CHIN 111 Final Exam Notes PDF

9/3 Overview of China's Geography Major Dynasties and Periods Shang (1554-1045/1040 B.C.E.) Yuan (1260 – 1368) Zhou (1045/1040 - 256 B.C.E.) Ming (1368 – 1644) Qin (221 – 207 B.C.E.) Qing (1644 – 1911) Han (202 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.) Republic of...

9/3 Overview of China's Geography Major Dynasties and Periods Shang (1554-1045/1040 B.C.E.) Yuan (1260 – 1368) Zhou (1045/1040 - 256 B.C.E.) Ming (1368 – 1644) Qin (221 – 207 B.C.E.) Qing (1644 – 1911) Han (202 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.) Republic of China (founded 1912) Sui (589 – 618) People’s Republic of China (founded 1949) Tang (618 – 906) Song (960 – 1279) 3 River Valley Yellow River: has great bends, loess plateau Yanze River: southern river Pearl River: 9/6 The Civilizations of High Antiquity: The Shang Sage Kings - Agriculture, floods (Da Yu the Great) - Controlled writing - Traditional medicine Shang Dynasty (c. 1554 – 1045/1040 B.C.E.) Zhou Dynasty (1045/1040 – 256 B.C.E.) Divination: used to tell the future  Oracle bones Oracle bone script Ritual bronzes - made for use in rites (rituals) such as ancestor worshipping, feasting, and religious rituals ○ Found in tombs Terracotta army - legacy of human sacrifice ** Only 1 king on top - central ruler 9/10 The Founding of the Zhou and the Confucian Classics Zhou Dynasty (1045/1040 – 256 B.C.E.) Western Zhou (1045/1040 – 771) Eastern Zhou (771 – 256) Heaven (tian 天) Mandate of Heaven (tian ming 天命) Confucian classics Rites/ritual (li 禮) Canon Feudal system 1) Kings Zhou 2) Lords The Confucian Classics Classic of Changes 周易／易經 - divination of text for prediction of events; made up of 64 hexagrams used to represent different changes in the cosmos based on principles of yin and yang What is a Hexagram? Six lines Each line is broken or unbroken 2^6 = 64 Classic of Documents 尚書／書經 - most historical, collections of historical lengs about founding of Zhou dynasty Classic of Poetry 詩經 - also known as Book of Odes, about love and relationships; work, agriculture, and daily life; politics; religious rituals and ancestral worship Rites 周禮 - rituals Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋 Zuo Commentary 左傳  (Two other commentaries) Music 樂 - reflections political landscape, brings people together through joy/resentment 9/13 The Hundred Schools and Confucius’s Analects Zhou Dynasty (1045/1040 – 256 B.C.E.) Western Zhou (1045/1040 – 771) Eastern Zhou (771 – 256) Hundred Schools Confucius (Kongzi 孔子) (551-479 B.C.E.) Analects (Lun yu 論語) Confucian virtues: benevolence (ren 仁), filial piety (xiao 孝), etc. gentleman (junzi 君子) Hundred Schools of Thought Confucius (Kongzi, Master Kong) 551-479 B.C.E. Confucian Virtues humaneness (ren 仁) loyalty (zhong 忠) righteousness (yi 義) ritual decorum (li 禮) virtue (de 德) forgiveness (shu 恕) filial piety (xiao 孝) Confucian Ethics “Let the ruler be a ruler; the minister, a minister; the father, a father; the son, a son.” (12:11) “Before you have learned to serve human beings, how can you serve spirits? When you do not yet know life, how can you know about death?” (11:11) 9/17 Introducing Daoism: The Laozi and the Zhuangzi Zhou Dynasty (1045/1040 – 256 B.C.E.) Western Zhou (1045/1040 – 771) Eastern Zhou (771 – 256) Hundred Schools Confucianism Laozi, Zhuangzi Dao (/Tao) 道: “way,” “path,” “way of doing something”  wuwei 無為: non-action The Laozi A.k.a. Daodejing, Tao Te Ching The Way “The Way that can be spoken of (dao) is not the constant (or eternal) Way, / The name that can be named is not the constant name” (§1) “The Way gives birth to the One; / The One gives birth to two, / Two give birth to three; / And three give birth to all things” (§42) Two = yin and yang Against Virtue When the great Way declined, There were humaneness and right[eous]ness. When intelligence and wisdom emerged, There was great artifice. When the six relations [parent/child, older brother/younger brother, husband/wife] were no longer harmonious, There were filial children. When the realm fell into disorder, There were loyal ministers. (§18) A Daoist Utopia The Zhuangzi “Inner chapters” (1-7) A Daoist hero Butterfly Dream “Once Zhuang Zhou dreamed he was a butterfly. A butterfly fluttering happily around—was he revealing what he himself meant to be? He knew nothing of [the man] Zhou. All at once awakening, there suddenly he was—Zhou. But he didn’t know if he was Zhou having dreamed he was a butterfly or a butterfly dreaming he was Zhou. Between Zhou and the butterfly, there must surely be some distinction. This is known as the transformation of things.” (103) 9/24 Legalism and the Rise of the Qin Zhou Dynasty (1045/1040 – 256 B.C.E.) Western Zhou (1045/1040 – 771) Eastern Zhou (771 – 256) Hundred Schools of Thought - period of intellectual and cultural flourishing that ended with rise of Qin; Qin dynasty put an end to Hundred Schools of Thought by burning books, burying scholars, outlawing all philosophical schools except for legalism Legalism State of Qin (897-221 B.C.E.) Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.E.) The First Emperor of the Qin (Qin Shi Huangdi 秦始皇帝) Reigned 247-221 (as King of Qin) Reigned 221-210 (as Emperor) The Last Seven Warring States Shang Yang The Legacy of the Qin “Qin, from a tiny base, had become a great power, ruling the land and receiving homage from all quarters for a hundred-odd years. Yet after they had unified the land and secured themselves within the pass, a single common rustic could nevertheless challenge this empire and cause its ancestral temples to topple and its ruler to die..., a laughingstock in the eyes of all. Why? Because the ruler lacked humaneness and right[eous]ness.” Jia Yi (201-168? B.C.E.), “The Faults of Qin” 9/27 The Great Han Dynasty Historians Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.) Sima Qian 司馬遷(145? – 86?) Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji 史記) Great Historians of the Han Authors of Records of the Grand Historian Sima Tan 司馬談 (d. 110 B.C.E.) Sima Qian 司馬遷 (145?-64?) Authors of History of the Former Han Ban Biao 班彪 (3-54 C.E.) Ban Gu 班固 (32-93) Ban Zhao 班昭 (48?-116?) The Institutionalization of Confucianism Emperor Wu of the Han (r. 141-87) Bamboo slips (jian du 簡牘) Stone Classics of the Imperial College History Writing in Ancient China Shang divinations Classic of Documents, Spring and Autumn Annals Official historians Records of the Grand Historian Basic Annals (1-12) Chronological Tables (13-22) Treatises (23-30) Hereditary Houses (31-60) Memoirs (biographies) (chapters 61-130) History of the Former Han Dynasty Former Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E. – 9 C.E.) Father Ban Biao, brother Ban Gu Sister Ban Zhao (48?-116?) Also wrote Admonitions for Women 10/1 The Daoist Revival Learning of the mysterious (xuanxue 玄學) The natural (ziran 自然) Tao Qian (T’ao Ch’ien, Tao Yuanming) 陶潛 (365-427) The Fall of the Han Northern and Southern Dynasties Period “Learning of the Mysterious” Wang Bi’s commentary to the Classic of Changes: words are just a stepping stone towards a deeper understanding  Mistrust of language very characteristic of Daoist thought Guo Xiang’s commentary to the Zhuangzi: “the natural” Things that happen spontaneously, for no reason, with no effort (Remember: the ideal of wuwei, “non-action”) Individuals should also strive to be “natural” Liu Ling (221-300) Ruan Ji (210-263) 10/18 Buddhism Northern and Southern Dynasties (386-589) Four Noble Truths Nirvana Buddha Bodhisattva Mahayana Lotus School Garland School Pure Land School Four noble truths 1.All life is inevitably sorrowful 2.Sorrow is due to craving (desire) 3.Sorrow can only be stopped by the stopping of craving (desire) 4.This can be done by a course of carefully disciplined conduct, culminating in a life of concentration and meditation led by the Buddhist monk Karmic Cause and Effect Everything changes, dies, transforms There is no eternal essential or soul Rebirth is just a product of cause and effect Beings are reborn into different realms of existence The highest are buddhas (enlightened ones) and bodhisattvas Nirvana: end of death and rebirth Major Divisions of Buddhism Theravada (Hinayana or “Lesser Vehicle”): older form of Buddhism Mahayana (“Greater Vehicle”): later form; preached universal salvation; spread into China Lotus (Tiantai) School Emptiness, transience, the middle way Things don’t exist in reality—this is emptiness Things do exist in reality, but only provisionally—this is transience Things both exist and don’t exist—this is the middle path 10/22 The Tang: The Golden Age of Chinese Civilization Tang Dynasty (618-907) Grand Canal Empress Wu (Wu Zetian) (r. 690-705) An Lushan Rebellion (755-763) Li Bo (Li Bai) (701-762) - “Fighting South of the Ramparts” Du Fu (712-770) - “A Song of My Cares When Going from the Capital to Fengxian” Han Yu (768-824) - “Essentials of the Moral Way” “What is the teaching of the former kings? To love largely is called a sense of humaneness; to act according to what should be done is called rightness. To proceed from these principles is called the moral Way; to be sufficient unto oneself without relying on externals is called inner power. Its texts are the Odes, the Documents, the Changes, and the Spring and Autumn Annals. Its methods are the rites, music, chastisement, and government. Its classes of people are scholars, peasants, craftsmen, and merchants. Its social relationships are ruler and minister, father and son, teacher and pupil, guest and host, older and younger brother, husband and wife. Its dress is hemp and silk; its dwellings are houses; its foods are rice and grains, fruits and vegetables, fish and meat. Its ways are easy to explain; its teachings are easy to execute.” “What Way is this? It is what I call the Way, not what the Daoists and Buddhists have called the Way. Yao passed it on to Shun, Shun to Yu, Yu to Tang, Tang to King Wen, King Wu, and the Duke of Zhou; then these passed it on to Confucius, who passed it on to Mencius. But after the death of Mencius it was not passed on.” “This being so, what can be done? Block them or nothing will flow; stop them or nothing will move. Make humans of these people, burn their books, make homes of their dwellings, make clear the way of the former kings to guide them, and ‘the widowers, the widows, the orphans, the childless, and the diseased all shall have care.’ This can be done.” Continuities with Previous Eras Reunification Canal building  Capital cities: Chang’an and Luoyang Great Tang legal code Land distribution system Military Periods of Instability Empress Wu’s Zhou Dynasty (690-705) Buddhist support examination system Restoration (705-755): “High Tang” Prized Consort Yang(Yang Guifei) 10/25 Poetry of the Tang Tang Dynasty (618-907) An Lushan Rebellion (755-763) - XuanZhong; was corrupted because he gave priority and more money to his concubines Wang Wei (~699-761) - got first place in the civil service examination (came from a powerful family) - his career had ups and downs; trials and tribulations; acquired a large estate in the mountains near the capital (vacation home); went to prison and then was released; - His poems are often landscapes of mountains, forests, bodies of water Li Bo (Li Bai, 701-762) - favorite of the emperor; he was unconventional in his behavior; rude; got dismissed from his position; loss of favor at the court; - was imprisoned for treason when he joined a prince and his new kingdom Du Fu (712-771) - his son starved to death when he returned home - Born in Si Chuan - He wrote about people even if they were servants or of lower class → - unusual - He came from a line of officials - Failed the civil service examination, so he started wandering around, visiting the countryside - Got his first job at 43, when the An Lushan Revolution broke out Wang Wei (ca. 699-761) TANG POEMS WITH SUMMARIES Villa on Zhong-nan Mountain by Wang Wei Embraces a love for the Way (Taoism) in middle age. Lives peacefully at the edge of South Mountain. Finds joy in solitude and nature’s beauty, such as streams and rising clouds. Encounters wise elders in the woods, sharing timeless conversations without urgency. Deer Fence (from Wang Stream Collection) by Wang Wei Describes a serene, deserted hill with no visible people. Echoes of speech are the only sounds. Sunlight penetrates deep into the woods, illuminating green moss. The Lane of Palace Ash Trees (from Wang Stream Collection) by Wang Wei A shaded, slanting path lined with palace ash trees. Green moss thrives in hidden, shadowy places. The gatekeeper cleans the path for visitors, cautious of unexpected monks. Lacquer Tree Garden by Wang Wei Reflects on an old man who lived humbly without ambitions to govern the world. The man embraced simplicity, residing in a small post surrounded by swaying trees. "Sending Mr. Yuan on His Way on a Mission to Anxi" by Wang Wei Setting: Early morning rain dampens the dust around Wei City, refreshing the green of the willows. Scene: The farewell occurs at a guest lodge, a moment filled with bittersweet emotions. Action: The speaker encourages Mr. Yuan to drink one final cup of wine before departure. Message: Highlights the sadness of parting, as the journey west past Yang Pass means leaving old friends behind. "Drinking Alone by Moonlight" by Li Bo Setting: Alone among flowers with a flask of wine, the speaker lacks human companionship. Imagery: The speaker invites the moon and his shadow as drinking companions, forming an unconventional trio. Mood: Reflects on fleeting springtime joy, embracing the moment despite the moon's indifference and the shadow's passivity. Action: Singing and dancing with the moon and shadow bring temporary companionship, but drunkenness ultimately separates them. Philosophy: Expresses a desire to transcend earthly concerns and reunite in the cosmos ("rivers of stars"). "Reproach" by Li Bo Scene: A woman sits behind beaded drapes, visibly upset, with furrowed brows. Emotion: The damp traces of her tears suggest sadness and longing. Implied Conflict: The observer can see her sorrow but cannot understand the man she reproaches or their relationship. "View in Spring" by Du Fu Context: The poem reflects on the devastation of war, with the state in ruins but nature enduring. Imagery: Spring's beauty contrasts with sorrow, as flowers evoke tears and birds amplify feelings of heartbreak. Mood: A sense of grief and longing pervades, with references to beacon fires signaling prolonged war and the immense value of a family letter. Personal Struggle: The speaker laments his declining health, symbolized by his thinning hair that can barely hold a hatpin. "The Officer at Stone Moat" by Du Fu Setting: The speaker stays in Stone Moat village at dusk, witnessing the harsh realities of war and conscription. Conflict: A clerk captures villagers for military service, prompting a desperate plea from an elderly woman. Tragic Story: The woman recounts losing two sons to war, with one surviving but barely  coping. She offers to go in their place, despite her frailty, to prepare meals for the conscripted. Emotional Impact: The night ends in quiet sorrow, with suppressed sobbing in the background. Resolution: At dawn, the speaker departs, leaving the old man, a poignant symbol of loss and resilience, behind. 