China's Geography and Ancient Civilizations Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of cultivating personal morality according to Neo-Confucianism?

  • Achieving social recognition
  • Fostering individual independence
  • Maintaining hierarchical order (correct)
  • Attaining material wealth

Which two essential concepts are fundamental to Neo-Confucian thought?

  • Education and governance
  • Intuition and emotion
  • Rituals and sacrifices
  • Material force (qi) and principle (li) (correct)

Which resource is emphasized for developing personal morality?

  • Social media insights
  • Consultation of peer opinions
  • Immediate happiness
  • Book learning and contact with wise individuals (correct)

What does the term 慎獨 (shen du) mean in the context of Neo-Confucianism?

<p>Maintaining morality even when alone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which thinker is noted for synthesizing and transmitting a new version of Confucian thought during the Song dynasty?

<p>Zhu Xi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following texts is not part of the Four Books selected by Zhu Xi?

<p>The Tao Te Ching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Neo-Confucianism, how does knowledge of Li relate to physical objects?

<p>Physical objects demonstrate Li as they manifest according to its laws (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of The Great Learning?

<p>Self-cultivation as a basis for social harmony (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term Géwù primarily refer to in Zhu Xi's interpretation?

<p>The study of the natural world and its governing principles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Li Zhi's view on self-interest differ from traditional Confucianism?

<p>He argued that self-interest is natural and should be embraced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable law passed during the Qing dynasty regarding women?

<p>It forbade the footbinding of women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cult of Sentiment emphasize in Chinese literature?

<p>The expression of personal emotions and individual sensitivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stories does 'xiao shuo' refer to?

<p>Fictional stories in vernacular Chinese (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical context does 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' cover?

<p>The power struggles during the Three Kingdoms period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of Sun Wukong and his companions in Journey to the West?

<p>To retrieve Buddhist scriptures from India (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ‘hua ben’ in traditional Chinese storytelling?

<p>They are written texts used by storytellers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Zhu Xi relate li (理) to the study of nature?

<p>Understanding the natural world helps grasp the concept of li. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which novel critiques the Confucian scholar-official class during the late Ming Dynasty?

<p>The Scholars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which work does a character named Joker embark on a journey influenced by Sun Wukong?

<p>A Chinese Odyssey (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes prosimetric storytelling?

<p>A form that combines prose and poetry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the primary form of folk culture in traditional China?

<p>It was primarily oral, involving storytelling and songs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central theme shared between Journey to the West and its influences such as Doraemon?

<p>Friendship, loyalty, and moral growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tragic love story of Jia Baoyu belongs to which significant work of Chinese literature?

<p>The Dream of the Red Chamber (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of narrative does prose storytelling primarily involve?

<p>Narration in prose without rhyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major goal of the Self-Strengthening Movement?

<p>To modernize China while preserving traditional values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant event led to the Treaty of Nanking?

<p>The First Opium War (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Hong Xiuquan and what did he do?

<p>The leader of the Taiping Rebellion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of the First Opium War?

<p>Opening of treaty ports for foreign trade (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant leader is associated with internal peace and prosperity in the Qing Dynasty?

<p>Emperor Kangxi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dual approach characterized the ideology of the Self-Strengthening Movement?

<p>Chinese culture as primary, Western technology as secondary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one effect of Jesuit missionaries in China?

<p>Promotion of cultural exchange and religious conversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which dynasty did the initial Christian ministries in China begin?

<p>Tang Dynasty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideology applied Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to justify social inequalities?

<p>Social Darwinism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key outcome of the Treaty of Shimonoseki?

<p>Korea was recognized as independent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who led the Hundred Days’ Reform aimed at modernizing China?

<p>Kang Youwei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant policy change was introduced by Empress Dowager Cixi during her rule?

<p>Limited reforms for modernization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the end of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China?

<p>The 1911 Revolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Liang Qichao's advocacy?

<p>Encouraging a new form of Chinese fiction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major outcome of the Boxer Rebellion?

<p>Strengthening foreign influence in China (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reform involved the abolition of the civil service examination system?

