Chemistry Student Notes Fall 2021 - Matches Notes PDF
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2021
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Concise student notes covering various Chemistry topics, including the atomic theory, atomic structure, and subatomic particles.
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**[Science 10]** ============================ **[Energy and Matter in Chemical Change]** **[A. The Atomic Theory]** The scientific motiond consists of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the...
**[Science 10]** ============================ **[Energy and Matter in Chemical Change]** **[A. The Atomic Theory]** The scientific motiond consists of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Dalton's Atomic Theory\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:] 1808 Don't memorize dates but understand contribution and sequence.** - - - - eg) H:O ratio **2:1** H:O ratio **2:2** **[J.J. Thompson:] - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - 1897** - - - - **[Ernest Rutherford:] \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1911** - - - **[Neils Bohr:]\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1913** - - **[James Chadwick:] \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1932** - **[Schrodinger/de Broglie: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] 1930** - - - B. Atomic Structure ------------------- - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** are the building blocks of **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - consist of a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** and a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ makes up **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** of the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** of an atom - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ makes up most of the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** of an atom Subatomic Particles ------------------- 1. - - - 2. - - - 3. - - - - - **[Atomic Mass]** - **atomic mass unit (amu)** is the mass of a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** for all atoms is **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - used to find the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - atoms that have the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** but a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** on the periodic table is an **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** based on the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **[C. The Periodic Table]** - **[1. Atomic Number]** - number of **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** in one atom of an element - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** from left to right and top to bottom **[2. Properties]** - 3 major categories: 1. ***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 2. ***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 3. ***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** show properties of **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**; found **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** staircase **[3. Groups]** - 18 vertical **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** are called ***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** - 2 labelling systems: Roman Numerals with letters or ordinary numbers - Group 1 (IA) **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Group 2 (IIA) **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Group 17 (VIIA) **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Group 18 (VIIIA) **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Lanthanide Series (57-71) **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Groups 3-12 (B series) **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - elements in each group share **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - reactivity **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** for **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** and **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** for **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** indicates how many electrons are in the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **[4. Periods]** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - show a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** which changes from **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - each time you move to a new period you **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **[D. Electron Energy Level Diagrams (EELD) / Bohr models]** - nucleus -- **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - energy levels -- shows \# of ***\_\_\_\_\_*** in each level (\# of levels = **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**) - always fill the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** energy level first (closest to nucleus) then move to the next level - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the** *e*^−^ in **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** energy level (**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,** ignoring the 1 in front of groups 13-18 )  **[Ions]** ====================== - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** that have a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - number of p^+^ and *e^−^* are **[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]** equal - most atoms try to achieve the electron configuration of a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** means having the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **[Cations]** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** charged ions - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** electrons to obtain a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** electron configuration (full valence level) - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** form **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** on a metal ion is the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **[Anions]** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** charged ions - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** to obtain a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** electron configuration - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** form **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - have **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** ending - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** on a non-metal is **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** (not Roman Numerals) **[EELD's for Ions]** ================================= **Table 1: Electon energy level digrams of atoms and ions.** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Atoms** | **Ions** | +===================================+===================================+ | **sodium atom** | **sodium ion** | | | | | **atomic \# =** | **atomic \# =** | | | | | **atomic mass =** | **atomic mass =** | | | | | **\# p** | **\# p** | | | | | **\# e^-^ ~=~** | **\# e^-^ ~=~** | | | | | **\# n^o^ ~=~** | **\# n^o^ ~=~** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **nitrogen atom** | **nitride ion** | | | | | **atomic \# =** | **atomic \# =** | | | | | **atomic mass =** | **atomic mass =** | | | | | **\# p** | **\# p** | | | | | **\# e^-^ ~=~** | **\# e^-^ ~=~** | | | | | **\# n^o^ ~=~** | **\# n^o^ ~=~** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | potassium atom | **potassium ion** | | | | | **atomic \# =** | **atomic \# =** | | | | | **atomic mass =** | **atomic mass =** | | | | | **\# p** | **\# p** | | | | | **\# e^-^ ~=~** | **\# e^-^ ~=~** | | | | | **\# n^o^ ~=~** | **\# n^o^ ~=~** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | chlorine atom | **chloride ion** | | | | | **atomic \# =** | **atomic \# =** | | | | | **atomic mass =** | **atomic mass =** | | | | | **\# p** | **\# p** | | | | | **\# e^-^ ~=~** | **\# e^-^ ~=~** | | | | | **\# n^o^ ~=~** | **\# n^o^ ~=~** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | calcium atom | **calcium ion** | | | | | **atomic \# =** | **atomic \# =** | | | | | **atomic mass =** | **atomic mass =** | | | | | **\# p** | **\# p** | | | | | **\# e^-^ ~=~** | **\# e^-^ ~=~** | | | | | **\# n^o^ ~=~** | **\# n^o^ ~=~** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ E. Electron Dot Diagrams ------------------------ - you can't see atoms and electrons, therefore it is convenient to **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** to show the structure and formation of **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - an electron dot diagram is one such model - consists of the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** with **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** representing the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - in each energy level electrons are arranged in **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** in **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - when drawing the diagrams, look up the **number of valence electrons**, then place **dots around the symbol clockwise** for a maximum of **four dots** - if you have more electrons to place, go back to the **top** of the symbol and **start pairing up the electrons** 1. H 6. S 2. He 7. Mg 3. Be 8. K 4. C 9. Br 5. F 10. P **[F. Octet Rule]** - atoms tend to be **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** when the outer energy level (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) is **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - the octet rule states that atoms bond in a way to have a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - atoms will either **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - compounds are formed when **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** G. Classification of Matter --------------------------- **[H. Properties]** - ***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** are properties you can **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - ***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** are properties used to describe how substances will **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **[I. Elements]** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** elements exist as **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - chemical formula is the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** followed by the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** at room temperature - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** (not including noble gases) **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** and are called **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - chemical formula is the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** and the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** at room temperature - memorize the subscripts (flagpole or hockey stick and puck)!!! **[J. Molecular Compounds ]** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** are formed when **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** bond together - bonded by **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** which is the force of attraction between atoms that are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** electrons - properties: 1. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** when **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 2. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** in water to form either a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 3. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** at room temperature ***[Naming]*** - ***give the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ if there is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) then give the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** - ***Note: if the first element is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, do [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] put a prefix (these are acids!)*** ###### Prefixes MUST MEMORIZE! 1 = 4 = 7 = 2 = 5 = 8 = 3 = 6 = 9 = 10 = ***[Try These]*** 1. ***CO~(g)~*** 2. ***CO~2(g)~*** 3. ***P~4~O~10(s)~*** 4. ***BrH~7(s)~*** ***[Writing Formulas]*** - ***write each \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ followed by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** ***[Try These]*** 1. ***oxygen dibromide*** 2. ***diphosphorus pentasulfide*** 3. ***carbon tetraiodide*** 4. ***phosphorus pentachloride*** - ***some molecular compounds have classical names...found on Data Sheet!!!*** **[K. Ionic Compounds]** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** are formed when electrons are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, allowing **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** to bond together - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is the force of attraction between **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - properties: 1. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** when **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 2. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** when **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 3. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** at room temperature **[1. Monovalent Ionic Compounds]** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** means there is **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** on the metal - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** *[Naming]* - give the name for each **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** have **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** ending eg) NaF Na~2~S *[Try These:]* *Name the following:* 1. *LiF* 2. *KCl* 3. *BeS* 4. *Rb~3~P* 5. *MgF~2~* 6. *N~2~O~2~* 7. *CsBr* 8. *BaCl~2~* *[Writing Formulas]* - look up the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** and write them listing the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** using **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** numbers eg) sodium oxide [Try these:] 1. magnesium chloride 2. calcium chloride 3. zinc sulfide 4. silver sulfide 5. germanium oxide 6. calcium arsenide 7. magnesium nitride **[2. Multivalent Ionic Compounds]** - metal ions that have **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - ***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** - the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** listed is the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** *[Naming]* - same rules as before - the difference... **you must include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ containing the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the metal ion in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - figure out the charge on the metal by using **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - Nonmetals are **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** multivalent! *[Try These:]* 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. *[Writing Formulas]* - same rules - the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** on the metal is given to you in the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** [Try these:] 1. chromium (II) sulfide 2. nickel (III) chloride 3. vanadium (IV) phosphide 4. gold (III) iodide **[3. Mixed Ionic Compounds]** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** *[Naming]* - give the name for the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** then give the name for the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** [Try These**:**] 1. KIO~3~ 2. NaCH~3~COO 3. MgSO~3~ 4. NH~4~NO~3~ 5. Ca~3~(PO~4~)~2~ *[Writing Formulas]* - same as before...look up the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** for each ion then **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** the charges using subscripts - if you must multiply one of the complex ions, put **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** around it first then write the subscript [Try These:] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. *[Summary: Ionic vs. Molecular]* +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Ionic** | **Molecular** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - - - - - | - - - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ [5. Acids and Bases] - matter can be subdivided into **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** based on its properties: 1. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 2. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 3. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - let's look at the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** of acids and bases: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Acids** | **Bases** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | usually | usually | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | Conducts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in | electricity (ionizes in | | water. | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. | | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bases | neutralizes | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | tastes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Taste | | reacts with meatls (Mg~(s)~) to | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | Feel \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | Indicators | | | | Indicators | | litmus turns/stays -- | | | | - litmus turns.stays - | | bromothymol blue turns -- | | | | - bromothymol blue stays -- | | phenolphthalein remains -- | | | | - phenolphthalein turns-- | | eg) | | | | eg) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** was devised to indicate how **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** *[Naming and Writing Formulas for Bases]* - use rules for **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - many of them contain the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** aqueous calcium hydroxide \*calcium carbonate NHÂ~3(aq)~ **\* bases to memorize without OH^-^ (hydroxide ions) -- these are *weak bases*** ###### *Naming Acids* - acids **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** contain **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** (usually as the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**) - acids are always **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** [Rules] hydrogen \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ide becomes hydro\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ic acid hydrogen \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ate becomes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ic acid hydrogen \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ite becomes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ous acid Step 1 - Identify the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ion or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ion  H~2~SO~3(aq)~ Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 [Try These:] Write the acid name for the following: 1. HF~(aq)~ 2. H~3~BO~3(aq)~ 3. HCl~(g)~ 4. CH~3~COOH~(aq)~ ***[Writing Formulas]*** - ***use the naming acids rules in the opposite direction*** - ***come up with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ then \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the charges and add \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to the end*** ***[Try These:]*** Write the ionic name and formula for the following: 1. h***ydrosulfuric acid*** 2. ***carbonic acid*** 3. ***chlorous acid*** \*\*\*Note the special cases of sulfur and phosphorus...they add "ur" and "or" respectively to the name *[L. States and Solubility]* - acids -- **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - elements -- **can be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_look up state on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - molecular compounds -- **can be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the question usually tells you (or use common sense!)** - ionic compounds -- either **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**look up on the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **[Predicting Solubility]** 1. Break \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_into its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. Locate **anion** (-) in top row of table (if the anion isn't there you can sometimes use the cation (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) and ammonium (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)) 3. Look down column and find **cation** (+) OR GROUP - In "(very soluble)" row will **dissolve** and state is **(aq)** - In "(slightly soluble)" row will form a **precipitate** and state is **(s)** ###### *Examples* ***1. LiCl ( ) 4. Ba(OH)~2~( )*** ***2. AgCl( ) 5. BaSO~4~( )*** 3\. NaNO~3~( ) 6. K~2~S( ) **[M. Law of Conservation of Matter]** - Law of Conservation of Matter states that **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - when chemicals react they follow the **Law of Conservation of Matter** - there must be **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** of each element on both sides of the reaction - ***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** are used to increase the number of atoms in a compound **(\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)** - The coefficient is a multiplier that multiplies the number of atoms by the coefficient. [ 3] CaCl~2\ (aq)~ [ ] - More importantly the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**is the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** of a substance in a reaction. - How many moles of N and O exist in each of the following [Counting Practice!] How many of each element are in the following compounds? 