10/29 Song Dynasty Thought and Culture Song Dynasty (960-1279) - The military couldn't fight off neighbors and had aggressive neighbors (Mongolians) - Militant success - Economy, industrial advances in ceramics, coal, steel, and iron → producing affluent, better products that were more widely available - Improvements in the examination system - Before graders may have felt more inclined to pass people of the aristocracy - Now papers became IDed by number instead of name - No one can ID handwriting - Use clerks to copy them over - Divided into northern and southern Song Northern Song (960-1126) - had larger territory Southern Song (1127-1279) - South consciousness - wanting to recapture the North (lost territory) - Lost to the Mongol troops in 1279 Neo-Confucianism - ‘the study of the principle” - Neo-Confucianism developed due to a desire to improve the Chinese government and society. - It was similar to the older philosophy but emphasized spiritual matters and self-cultivation - Basic Ideas: - Two essential concepts: - Material force (qi 氣): vital energies, material/psychophysical force - Principle/patterns (li 理) - “Investigation of things” (ge wu 格物): investigating the natural and moral world to gain knowledge of Li and develop wisdom. - Qi manifests itself according to Li/physical objects manifest themselves according to its law or principle - Cultivating personal morality was the highest goal of humans. Obtained through book learning, personal observation, and contact with men of wisdom and high morality. A strict application of Confucian moral principles to everyday life. - Emphasis on order and hierarchy. Each person has a proper role to play in society. Order was maintained when people knew their place and behaved appropriately. Rank, obligation, deference, and gender distinction are highly emphasized. - 慎獨 shen4du3 meaning even when you are alone, you have to maintain morality Zhu Xi (1130-1200) - important thinker of Neo-Confucianism.  - learning by reading the classics - did most to synthesize and transmit a new version of Confucian thought that emerged in the Song The Four Books 1. The Great Learning: Focuses on self-cultivation as the basis for social harmony and good governance. 2. The Doctrine of the Mean: Emphasizes balance and alignment with the natural order to achieve moral excellence. 3. The Analects: Sayings of Confucius, highlighting virtue, proper conduct, and education as keys to harmony. 4. The Mencius: Teaches that human nature is inherently good and stresses benevolence in governance. Significance Selected by Zhu Xi, these texts form the core of Neo-Confucian thought, focusing on moral cultivation and the Way (Dao). They became central to education and civil service exams, shaping Chinese society for centuries. Song lyrics (ci 詞) - Ci is a lyrical form of Chinese poetry, popular in the Tang and Song dynasties, written to match specific musical tunes with fixed rhythmic and tonal patterns. Li Qingzhao (1084-ca. 1151) - Printing was invented during the Tang Dynasty - Books became cheaper, more possible to get into an education The Northern The Southern Song and it's Song and it's Neighbors Neighbors Song Reformers: Wang Anshi (1021-86) - broke up monopolies of supplies of the government; made low-interest loans available to farmers Changed examination system Demphasized poetry, made law a focus Made a lot of enemies In 7 years he was out of office Song Neo-Confucianism The Thought of Zhu Xi (1130-1200) Li Qingzhao (1084-ca. 1151)  - one of the most celebrated poets of the Song Dynasty, renowned for her mastery of ci 詞 poetry and her deeply personal, emotional style. "To 'Note After Note'" by Li Qingzhao Reflects deep melancholy and loneliness during the shifting seasons. Weak wine and familiar wild geese fail to bring comfort. Withered chrysanthemums and endless rain symbolize decay and sorrow. The speaker waits alone by the window, overwhelmed by grief too deep for words. 11/01 Yuan Dynasty Variety Plays and the Birth of Vernacular Culture Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) didn't last long - ruled by Mongols Mongols - Sinicized nomads (Khitan, Jürchens) - Adopted Chinese-style administration and Confucian principles to rule their Chinese subjects. - Maintained their steppe traditions, including dual administrative systems (allowed them to rule) to govern nomads and settled people separately. - nomadic people from the Central Asian steppes united under Genghis Khan in 1206. - Yuan was ruled by Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan’s grandson. - People w/ colored eyes (Turkik, Iranian, Tibetan, Russians Ye Lü Du Cai: "You Can Get More Benefit from Keeping Things as They Are" - a Khitan official and scholar during the Liao Dynasty (907–1125), known for his pragmatic approach to governance and his philosophy emphasizing stability and continuity. Genghis Khan (1162-1227) - the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire Mongol Conquest of China - Paper money, imperial library, translated Confucian classics into Mongol Variety Plays (Zaju 雜劇) Yuan Dynasty drama combined music, singing, dialogue, and dance. Structure: Four acts with a prologue; the lead actor performs songs in set rhymes. Themes: Love, loyalty, injustice, and social critique. Famous Works: ○ "The Orphan of Zhao" (sacrifice and revenge). ○ "The Injustice to Dou E" (wrongful execution, justice). Impact: Made drama accessible, advanced vernacular Chinese, and influenced later storytelling. Vernacular Literature (Baihua 白话) Definition: Literature written in the spoken language instead of classical Chinese. Genres: ○ Novels: "Water Margin", "Journey to the West". ○ Short Stories: Humorous or moral tales ("Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio"). ○ Prose: Casual essays and storytelling. Impact: Accessible to common people, promoted literacy, and reflected daily life and values. Connection Both used vernacular language to reach broad audiences, blending entertainment with moral lessons and shaping Chinese literature. 