<p>The New Government Reforms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary virtue associated with the concept of humaneness in Confucian ethics?

<p>Benevolence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best captures the essence of the Daoist principle of wuwei?

<p>Effortless action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Confucian thought, what is the importance of filial piety?

<p>Respect and care for parents and ancestors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Daoism, what does the term 'Dao' refer to?

<p>A natural path of existence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Butterfly Dream' illustrate in the context of Zhuangzi's philosophy?

<p>The conflict between dreams and reality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'let the ruler be a ruler; the minister, a minister' emphasize in Confucian ethics?

<p>The importance of recognizing social roles and responsibilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes the complementary forces in Daoist philosophy?

<p>Yin and yang (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the core Confucian virtues?

<p>Courage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main themes explored in 'The Orphan of Zhao'?

<p>The main themes are sacrifice and revenge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Zheng He’s voyages impact Ming China?

<p>Zheng He's voyages established tributary relations and promoted trade and cultural exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of vernacular literature in Chinese culture?

<p>Vernacular literature made storytelling accessible to common people and promoted literacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Wang Yangming's concept of 'innate knowledge' (Liangzhi) suggest?

<p>It suggests that every person has an inherent moral sense to distinguish right from wrong.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Ming dynasty's founding theme reflect Zhu Yuanzhang's early life?

<p>Zhu Yuanzhang, a peasant, became a monk due to famine and later overthrew the Yuan Dynasty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did eunuchs play in the Ming Dynasty?

<p>Eunuchs served as personal attendants to the emperor and managed palace affairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main objectives of Zheng He's maritime expeditions?

<p>The main objectives were to demonstrate Ming power and establish tributary relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between love and loyalty in traditional Chinese literature?

<p>Love is often depicted as intertwined with loyalty, emphasizing deep emotional connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'wuwei' represent in Daoist philosophy?

<p>'Wuwei' represents the ideal of 'non-action' or effortless action, encouraging individuals to strive for spontaneity and naturalness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?

<p>The Four Noble Truths articulate that life is suffering, suffering is caused by desire, desire can be overcome, and this is achieved through disciplined conduct and meditation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Mahayana Buddhism differ from Theravada Buddhism?

<p>Mahayana Buddhism emphasizes universal salvation and the role of bodhisattvas, while Theravada is more focused on individual enlightenment and represents an older form of Buddhism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were two significant contributions of Tao Qian to Chinese literature?

<p>Tao Qian is known for his poetic expressions of Daoist themes and his emphasis on the beauty of nature and rural life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'emptiness' in the context of the Lotus School of Buddhism?

<p>'Emptiness' refers to the idea that things don’t possess inherent existence and are merely constructs subject to change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Empress Wu play during the Tang Dynasty?

<p>Empress Wu served as the only female emperor in Chinese history and was pivotal in consolidating power and promoting Buddhism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the An Lushan Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty?

<p>The An Lushan Rebellion was a massive uprising that weakened the Tang Dynasty, leading to its decline and significant societal changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'natural' refer to in Daoist thought according to Guo Xiang?

<p>In Daoist thought, 'natural' (ziran) describes things that occur spontaneously and without effort, advocating for a life aligned with nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major philosophical movement did the Qin dynasty suppress, and how?

<p>The Qin dynasty suppressed the Hundred Schools of Thought by burning books, burying scholars, and outlawing all philosophies except for Legalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the actions of Qin Shi Huangdi reflect the principles of Legalism?

<p>Qin Shi Huangdi's actions, such as strict laws and harsh punishments, emphasized order and control, core tenets of Legalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the contributions of Sima Qian to Chinese historical writing?

<p>Sima Qian authored the 'Records of the Grand Historian', which established a comprehensive historical framework and biography style for future historians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one key legacy of the Qin dynasty as mentioned by Jia Yi.

<p>One key legacy of the Qin dynasty was its transformation into a great power that ultimately fell due to lack of humaneness and righteousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Emperor Wu of the Han institutionalize Confucianism?

<p>Emperor Wu institutionalized Confucianism by promoting it as the state philosophy and establishing educational systems based on Confucian texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the structure of the 'Records of the Grand Historian,' and why is it significant?

