iii → iv is in the relaxation Xphase of the cardiac cycle. E) Two of the above. C 2. Which of the following statements regarding capillaries is false: D ~ A) They are the smallest division of the peripheral circulatory 5. Which of the following choices describes the system. CO2 distributing correct order of events that occur during the B) One of their main functions is picking up waste products. + O2 to body o C) They are composed of smooth muscle and endothelial cells. D) None of the above. > - ~ cells cardiac cycle: i. The mitral and tricuspid valves open and the atria force blood into the ventricles. D cell thick E) Two of the above. single ii. The ventricles contract and push the blood out. S iii. The heart relaxes in diastole and the atria fill B 3. The the: beating of the heart is primarily governed by with blood. D iv. The ventricles fill with blood. D A) tricuspid valve A) iii → iv → i → ii B) sinus node SAnode C B) iii → ii → iv → i iiisisivsij C) parasympathetic nervous system C) i → iii → iv → ii D) superior vena cava E) atrial node Ar node CD) iii → i → iv → ii E) none of the above