11/05 Ming Intellectual Life Ming dynasty (1368-1644) - Established by Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu 1368-1398), who overthrew the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. - illiterate before he took the throne - peasant - became a monk to survive famine & at age 16 Eunuchs - Eunuchs were castrated men who served in imperial courts, especially during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. - They acted as personal attendants to the emperor and managed palace affairs, particularly the inner court and harem. Zheng He (1371-1433) - A Muslim Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during the Ming Dynasty. - leader of maritime voyages - Eunuchs Zheng He’s Voyages (1402-1433) - To demonstrate Ming power, establish tributary relations, and promote trade and cultural exchange. - Led seven expeditions - Carried goods like silk and porcelain, returning with exotic items such as giraffes and spices. The Neo-Confucianism of Wang Yangming (1472-1529) - Wang Yang-ming - Ming Dynasty philosopher - Inherited Zhu Xi's principle - emphasizes mind & heart (xin 心) - Wang argued that the universal principle (li 理) exists within the human mind, not just in external study. - Innate Knowledge (Liangzhi 良知): Every person has an inherent moral sense, allowing them to distinguish right from wrong without external guidance. - Unity of Knowledge and Action (Zhi Xing He Yi 知行合一): True knowledge must be applied through action; understanding without action is incomplete. Zhu Xi’s Interpretation: Géwù refers to the study of the natural world and the principles that govern it. By investigating the external world, one can understand the li (理)/inherent moral applies to both nature and human society. Li Zhi’s (1527-1602) Individualism Self-Interest Is Natural: Self-interest is an inherent and natural part of human nature. Unlike traditional Confucianism, which emphasizes selflessness and moral duties to others, Li argued that pursuing one's desires and well-being is not only natural but should be embraced. Rejection of Social Conformity: He criticized the Confucian emphasis on strict social roles and rituals individuals should pursue personal authenticity rather than conform to societal expectations. 11/12 Ming-Qing Vernacular Fiction Ming dynasty (1368-1644) Qing dynasty (1644-1911) - Hong Taiji succeeded Nurhaci and declared the Qing (pure) dynasty in 1639 - They required/forced the people to adopt a Manchu hairstyle - They passed a law forbidding the footbinding of women Chapter novels - Chinese novels are divided into serial installments or chapters. - Popular in the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties Cult of Sentiment - a cultural and literary movement in China - emphasized the expression of personal emotions, individual feelings, and sensitivity. “Small talks” xiao shuo 小說 - fictional stories “Alternative histories” ye shi 野史 - such as romance, fantasy, or crime, often written in vernacular Chinese rather than classical Chinese. - Vernacular: refers to the everyday spoken language used by people in daily life Storytellers’ prompt books hua ben 話本 - written texts used by storytellers, particularly in traditional Chinese storytelling or performance arts. Outlaws of the Marsh by Shi Nai'an - This novel tells the story of 108 outlaws who band together to form a rebellious group to fight against corrupt officials and oppressive rulers during the Song Dynasty. Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong  - Set during the turbulent Three Kingdoms period (3rd century), the novel narrates the rise and fall of states and the power struggles among the kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu. Journey to the West by Wu Cheng en - This fantastical tale follows the monkey king, Sun Wukong, and his companions, including Tripitaka, on a journey to retrieve Buddhist scriptures from India. Plum in the Golden Vase byLanling Xiaoxiao Sheng - controversial work, this novel delves into the life of Ximen Qing, a wealthy merchant, and his relationships with several women. Wu Jingzi, The Scholars by Wu Jingzi - A satirical novel that critiques the Confucian scholar-official class during the late Ming Dynasty. Cao Xueqin, The Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin - Often regarded as the pinnacle of Chinese classical literature, this novel tells the tragic love story of Jia Baoyu and his family. Influence of Journey to the West Doraemon and the Record of Nobita’s Parallel Journey to the West (Japan, 1988) - their quest to retrieve a sacred book, paralleling the original novel's journey to obtain Buddhist scriptures. - The themes of friendship, loyalty, and moral growth are central to both stories. A Chinese Odyssey (Hong Kong, 1995) - a young man named Joker (played by Stephen Chow), is based on Sun Wukong, who embarks on a journey with a monk (Xuánzàng) in search of sacred scriptures, but the plot incorporates elements of romance and existential themes. The Monkey King: Uproar in Heaven (China, 1964) - focused on the character of Sun Wukong, chronicling his rebellion in Heaven and his eventual defeat by the Buddha, which is one of the most iconic