<p>The structure includes Basic Annals, Chronological Tables, Treatises, Hereditary Houses, and Memoirs, signifying a systematic approach to historical documentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of bamboo slips in historical documentation during the Han dynasty.

<p>Bamboo slips served as a primary medium for writing and recording historical texts during the Han dynasty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major consequence of the end of the Hundred Schools of Thought under the Qin?

<p>The end of the Hundred Schools of Thought led to a significant loss of intellectual diversity and innovation in Chinese philosophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotions does the speaker experience in 'Sending Mr. Yuan on His Way on a Mission to Anxi' during the farewell?

<p>Bittersweet emotions highlighting sadness of parting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 'Drinking Alone by Moonlight,' who are the speaker's unconventional companions?

<p>The moon and his shadow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What imagery is used to describe the setting in 'The Lane of Palace Ash Trees'?

<p>A shaded path lined with palace ash trees and thriving green moss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of sunlight symbolize in 'The Lane of Palace Ash Trees'?

<p>Illumination of green moss, symbolizing hope and serenity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the invention of printing during the Tang Dynasty have on education?

<p>It made books cheaper and more accessible, significantly promoting education among the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the old man in 'Lacquer Tree Garden' view life, according to the poem?

<p>He embraces simplicity and lives without ambitions of power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is reflected in 'View in Spring' regarding the state of the world?

<p>Devastation of war while nature endures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the main focus of the reforms implemented by Wang Anshi during the Song Dynasty.

<p>Wang Anshi's reforms emphasized law over poetry and aimed to provide low-interest loans to farmers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the dampness of the woman's tears suggest in 'Reproach'?

<p>Sadness and longing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key characteristic of Li Qingzhao's poetry?

<p>Her poetry is deeply personal and emotional, often reflecting themes of melancholy and loneliness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dual administrative systems did the Mongols maintain during the Yuan Dynasty?

<p>They governed both nomadic and settled populations separately through distinct administrative structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the serene setting of 'Deer Fence' suggest about the speaker's state of mind?

<p>A peaceful, content nature rooted in solitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Yuan Dynasty influence Chinese culture through drama?

<p>The Yuan Dynasty introduced variety plays, which combined music, singing, dialogue, and dance in a four-act structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What philosophy did Ye Lü Du Cai advocate during the Liao Dynasty?

<p>He emphasized stability and continuity in governance, supporting a pragmatic approach to administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role did Genghis Khan play in establishing the Mongol Empire?

<p>Genghis Khan united nomadic tribes under his leadership and founded the Mongol Empire in 1206.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of the Mongol conquest of China?

<p>The establishment of paper money and the creation of an imperial library were notable outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the imagery in Du Fu's poem reflect the themes of sorrow and beauty?

<p>The imagery contrasts the beauty of spring with the sorrow of war, depicting flowers that evoke tears and birds amplifying heartbreak.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the elderly woman's story play in conveying the emotional impact of war in Du Fu's poem?

<p>Her tragic story highlights the personal losses caused by war, illustrating grief and the willingness to sacrifice for loved ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What changes were implemented in the examination system during the Song Dynasty to promote fairness?

<p>Examinations became anonymous, identified only by numbers, to reduce bias against the aristocracy and allow more merit-based evaluations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge faced by the Song Dynasty in terms of regional security?

<p>The Song Dynasty struggled against aggressive neighbors, particularly the Mongolians, who ultimately conquered them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Neo-Confucianism seek to address societal issues during the Song Dynasty?

<p>Neo-Confucianism aimed to improve government and society through moral self-cultivation and adherence to principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the Southern Song period's sense of 'South consciousness' manifest?

<p>The Southern Song felt a collective desire to recapture the lost northern territories after their defeat by the Mongol troops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological and industrial advancements characterized the Song Dynasty's economy?

<p>The economy saw significant improvements in ceramics, coal, steel, and iron production, leading to more readily available and better-quality goods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the speaker in 'The Officer at Stone Moat' reflect on his personal struggles?

