Chemistry PDF

# Chemistry ## A. Particles | Particle | Relative Mass | Charge | |---|---|---| | Proton | 1 | +1 | | Neutron | 1 | 0 | | Electron | Very small | -1 | (Electron mass is often taken as zero) ## B. Nuclear symbol for sodium. | Mass number | Atomic number | | |---|---|---| | 23 | 11 | Na | Isotope...

# Chemistry ## A. Particles | Particle | Relative Mass | Charge | |---|---|---| | Proton | 1 | +1 | | Neutron | 1 | 0 | | Electron | Very small | -1 | (Electron mass is often taken as zero) ## B. Nuclear symbol for sodium. | Mass number | Atomic number | | |---|---|---| | 23 | 11 | Na | Isotopes are the same except for extra neutrons | | | | |---|---|---| | Carbon-12 | 12 | 6 Protons 6 Electrons 6 Neutrons | | Carbon-13 | 13 | 6 Protons 6 Electrons 7 Neutrons | Mass no. = protons + neutrons Atomic no. = Protons No. of neutrons = No. of electrons relative atomic mass (A) = sum of (isotope abundance X isotope mass number) / sum of abundances of all the isotopes ## C. Atom The smallest possible piece of an element. Has a radius of 0.1nm (or 1x10-10m). ## D. Energy Shell | | Max no. of electrons | |---|---| | First | 2 | | Second | 8 | | Third | 8 | ## E. Groups | Groups | | | | | | | | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | | Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | | | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | | | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | | | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | | | Cs | Ba | La | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | | | Fr | Ra | Ac | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ## F. Periods | Periods | | |---|---| | | H | | | He | | | | | | | ## G. Configuration | Diagram | | |---|---| | | | | Fluorine, F | 2,7 | | Neon, Ne | 2,8 | | Sodium, Na | 2, 8, 1 | | Calcium, Ca | 2, 8, 8, 2 | ## H. Learn the position of these elements! | | | |---|---| | Alkali metals | | | Halogens | | | Transition metals | | | Noble gases | | ## I. In 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev left gaps and predicted new elements ## J. ## K. | | | |---|---| | 1) | Carbon dioxide - CO₂ | | 2) | Ammonia - NH₃ | | 3) | Water-H₂O | | 4) | Sodium chloride NaCl | | 5) | Carbon monoxide | | 6) | Hydrochloric acid - HCI | | 7) | Calcium chloride CaCl₂ | | 8) | Sodium carbonate - Na₂CO₃ | | 9) | Sulfuric acid- H₂SO₄ | | 11. | Chromatography | | | Used to separate a mixture of dyes in ink. | | 2. | Filtration | | | Used to separate insoluble solids from liquids (e.g. sand from water). | | 3. | Evaporation | | | Used to separate a soluble salt from solution. The solution is heated strongly in an evaporating basin until dry crystals are left. | | 4. | Crystallisation | | | Used to separate a soluble salt from solution. The solution is heated gently in an evaporating basin until crystals form; the remaining liquid is filtered out. | | 5. | Simple distillation | | | Is used to separate a liquid from a solution e.g. water from ink. A condenser is used to cool hot gas until it forms a liquid. | | 6. | Fractional distillation | | | Used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points. | We can add state symbols to a symbol equation to show whether the reactants and products in a chemical reaction are solids, gases, liquids or dissolved in water. | | | |---|---| | | Solid = s | | | Liquid = l | | | Gas = g | | | Aqueous (dissolved in water) = aq | | Word equation: | | | Symbol equation: | | | | sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen | | | 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) |