episodes in Journey to the West. 11/15 Popular Folk Culture in Traditional China Ming dynasty (1368-1644) Qing dynasty (1644-1911) Popular culture/folk culture - Folk culture refers to the traditions, customs, and practices of ordinary people in a society, as opposed to elite or court culture. - In traditional China, folk culture was primarily oral, including storytelling, folk songs, and ballads. Prosimetric storytelling - a hybrid form of storytelling that blends prose and poetry. - blends both prose and poetry, creating a dynamic flow in narrative performance. Traditional Popular Culture - was composed of the arts and practices that engaged the everyday lives of the people. - It includes forms like folk tales, local operas, shadow puppetry, and oral traditions. Prose storytelling - involves the narration of tales in prose, without relying on rhyme or verse. - This form of storytelling could be oral or written and was central to the dissemination of folk tales and historical narratives in Chinese literature. 11/19 Modernizing Reform of the Self-Strengthening Movement Qing dynasty (1644-1911) Manchus - Enriched by trade - Conquered Northern in 1644 Jesuit missionaries - Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) - Learned and mastered Chinese - Developed the first Romanized system for Chinese - Used Christian ideals and Confucian though to cover the people - Missionaries who tried to convert scholars/upper-class - Favored by Emperor - Fostered cultural exchange - Spread Christianity Opium - British Opium Smuggling led to the First Opium War (1839-1842) - China lost - Treaty of Nanking [Nanjing] (1842) - Reparation paid to the British - The Island of Hong Kong ceded - Several “treaty ports” opened to foreign trade - Extraterritorial rights for British subjects - Foreign subjects are not subject to the law of the nation Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) - was a massive civil war in China led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ. - deadliest conflicts in history - It also had strong anti-Manchu sentiments, targeting the ruling Qing dynasty. - The rebellion ultimately failed, but it weakened the Qing government significantly. Self-Strengthening Movement - late 19th century (roughly 1861-1895) following the Taiping Rebellion and other internal and external crises.  - The movement aimed to modernize China's military, economy, and infrastructure by adopting Western technologies and industrial methods while maintaining traditional Chinese culture and values. Chinese learning as essence, Western learning as application - a key principle in the Self-Strengthening Movement Chinese Contact with the West - Silk Road (Han Dynasty) - Tan Dynasty saw the first Christian ministries in China Kangxi (r. 1661-1722) - the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, ruling from 1661 to 1722. - reign was marked by internal peace and prosperity, - known for his efforts to modernize China's administration and the revitalization of agriculture. Qianlong (r. 1735-1796) - sixth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, ruling from 1735 to 1796, - his patronage of the arts and cultural projects, such as compiling the Siku Quanshu, an enormous literary collection of over 3,000 works. - strong proponent of Confucianism and used the principles of this philosophy to justify his rule and foster loyalty among his subjects. Imperial Publishing Projects - played a crucial role in preserving, promoting, and disseminating knowledge - most comprehensive literary collections in Chinese history, encompassing a vast array of books on philosophy, history, literature, and more Three Modernizing Commanders of the 1850s - Zeng Guofan - a prominent military leader and statesman who played a key role in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion - Zuo Zongtang (“General Tso”) - General Tso, was a leading military figure during the Taiping Rebellion and later played a major role in the Second Opium War and the suppressing of the Dungan Revolt in the late 19th century. - Li Hongzhang - instrumental in leading military campaigns, including in the Taiping Rebellion and later in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), where his defeat marked the beginning of China’s decline in power. 11/22 Radical Reform of the Late Qing Qing dynasty (1644-1911) Unequal treaties  - These were agreements forced upon China by foreign powers (including Britain, France, Japan, and Russia) - diminished Chinese sovereignty. - granted extraterritorial rights, economic privileges, and territorial concessions to foreign powers, undermining China’s control over its own territory. Treaty ports - cities in China where foreign powers had special trading privileges, often established as a result of the Unequal Treaties. Foreign concessions - areas within Chinese cities where foreign powers controlled the administration and economy. Yan Fu (1854-1921) - Fuzhou native - received classical education but his father died due to poverty. - Western military education - Chinese scholar and reformer who played a major role in translating and introducing Western ideas to China. - Chinese ppl need to be modernized, schooled —>enjoy prosperity - Social Darwinism - set of ideologies that apply Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues. - justify