<p>The speaker laments his failing health, symbolized by his thinning hair, which reflects a broader theme of decay amidst war's harsh realities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Qi (氣)

The vital energies and material/psychophysical force that drives the universe and living beings.

Li (理)

Underlying principles and patterns that govern the world. It represents the order and harmony in the universe.

Investigation of things (ge wu 格物)

This phrase refers to the process of investigating the natural and moral world to gain knowledge of Li and develop wisdom.

Inherent Goodness of Human Nature

The belief that human nature is inherently good and capable of achieving moral excellence.

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Moral Cultivation

Personal morality and self-cultivation are the highest goals of humans, achieved through studying the classics, observing the world, and seeking guidance from wise individuals.

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Shen Du (慎獨)

Maintaining moral conduct even when alone, emphasizing the importance of internal righteousness and self-discipline.

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Ci (詞)

This refers to a specific type of Chinese lyrical poetry, written to match musical tunes and characterized by specific rhythmic and tonal patterns.

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The Four Books

These four books, selected by Zhu Xi, form the core of Neo-Confucian thought, focusing on moral cultivation and the Way (Dao). They became crucial for education and civil service exams, shaping Chinese society for centuries.

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Folk Culture

The traditions, customs, and practices of ordinary people in a society, as opposed to elite or court culture.

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Prosimetric Storytelling

A hybrid form of storytelling that blends prose and poetry.

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Traditional Popular Culture

Refers to the arts and practices that engaged the everyday lives of the people.

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Prose Storytelling

The narration of tales in prose, without relying on rhyme or verse.

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Géwù

A philosophy that emphasizes the study of the natural world and its inherent principles to understand human morality and virtue.

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Self-Interest Is Natural

Li Zhi's philosophy that emphasizes the acceptance and pursuit of one's personal desires and self-interest as natural aspects of human existence.

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Rejection of Social Conformity

Li Zhi criticized the Confucian emphasis on social roles and rituals, advocating for individuals to pursue personal authenticity rather than conform to societal expectations.

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Chapter Novels

Chinese novels divided into installments or chapters, popular during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

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Cult of Sentiment

A cultural and literary movement in China emphasizing personal emotions, feelings, and sensitivity, often expressed through fictional stories.

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Xiao Shuo (Small Talks)

Fictional stories written in vernacular Chinese, focusing on diverse genres like romance, fantasy, and crime.

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Ye Shi (Alternative Histories)

Alternative histories often written in vernacular Chinese, incorporating elements like romance, fantasy, or crime.

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Oral and Written Storytelling

The dissemination of knowledge and values through oral or written storytelling, traditionally important in Chinese culture for passing down folk tales and historical accounts.

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Self-Strengthening Movement

A period of attempted modernization in Qing Dynasty China (1861-1895) focused on adopting Western technology and industrial methods while preserving traditional Chinese values.

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Chinese Learning as Essence, Western Learning as Application

Key principle of the Self-Strengthening Movement, emphasizing the importance of traditional Chinese learning while incorporating Western knowledge and technology for practical application.

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Opium Wars

A series of conflicts initiated by British opium smuggling that weakened Qing Dynasty China and yielded unequal treaties favoring Western powers.

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Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in China led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be Jesus' brother. It aimed to overthrow the Qing dynasty but ultimately failed, significantly weakening the government.

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Matteo Ricci

The first major Western missionary who made significant strides in China, mastering the language, developing a Romanization system, and blending Christian ideals with Confucian thought.

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Kangxi Emperor

A key figure in early Qing Dynasty, known for internal peace, prosperity, and modernization efforts in administration and agriculture.

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Treaty of Nanking

The Treaty of Nanking (1842) resulted from China's defeat in the First Opium War, forcing China to concede territory, pay reparations, and grant extraterritorial rights to British subjects.

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Social Darwinism

A social theory applying Darwin's natural selection to human societies. It argues that certain individuals or groups are 'naturally' superior, justifying inequality and specific policies.

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First Sino-Japanese War

A war between Qing Dynasty China and Japan over Korea, resulting in a decisive Japanese victory and China's humiliation.

