Child Sexual Abuse PDF

Sexual Abuse Intrafamilial Abuse Extrafamilial Abuse Incest: It is the name given to the Child abuse by someone outside the sexual relationship between two family people who are not allowed to marry Pedophilia by law....

Sexual Abuse Intrafamilial Abuse Extrafamilial Abuse Incest: It is the name given to the Child abuse by someone outside the sexual relationship between two family people who are not allowed to marry Pedophilia by law. Situational Sex Offenders It is the relationship between an adult with parental closeness/ authority and a child/ adolescent. These are all sexual contacts that are tried to be kept secret. Sexual motivation and keeping it secret is important. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Intrafamilial abuse, or incest, is sexual abuse by a blood relative who is assumed to be part of the child’s nuclear family. An individual assuming the role of a surrogate parent, such as a stepfather or live-in boyfriend, may be included in a functional definition of incest. Older siblings, who differ significantly in age or by virtue of their power and resources, may also be considered abusive. Intrafamilial abuse may also encompass members of a child’s extended family, such as uncles, aunts, grandfathers, cousins, and so on. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse The term family implies not only to the status of living in the same household but also being related so that cases involving extended family members outside the household are intrafamilial. Most cases of intrafamilial sexual abuse are incestuous, that is, situations where the perpetrator and victim are related by blood and legally are prohibited from marrying. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse However, stepfathers and living-together-partners are members of the family and often psychological parents to victims; sexual abuse involving adults in these roles is also intrafamilial sexual abuse. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Feminist theory points to fathers as more likely in the roles of perpetrators, using their power to be dominant over their daughters. Indeed, it is power and control that are at the center of incest, rather than sexuality. It is power and control that are at the center of incest, rather than sexuality. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse According to family systems theory, incestuous families tend to be less organized, more isolated from the community, and more generally dysfunctional than those in which incest is not a factor. Attachment theory sheds further light on the nature of the abusive family by explaining that insecure attachment puts families at greater risk for incest. Fathers who are not involved in child rearing have been found to be more likely to later abuse their daughters. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome( Roland Summit): Summit suggested how children survive sexual abuse within the family system through the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome. According to this theory, (1) secrecy allows the abuse to continue and (2) causes a sense of helplessness for the child in his or her adult relationships. Thus, the child (3) begins to feel trapped (entrapment) and learns to live with the abuse (accommodation). Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome( Roland Summit): Sometimes, (4) there are delayed, conflicted, and unconvincing disclosures that are often overlooked or misinterpreted by the non- abusing adults in the child’s life. Finally, when the child does disclose, guilt, fear, or the reactions of those who are told may cause (5) him or her to retract (retraction) the report of sexual abuse. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Types of Incest Father-Daughter Father-Son Mother-Daughter Mother-Son Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: The most widely discussed type of incest is perpetrated by fathers against their daughters. Although there is generalization in the literature about family patterns in father–daughter incest, the dynamics of this type of abuse can be more easily studied through the classic typology of Stern and Meyer (1980). Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: They suggest three interactional patterns among incestuous families: the possessive–passive the dependent–domineering the dependent-dependent Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: The possessive–passive: The possessive–passive pattern is often referred to in feminist literature as the patriarchal family. This father relies on intimidation and uses physical force to maintain submission of family members. In the possessive–passive family, the father sees his wife and children as possessions. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: The possessive–passive: The mother tends to be passive, insecure, and often withdrawn. She acquiesces to her husband’s domination and is often unable to protect her daughter, because she learned through her own childhood that this is the way men behave. Since the daughter has also learned to see her father as undisputed head of the family, she is vulnerable. The father turns to his daughter for sex for a variety of reasons but largely as an abuse of power. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: Dependent-Domineering: This pattern is characterized by a strong, domineering woman and a weak, inadequate man. The father looks to his wife for support and nurturing, and she treats him as she does their children. The father often allies himself with his children much as he would with his siblings, so that many children of these liaisons describe their fathers as sharing and loving and their mothers as cold and rejecting. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: Dependent-Domineering: This father may be prone to outbursts of anger and spend much of his energies compelling others to meet his needs. Eventually, the mother feels that her own needs are not being met and withdraws from the husband and the children. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: Dependent-Domineering: Since she is more outgoing than a dependent wife and has developed better social skills, she often seeks gratification outside her home through a job, activities, or education. The more the mother is absent, the more the daughter is required to perform housekeeping tasks, and the father then turns to her for his emotional and sexual needs. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: Dependent-Dependent: Two needy, dependent individuals come together, each with the anticipation that his or her needs will be magically met by the spouse. Both the mother and father experienced abuse or deprivation in their childhoods. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: Dependent-Dependent: The couple clings to each other in desperation, but since they are of no emotional support to each other, they turn to their children for nurturance. Often, the oldest daughter assumes the role of surrogate mother and sees her task as keeping the family together. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: Dependent-Dependent: As she continues in her role, the father sees her as a rival to his wife, and because his daughter appears to be more nurturing, he turns to her for comfort. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: Father: Incestuous fathers share common characteristics—a deep-seated feeling of helplessness, a sense of vulnerability, and dependency. They are unprepared for adulthood, marriage, or fatherhood. The type of father most commonly described in the literature is one who overcompensates for his feelings of powerlessness by adopting an extremely rigid, controlling, authoritarian position as the undisputed head of his household. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: Father: The second orientation is markedly different from “the tyrant.” This type of man appears in the dependent–domineering and dependent– dependent family patterns. He does not project his insecurity through aggressive or violent behavior but instead withdraws from adult responsibilities and maintains a passive–dependent role, often seeming like a child himself. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: Father: These fathers tend to demonstrate poor impulse control, low frustration tolerance, and the need for immediate gratification. They often regress, exhibiting sexual or emotional immaturity and frustrated dependency needs. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: Father: Such men have low ego-strength and self-esteem, often to the point of identity confusion. They may be passive–aggressive in their demonstration of anger, denying, rationalizing, and projecting blame for their actions. In their feelings of powerlessness and faulty superego operation, they seek to manipulate both the victim and other family members. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: Father: Groth (1982) suggests that incestuous behavior serves a number of motivations simultaneously for the father. It may serve to validate his sense of worth and bolster his self- esteem, as he tries fervently to compensate for the perceived rejection of him by his wife and other women. It often gives him an illusion of power and control and gratifies his need for attention, affiliation, and recognition. In short, it strengthens his sense of identity. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Daughter Incest: The Mother Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Son Incest: Since this type of abuse often includes sodomy (anal intercourse), the victim suffers physical pain as well as emotional conflicts. Unlike other forms of incest, this type emerges from the individual pathology of the perpetrator. His conflicts are usually scars from his childhood—disturbed reactions to feelings of inadequacy, an overbearing mother, or conflicts over homosexuality. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Son Incest: Although Gartner (2001) states that most abusers of boys consider themselves to be heterosexual, many do experience confusion around their sexual identity. Instead of being motivated by a sexual orientation, the father in this type of incest is often trying to feel more powerful. He finds power in sexual exploitation. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Father-Son Incest Family Dynamamics While the father is seeking power through his relationship with his son, the mother in this family usually plays the role of silent partner. She may even have a vested interest in the abuse continuing. Her husband’s sexual interest in her son relieves her of his sexual demands, or she may fear her husband and feel powerless to intervene. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Mother-Daughter: Mother–daughter incest is an abusive relationship that researchers and clinicians find to be rare. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the abusive mother is what many victims describe as her differentness. These mothers usually come from dysfunctional, depriving families themselves. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Mother-Daughter: Feeling inadequate, these women view their daughters as extensions of themselves— as their completion. Often unable to distinguish between their daughters and themselves, their abuse becomes almost masturbatory. The mother views her attention to her daughter as affection. Since this type of abuse often begins at a very young age, the daughter begins to equate sexuality with affection. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Mother-Son: No father is present in the family where a mother abuses her son. In the very few cases where a father is involved, he is inconsistent, unavailable, and, on learning of the incestuous relationship, is seemingly indifferent to it. It is the absence of a father figure that often motivates the mother to abuse and encourage the boy to comply. Feeling his mother’s sense of loss and needing to protect her, the boy responds to her overtures of “affection.” Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Brother-Sister: Distinguishing between peer sexual play and abusive incest is not always easy. If the children are young and approximately the same age, if there is no betrayal of trust between them, if the sexual play is the result of their natural curiosity and exploration, if the children are not traumatized by disapproving adults who stumble upon their sex play, sibling sexual contact can be just another part of growing up. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Brother-Sister: Most incest victims describe parents who are either absent or uninvolved in their children’s lives. They certainly have not adequately protected their children or provided the familial restraints to prevent incestuous behavior. The mothers in these situations were of two types. Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse Brother-Sister: One type was not available to the victim. Some of these mothers were physically absent from the home, but those who were not were passive and ineffectual, apparently lacking the energy or inclination to supervise the children. Another type of mother was one whose extremely rigid, puritanical attitudes toward sex led her children to experiment on their own, rather than ask for information. Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse Finkelhor (1984): Child sexual abuse is the use of force/coercion of a sexual nature either when the victim is younger than age 13 and the age difference between the victim and the perpetrator is at least five years, or when the victim is between 13 and 16 and the age difference between the victim and perpetrator is at least 10 years. In this definition, coercion does not necessarily imply a direct threat. Child sexual abusers often develop a relationship with a child to manipulate him or her into compliance with the sexual act, which is perhaps the most damaging component of child sexual abuse. Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse Pedophilic and Nonpedophilic Distinction: Not all individuals who sexually assault children are pedophiles. Pedophilia consists of a sexual preference for children that may or may not lead to child sexual abuse (e.g., viewing child pornography), whereas child sexual abuse involves sexual contact with a child that may or may not be due to pedophilia. Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse Sex offenders are typed according to victim preference and behavior. The most famous typology was done by Groth in 1979 (Groth & Birnbaum). Child molesters were divided into two types, regressed and fixated. Groth, Hobson and Gary (1982) classified child sexual abusers based on the degree to which the sexual behavior is entrenched and the basis for psychological needs (fixated-regressed typology). Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse The fixated offender prefers interaction and identifies with children socially and sexually (Simon et al., 1992). These individuals often develop and maintain relationships with children to satisfy their sexual needs (Conte, 1991). In contrast, regressed child sexual abusers prefer social and sexual interaction with adults; their sexual involvement with children is situational and occurs as a result of life stresses (Simon et al., 1992). Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse The majority of fixated child sexual abusers are individuals who sexually assault male children who are not related; regressed child sexual abusers often consist of incest offenders or offenders who sexually assault female adolescents (Priest & Smith, 1992). Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse According to Rice and Harris (2002), intrafamilial child sexual abusers (i.e., incest offenders) are less psychopathic, less likely to report male victims, cause less injury, are less likely to exhibit pedophilia and have lower sexual and violent recidivism rates. Intrafamilial child sexual abusers are less likely to have antisocial tendencies (e.g., criminal history, substance abuse) and atypical sexual interests. Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse Seto et al. (2015) also found intrafamilial offenders display fewer offense-supportive beliefs and interpersonal deficits than extrafamilial child sexual abusers. Extrafamilial child sexual abusers are more likely to be diagnosed with pedophilia (Seto et al., 2015) and are often unable to maintain adult relationships. Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse Although intrafamilial child sexual abusers substitute a child for an adult sexual partner, they often maintain their adult sexual relationships (Miner & Dwyer, 1997). Studies have reported that intrafamilial child sexual abusers have fewer victims as compared to extrafamilial sexual offenders (Miner & Dwyer, 1997) and lower rates of sexual recidivism (Stephens et al., 2016). Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse Pedophilic and Nonpedophilic Distinction: According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) A diagnosis of pedophilia requires an individual to have recurrent, intense and sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviors directed toward a prepubescent child (generally 13 years of age or younger) over a period of at least six months; to have acted on these urges or to be distressed by them; and to be at least 16 years old and at least five years older than the child victim. Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse DSM-5—Pedophilic Disorder (302.2) A. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger). B. The individual has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty. C. The person is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion A. The Pedophilic Offender Pedophilia , the act rarely occurs suddenly. It usually occurs in several successive episodes. It’s pre-planned, premediated. There is a relationship-based strategy, approach strategy, risk measurement and actual execution sections. Establishing relationships with the selected child's family or people in the environment is part of the process. Initially contact; It occurs through strategies ranging from talking, giving gifts, showing interest in the child's likes or hobbies, and using force. The Pedophilic Offender Pornographic material may be used. It measures the possible risks: potential eyewitnesses, the possibility of the child reporting to the police, predicts the possible reactions of parents/relatives and relatives, and takes action after feeling safe. It is seen that sexual tendencies towards children develop starting from adolescence; it is not a sudden behavior pattern. Pedophiles prefer to desensitize the child or gradually accustom them through physical manipulation (grooming). The Pedophilic Offender It tests the child's capacity to keep secrets and tries to understand whether the child will open up to his family; security is important. The more the child keeps the secret, the more he is rewarded. He tries to gain his trust by granting him the freedoms his family does not give him. All actions are planned in advance, it is different from other categories of child abuse. Penetration is less in sexual abuse by pedophiles. Pedophilia is an impulse disorder that exists in a person and is a condition that does not depend on external conditions. It does not depend on the person's recent events, external factors or stress factors. Situational Sex Offenders It constitutes most of the cases of sexual abuse against children. The American Psychiatric Association defines a situational offender as someone who is normally attracted to adults but, for some reason, turns to a child for sexual gratification. The most typical situation in these cases is that it reaches the child very easily. This type of sexual abuse can often occur after sudden decisions. It is not a planned behavior. If the conditions at the time are advantageous, the action will take place. Situational Sex Offenders It is seen that they started to abuse children after adolescence when they were adults. Detaining the child by force rather than accustoming him is a more common situation in this type. Penetration rates are higher and victims are often girls. Since instant sexual gratification is more important than continuity, they cause bodily harm to the child without thinking; Unlike pedophiles , many more cases are brought to court. Situational Sex Offenders They generally prefer children who are within their reach and whom they can easily get. They do not discriminate between relatives, and incest is a situation specific to this type. They may be affected by stress factors and begin to abuse; unemployment, family problems, financial difficulties, substance use, loneliness, anxiety, isolation. Dynamics of Sexual Abuse Dynamics of Sexual Abuse Dynamics of Sexual Abuse