inequalities and certain policies by claiming that some individuals or groups were "naturally" superior to others. First Sino-Japanese War (1894-5) - conflict between the Qing Dynasty and Japan over control of Korea. - Ended in a crushing defeat for China Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) - forced China to cede Taiwan to Japan - recognize Korea’s independence - pay a large indemnity, and grant Japan commercial and territorial rights. Hundred Days’ Reform (1898) - series of political, educational, and military reforms led by Emperor Guangxu Kang Youwei (1858-1927) - passed civil service exams - Neo -Confucianism: read/investigate everything - Epiphany: perceived himself as a sage and wanted to save mankind - ended foot-binding - protofeminist Liang Qichao (1873-1929) Western Aggression - Acts of war and encroachments by Western countries, 1840-1894 (from Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, p. 584) Tan Sitong (1865-1898) - put to death after 100 days of reform Liang Qichao (1873-1929) - cut off braid, wore western-style suits - Believed people need to reform themselves - advocate for a new form of literature: fiction 11/26 The Republican Revolution Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) Republic of China (founded 1911) The Boxer Rebellion (1900-1) - Uprising led by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, a group of martial artists opposing foreign influence in China. - Targeted missionaries, foreign nationals, and Chinese Christians. - Crushed by an international coalition, resulting in further concessions to foreign powers Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) - De facto ruler during the late Qing dynasty, holding power behind the throne. - Initially resisted modernization but later implemented limited reforms, including the “New Government” Reforms. “New Government” Reforms - 1905- civil service examination ended - Intended to modernize governance and education, though changes were too late to save the dynasty. 1911 Revolution - Overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China. - Led by reform-minded revolutionaries, including Sun Yat-sen, and fueled by dissatisfaction with imperial rule and foreign domination. Republic of China Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) - Founding father of the Republic of China and leader of the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, KMT). - Advocated for his Three Principles of the People: - Nationalism (minzu 民族): Independence from foreign domination.  - Democracy (minquan 民權): Establishing a government representing the people's will. - Livelihood (minsheng 民生): Economic reform to ensure citizens' welfare Yuan Shikai - Military leader who declared himself dictator (1912–1916) after becoming the first president of the Republic. - Halted reforms to maintain power, favoring conservative policies. - Used military to rule Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) Successor to Sun Yat-sen as leader of the KMT. Rooted in Confucian morality, he launched the New Life Movement, promoting moral discipline and civic responsibility: New Life Movement Regulated attitude (li): Cultivating proper conduct. Right conduct (yi): Acting ethically. Clear discrimination (lian): Maintaining integrity. Real self-consciousness (chi): Developing self-awareness Li Hongzhang - Prominent Qing statesman and military commander of the Northern Army. - Advocated for modernization, including industrial and military reforms, while maintaining loyalty to the Qing dynasty. 11/27 The New Culture Movement Republic of China (founded 1912) New Culture Movement - advocating cultural and societal reform. - Aimed to promote science, democracy, and a break from Confucian traditions. - Advocated for the use of vernacular Chinese in literature and education. New Youth - An influential journal founded in 1915 by Chen Duxiu. - Became the platform for progressive ideas, promoting modern science, Western philosophies, and socialism. Chen Duxiu (1879-1942) - Founder of New Youth and a key figure in the New Culture Movement. - Early leader in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Hu Shi (1891-1962) - Advocate of literary reform and the use of vernacular Chinese.  - Promoted pragmatism （ views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem-solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality) and modernization in Chinese thought and education Lu Xun (1881-1936) - Used literature to critique societal issues and promote reform. “A Madman’s Diary” (1918) - Lu Xun’s short story is regarded as the first modern work in vernacular Chinese. - The story is presented as the diary of a man who descends into paranoia and believes that everyone around him is plotting to eat him. Lu Xun’s Awakening - Influenced by his experiences studying in Japan and witnessing societal suffering. - Turned to writing as a means to inspire intellectual and cultural awakening in China May Fourth Movement - Sparked by protests against the Treaty of Versailles. 