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Treaty of Shimonoseki

A treaty forced upon China by Japan after the First Sino-Japanese War. It ceded Taiwan to Japan, recognized Korea's independence, and imposed heavy penalties on China.

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Hundred Days' Reform

A period of wide-ranging reforms undertaken by Emperor Guangxu in China, aimed at modernizing the country.

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Kang Youwei

A Chinese Neo-Confucian scholar who advocated for modernization, education, and social reform.

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Boxer Rebellion

A rebellion against foreign influence in China led by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. It targeted missionaries, foreigners, and Chinese Christians, but ultimately failed.

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Empress Dowager Cixi

The Empress Dowager Cixi, a powerful ruler during the late Qing dynasty, initially resisted modernization but later implemented some reforms.

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New Government Reforms

A series of reforms implemented by the Qing Dynasty, aimed at modernizing governance and education. Though too late to save the dynasty, they represent a crucial step towards change.

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Dao (Tao) 道

A Chinese philosophical concept referring to the "Way" or the ultimate principle that governs the universe and all things. It represents the natural order and harmony of the cosmos.

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Wuwei 無為

A key Daoist concept referring to "non-action" or "effortless action."

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Hundred Schools of Thought

A period in Chinese history marked by a flourishing of diverse philosophical ideas.

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Confucius (Kongzi, Master Kong)

The founder of Confucianism, a major philosophical and ethical system in China.

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Analects

The collection of Confucian teachings, often attributed to Confucius himself.

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Zhong 忠

A central concept in Confucianism, it involves being loyal and devoted to one's social roles and obligations.

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Daoism

The central concept in Daoism that emphasizes living in harmony with the natural order and following the Way.

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The Laozi (Daodejing, Tao Te Ching)

A famous Daoist text that explores the nature of Dao and wuwei through a series of verses.

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Legalism

A philosophy that emphasizes strict laws and punishments to maintain order and control. It rejects traditional Confucian values like humaneness and righteousness.

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Qin Shi Huangdi

The first emperor of China, who unified the country under the Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE).

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Shang Yang

A figure from the State of Qin who was a leading proponent of Legalism. His reforms helped the Qin dynasty rise to power.

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The Faults of Qin

The Qin Dynasty's harsh rule and lack of moral foundations led to its downfall. This quote argues that the Qin's focus on power and control ultimately caused its downfall.

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Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) was founded after the Qin Dynasty's fall. It marked a new era of political stability, economic growth, and cultural flourishing.

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Sima Qian

A famous Chinese historian who wrote the "Records of the Grand Historian" (Shiji), providing a comprehensive account of Chinese history.

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History Writing in Ancient China

A historical period in China marked by the flourishing of historical writing and the development of official historians.

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"Learning of the Mysterious"

A Daoist school during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it emphasizes understanding the universe through spontaneous, effortless occurrences and trusting in the natural order.

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Wang Bi

A prominent figure in the "Learning of the Mysterious" movement, Wang Bi's commentary on the "Classic of Changes" stressed that words are merely tools leading to deeper understanding.

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Guo Xiang

A Daoist philosopher known for his commentary on the "Zhuangzi", Guo Xiang emphasizes "the natural" as spontaneous, effortless occurrences.

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Four Noble Truths

A key Buddhist doctrine comprising four statements about the nature of suffering, its causes, its cessation, and the path leading to its cessation.

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Nirvana

The ultimate goal of Buddhism, representing the end of suffering, rebirth, and the cycle of existence.

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Mahayana Buddhism

A major school of Buddhism that emphasizes universal salvation and the importance of compassion and wisdom.

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Lotus (Tiantai) School

A school within Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes the middle way, or the understanding that things both exist and do not exist simultaneously.

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Neo-Confucianism

A resurgence of Confucian philosophy that emphasized rational thought, moral reasoning, and the importance of government and education.

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Investigation of Things (ge wu)

A philosophical concept that emphasizes understanding the natural order and principles of the universe through investigation and reflection.

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Examination System

A system of standardized tests used to evaluate candidates for government positions, designed to ensure fairness and impartiality.

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Variety Plays (Zaju 雜劇)

The Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) drama that combined music, singing, dialogue, and dance. It had four acts with a prologue, and the lead actor performed songs in set rhymes.