1\. NaCl 4. Ba(OH)~2~ 7. 2 CaCl~2~ 2\. BaBr~2~ 5. NH~4~CH~3~COO 8. 8 PbI~2~ 3\. (NH~4~)~3~P 6. 3 (NH~4~)~2~S 9. 4 Zn(CH~3~COO)~2~ **[Writing Chemical Equations]** [**Word Equation** --] listed chemicals that are in the chemical reaction. You will have to balance each compound in order to balance the chemical equations. [Writing Chemical equations] All equations must have the following essentials Skeleton equation: shows \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_but not in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ proportions H~2~( ) + O~2~ ( ) H~2~O ( ) - Use **coefficients** [***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_***] chemical formulas so there is **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** of ***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Must be **whole \#s** (not fractions) Steps to balance 1. Write **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from the word equation** 2. List atoms present on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. Count \# of atoms on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4. Use **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the number of atoms (so both sides are equal) Helpful hints - You CANNOT change any **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**in chemical formula (can only add **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**) - Keep atoms in a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** together if they appear intact on both sides of equation - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** need to be in lowest form - DOUBLE check that your equation is balanced - - [Examples] \_\_\_N~2(g)~ + \_\_\_H~2~(g) \_\_\_NH~3(g)~ \_\_\_(NH~4~)~3~(PO~4~) ~(\ )~ + \_\_\_Ba(OH)~2\ (\ )~ \_Ba~3~(PO~4~)~2\ (\ )~ + [ ] NH~4~OH ~(~ ~)~ **[Word equation to balanced chemical formula]** - Solid sodium reacts with liquid bromine **to produce** solid sodium bromide (did you actually memorize the flag pole?) - Aqueous iron (III) nitrate reacts with aqueous sodium sulfide produces solid iron (III) sulfide and aqueous sodium nitrate [ N. Chemical Reactions] - chemical reactions can cause both **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** [Evidence you will look for in the Lab] 1. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 2. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 3. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 4. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** that occur with chemical reactions can be: =============================================================================================================== 1. 2. ***\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** = energy is **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **[O. Identifying Chemical Reactions]** **[1. Hydrocarbon Combustion]** - a compound containing **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **[always]** forms **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - **eg)** **[2. Formation/Composition ]** - will always have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** combine to form a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **[3. Decomposition]** - will always have **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - are usually **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - compound **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **[4. Single Replacement]** - an **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** reacts with an **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** to form a different element and a different ionic compound **[5. Double Replacement]** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** react to form two different ionic compounds **[General Form of Reaction Types]** **Identify the reaction type and balance the chemical equation** *[P. The Mole]* - ***the mass of a single atom is so small that we cannot easily measure it*** - ***the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a concept that is used so that we can actually measure the mass of elements and compounds...IT IS JUST A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_!!!*** ***[1. Avogadro's Number]*** - ***1 mole = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ atoms, molecules etc.*** ***that's 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 atoms, molecules etc!*** - ###### ***Example 1*** A diamond contains 5.0 x 10^25^ atoms of carbon. How many moles of carbon are in this diamond? ###### ***Example 2*** How many molecules are in 2.50 mol of carbon dioxide? How many atoms of oxygen? ***[2. Atomic Molar Mass]*** - - **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ *is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** - ***measured in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** - ***the average atomic molar masses are given on the periodic table*** ***[Examples:]*** ***Calculate the molar mass of the following substances:*** 1. ***Na~(s)~*** 2. ***O~2(g)~*** 3. ***Al~2~O~3(s)~*** 4. ***Ca(OH)~2(s)~*** ***[3. Mole Calculations]*** ***When you need to convert between mass (grams) and moles:*** 1. ***Calculate the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** 2. ***Write what you \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (including units!)*** 3. ***Multiply by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (equal to 1)*** 4. ***The top of the fraction should be the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** 5. ***The bottom of the fraction should be the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_*** ***[Example 1:]*** ***How many moles are in 200 g of table salt (NaCl)?*** ***[Example 2:]*** ***How many grams are in 62.9 mol of lead (II) nitrate?*** [Practice 1:] How many mol is 25 g of dinitrogen trisulfide? [Practice 2:] What is the mass (in g) of a single molecule of dinitrogen trisulfide? **[4. Mole Ratios and Balanced Chemical Reactions]** - In the following balanced reaction, if 1 mol of lithium nitride reacts, how much lithium nitrate will be formed? **2**Li~3~N(aq) + **3**Ca(NO~3~)~2~(aq) **1**Ca~3~N~2~(aq) + **6**LiNO~3~(aq) - If 3.5 moles of calcium nitride are produced, how much lithium nitrate was produced?