12/6 Communist Revolution and the Mao Era Republican period (1912-1949) People's Republic of China (1949-present) Review: Kang Youwei (1858-1927 ○ radical thinker ○ government reformer ○ reforms too radical ○ Great commonality (envisions an ideal society characterized by harmony, equality, and shared prosperity) Communism Mao Zedong (1893-1976) ○ Communist leaders emphasized peasant resistance, rural uprisings, and class struggle. ○ Viewed revolution as a violent class uprising, dividing society into "us" and "them." ○ Famous quote: "Revolution is not a dinner party, writing an essay, or painting a picture." The “people” Predecessor Anarchist movement Peasant resistance to the state Refused to pay taxes/rent Rural uprising New Youth Magazine  - Led by Chen Duxiu; promoted modernization, democracy, and the May Fourth Movement. Ching Kai Shek - present of ROC Republic of China - Led a movement - Gain military power - Eliminated warlordism - Killed many communist/ goal was the end of communism → Chinese Civil War (1927-1949 interrupted by war with Japan) - ended with the communist victory - “Revolution is not a dinner party/writing an essay/painting a picture”- Mao Ze Dong - Mao - ‘revolution is violent uprising between classes’ - Divides society between us and them Nationalist government - economic downfall, criminal associations, foreign relation factories → led to the rise of communism People's Republic of China Hundred Flowers Movement (1956-7) - period of relaxation and de-escalation Great Leap Forward (1958-1962) - leap towards communism; democracy → socialism → communism - Failed economic initiative, leading to famine and millions of deaths. It was not successful so Mao stepped down??? Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) - Ends when Mao dies Red Guards - Usually, children of parents (from Beijing) who were also in the revolution "Destroy the Four Olds" - The movement sought to destroy old customs, culture, habits, and ideas, leading to widespread cultural upheaval. 1949-1966 The land was redistributed from hands-on landlords to the hands of peasants Darker aspects leading to the Cultural Revolution ○ Mass political campaign ○ Anti-rightist campaign ○ Mobilization Reform and Opening (1978-present) ○ Under Deng’s leadership, China opened coastal cities to foreign investment, allowed more economic freedoms, and began liberalizing parts of the economy, signaling a shift from Maoist orthodoxy. Deng Xiaoping (1904-97) ○ 1978 - Deng took power and becomes the main leader of China  ○ moderate, rolled back Mao’s economic programs ○ Antprangnticism over ideological ○ Need to be rich first to achieve socialism ○ Allowed freedom of speech ○ Cycles of relaxation and repression Advocated for Four Modernizations: 1. Agriculture 2. Industry 3. National Defense 4. Science and Technology ○ Famous quote: "It doesn't matter if it’s a black cat or a white cat; if it catches mice, it’s a good cat." ○ Signified prioritizing economic success over strict ideology. ○ This means it does not matter if it is socialism or communism, as long as it will get China rich then it is a good system ○ Opened coastal cities The Trial of the Gang of Four Intentional decision to make this trial public because ppl in the party were not satisfied with the cultural revolution A symbolic way of closing the door on cultural revolution Immediate task - achieve some stability and grow economic stability 1975 - Zhou Enlai He proposed “four modernizations” for economic prosperity which became key for Deng Xiaoping ○ Agriculture ○ Industry ○ National Defense ○ Science and technology China should be a strong socialist economy before the end of the century Modern = power Democracy Wall (late 1970s) - Citizens posted big-character posters to share ideas. Search for Roots Movement (1980s) - Intellectuals explored cultural heritage, blending tradition and modernity. Wall in Beijing = Democracy wall - 80s-90s - where people posted critiques of the government. import western books Search for Roots movement Sent-down youths (1980s)  - Students whose school was disrupted due to cultural movements - got involved in gangs - young ppl who couldn't go to school during Cultural Revolution and were sent to learn from the farmers Fifth modernization of human rights - During the Beijing Spring, some advocated for human rights as the fifth modernization, highlighting the gap between economic reforms and political freedoms. - period of flowering of different ideas Tiananmen Square - Student-led protests for democracy, crushed by military force, signaling the limits of political reform.  Know the dynasty song ○ Ex: Know that Song dynasty thinker did not influencer thinker from Han dynasty Map of china Know key terms from each set of lectures - a lot of them were historical events ○ Ex: vernacular literature rose in importance because printing technology became more widespread → led to cultural change (venacular language became more prominent) If we discussed readings in class, worth reviewing ○ Zhuxi ←> neoconfucianism (principle, contribution to confucian discourse, later writers who were influenced) - Song dynasty ○ **know author’s name**, approximately when it was written ○ Be able to recognize if text from new culture movement, Buddhist text, etc. 1. Multiple choice 2. Short answer 3. At least one essay, maximum 2 (still deciding) - long answer essay will be open notes (need to turn in short answer portion first - can’t be digital notes but can be written or printed) a. Short answer responses will ask about trends across history