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Ye Lü Du Cai

A Khitan official and scholar during the Liao Dynasty (907–1125), known for his pragmatic approach to governance and his philosophy of stability and continuity.

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Genghis Khan (1162-1227)

The founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, uniting nomadic people from Central Asia in 1206.

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Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)

The Mongol Dynasty (1279-1368) that ruled China. They Sinicized and adopted Chinese-style administration, but maintained their steppe traditions, including dual administrative systems to govern nomads and settled people separately.

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Li Qingzhao (1084-ca. 1151)

One of the most celebrated poets of the Song Dynasty, renowned for her mastery of ci poetry and her deeply personal, emotional style.

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Mongol Conquest of China

The period of Mongol conquest of China, which brought about changes like the introduction of paper money, an imperial library, and translations of Confucian classics into Mongol.

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Ci 詞 poetry

A form of Chinese poetry, often characterized by deep emotion, personal reflection, and use of imagery, particularly those relating to nature and the passing seasons.

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Vernacular Literature (Baihua)

Literature written in the everyday language of the people, instead of classical Chinese. It became popular during the Ming Dynasty.

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Zheng He (1371-1433)

A Muslim Chinese explorer who led seven voyages across the Indian Ocean, demonstrating the power of the Ming Dynasty and promoting trade and cultural exchange.

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Wang Yangming (1472-1529)

A Ming Dynasty philosopher who emphasized the importance of the mind and heart (xin) in understanding and applying moral principles.

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Innate Knowledge (Liangzhi)

Wang Yangming's concept that every person possesses an inherent moral sense that allows them to distinguish right from wrong without external guidance.

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Unity of Knowledge and Action (Zhi Xing He Yi)

Wang Yangming's belief that true knowledge must be combined with action; understanding without action is incomplete.

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Eunuchs

Castrated men who served in imperial courts, particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. They often held influential positions in palace affairs.

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Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

The dynasty established by Zhu Yuanzhang, who overthrew the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. It lasted from 1368 to 1644.

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Zheng He's Voyages (1402-1433)

Zheng He's voyages across the Indian Ocean from 1402 to 1433, demonstrating Ming power, establishing tributary relations, and promoting trade.

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Study Notes

9/3 Overview of China's Geography

  • China's geography includes high mountains, grasslands, plateaus, and dense forests
  • Major rivers include the Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Pearl River. These rivers have significant geographic features such as bends and plateaus.

9/6 The Civilizations of High Antiquity: The Shang

  • Sage Kings were important figures in Shang society
  • Agriculture and floods were relevant to Shang society
  • Writing was a major aspect of Shang culture
  • Traditional medicine was practiced
  • Shang Dynasty lasted from approximately 1554 to 1045 BCE
  • Zhou Dynasty followed from 1045 to 256 BCE
  • Divination was used in the Shang society to predict the future. Oracle bones were used in divination rituals.

9/10 The Founding of the Zhou and the Confucian Classics

  • Zhou Dynasty (1045 BCE – 256 BCE)
  • It encompassed the Western Zhou (1045-771 BCE) and the Eastern Zhou (771-256 BCE) periods.
  • Heaven (tian 天) and the Mandate of Heaven (tian ming 天命) were important concepts
  • Confucian classics include Rites/ritual (li 禮) and Canon
  • The Feudal system governed the kingdom with Kings and Lords

9/13 The Hundred Schools and Confucius's Analects

  • The Hundred Schools of Thought was a period of intellectual and cultural flourishing in China
  • Key figure: Confucius (Kongzi 孔子) (551-479 BCE)
  • Analects (Lun yu 論語) are the teachings of Confucius
  • Confucian virtues include benevolence (ren仁), filial piety (xiao 孝)
  • Confucian ethics emphasize roles (e.g., "ruler-minister, father-son")

9/17 Introducing Daoism: The Laozi and the Zhuangzi

  • Period of the Zhou Dynasty (from 1045 BCE to 256 BCE)
  • Key figures include Laozi and Zhuangzi
  • Dao (道): "way," "path," "way of doing something" is a core concept
  • Daoism emphasizes a natural way of life

9/24 Legalism and the Rise of the Qin

  • Zhou Dynasty (from 1045 BCE to 256 BCE)
  • The Qin Dynasty replaced the Zhou Dynasty from (897–221 BCE) to (221–206 BCE)
  • The First Qin Emperor: Qin Shi Huangdi 秦始皇帝
  • Legalism emerged as a philosophy.
  • Qin Dynasty was a period of significant change and unification in China

9/27 The Great Han Dynasty Historians

  • Han Dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE)
  • Key figure: Sima Qian 司馬遷 was a historian
  • Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji 史記)
  • Emperor Wu of the Han (r. 141-87)
  • Bamboo slips and stone classics were institutional aspects.

10.1 The Daoist Revival

  • Learning of the mysterious (xuanxue 玄學)
  • Natural (ziran 自然)
  • Tao Qian (T'ao Ch'ien, Tao Yuanming) 陶潛 was a key figure
  • The fall of the Han Dynasty
  • Northern and Southern Dynasties (386-589) lasted for approximately five centuries

10/22 The Tang: The Golden Age of Chinese Civilization

  • Tang Dynasty (618–907)
  • Grand Canal was a key aspect of this era
  • Empress Wu (Wu Zetian) (r. 690-705)
  • An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)
  • Li Bo (Li Bai), Du Fu (712-770) were important poets.

10/25 Poetry of the Tang

  • Tang Dynasty (618-907)
  • An Lushan Rebellion (755-763)
  • Poerty from several key figures including, Wang Wei and Du Fu

11/01 Yuan Dynasty Variety Plays and the Birth of Vernacular Culture

  • Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)
  • Sinicized nomads (Khitan, Jürchens) ruled their subjects
  • Chinese-style administration
  • Confucian principles
  • Kublai Khan was a key figure.

11/05 Ming Intellectual Life

  • Ming dynasty (1368-1644)
  • Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Hongwu 1368-1398)
  • Zheng He's voyages (1402-1433)

11/12 Ming-Qing Vernacular Fiction

  • Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) and the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912)
  • The expression of personal emotions, individual feelings, and sensitivity were prominent themes.
  • Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
  • Folk Culture
  • Oral traditions, including storytelling,
  • Ballads
  • Hybrid form of storytelling that blends prose with poetry for dramatic performance.

11/19 Modernizing Reform of the Self-Strengthening Movement

  • Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
  • Manchus (1644)
  • Jesuits
  • The Opium Wars

11/22 Radical Reform of the Late Qing

  • Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
  • Unequal treaties
  • Western aggression

11/26 The Republican Revolution

  • Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
  • Boxer Rebellion (1900-1901)
  • Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)
  • New Government reforms

11/27 The New Culture Movement

  • Republic of China (founded 1912)
  • New Culture Movement
  • New Youth

12/06 Communist Revolution and the Mao Era

  • Republican Period (1912-1949)
  • People's Republic of China (1949-Present)
  • Mao Zedong (1893-1976): A key leader.
  • Hundred Flowers Movement (1956-1957)
  • Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
  • Great Leap Forward (1958-1962)

11/05, 12/06, 11/22, 11/26, 11/27 Supplementary Notes

  • Dates and historical periods are key for comprehension of historical development.
  • Key figures and their roles are critical to understanding events and their impact
  • Major themes and events during certain periods are important for understanding the historical context

11/19, 11/26, 12/06 Supplementary Notes

  • Periods of conflict, including wars and major upheavals are critical for understanding the era

11/22, 11/27, 12/06 Supplementary Notes

  • Change and continuity with earlier periods can be critical for understanding the events being studied

11/12, 10/1, 10/22, 9/17, 9/10 Supplementary Notes

  • Philosophies and their proponents are central to understanding the cultural and historical underpinnings

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CHIN 111 Final Exam Notes PDF

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Explore the diverse geography of China, including its mountains, rivers, and forests, as well as its ancient civilizations like the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Learn about significant cultural practices such as writing, agriculture, and divination that shaped early Chinese society. This quiz covers key concepts including the Mandate of Heaven and Confucian classics.

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