Chemistry Physics Organic Compounds chapter 11 FOR CLASS 2023 REV 5.pdf

Organic Compounds Keiser University Dr. Joseph Curione Organic Compounds Organic compounds contain Carbon. Organic compounds consist of a carbon backbone and one or more functional groups. Carbon backbones can be arranged in chains (aliphatic compounds) or rings (aromatic compounds). 3 Types of Carb...

Organic Compounds Keiser University Dr. Joseph Curione Organic Compounds Organic compounds contain Carbon. Organic compounds consist of a carbon backbone and one or more functional groups. Carbon backbones can be arranged in chains (aliphatic compounds) or rings (aromatic compounds). 3 Types of Carbon Backbones (chains can also be branched) Carbon has a “central” role in all living organisms. It has 4 valence electrons. Can make 4 covalent bonds. Carbon Can form those covalent bonds three different ways: Examples Can be written different ways: Hydrocarbons Organic compounds only containing Carbon and Hydrogen are called “Hydrocarbons”. Hydrocarbons include: Alkanes (single bonded ) Alkenes (double bonded ) Alkynes (triple bonded ) Aromatics (rings) Alkanes Hydrocarbons that contain all single bonds. First 4 named as shown. From 5 carbon pentane on they are named after the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. (Ex: Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, etc.) Alkanes Have the general formula: CnH2n+2 H Examples: C H CH4 C2H6 H C3H8 C4H? C4H10 H H H H C C H H H C3H? H H H H C C C H H H H Alkenes Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Have the general formula CnH2n Can be straight, as above, or non-linear Alkynes Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The general formula is CnH(2n+2)-4x where x is the number of triple bonds. Aromatic Compounds Compounds that contain at least one carbon ring Called “aromatic” due to their strong, characteristic odors. Ring consists of alternating single and double bonds. Ring compound example Benzocaine – topical ester anesthetic Benzene ring with an alcohol and carboxylic acid functional group Alkyl – Functional Groups ‘R’ Alkyl groups are Alkanes minus one hydrogen atom. CH4 Ketone Represented by ‘R’, they are functional groups that attach to larger molecules. Alcohols – ‘ROH’ Created by replacing one (or more) hydrogens on a Hydrocarbon with an “-OH” (hydroxyl group) Example: Methane Replace one hydrogen with –OH WRITTEN AS ‘ROH’ or CH3OH Ethers – ‘ROR’ An Oxygen bonded to 2 alkyl groups Example: dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) Some of the most common anesthetic gases are halogenated ethers. Alkyl Halides – ‘RX’ Alkyl group (ex. CH3-) bonded with a Halogen F, Cl, Br, I represented as ‘X’ Ex.: Fluoromethane Ex.: Methoxyflurane - inhaled anesthetic = pain relief for trauma Alkyl Halides – ‘RX’ Many inhaled anesthetics are alkyl halides that contain Ether functional groups. Examples: SEVOFLURANE ENFLURANE ISOFLURANE Amines – RNH2 An amine is an organic compound formed by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the ammonia molecule (NH3) by an Alkyl group Has the structure R-NH2 Example: methylamine (CH3NH2) Amines Form the terminal ends of local anesthetics Example: Carbonyl groups Carbon double bonded to an Oxygen Example: Ketone Aldehyde Carboxylic Acid R(C=O)OH Hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a carbonyl Example: Esters R(C=O)OR Alkoxy group (OR) bonded to a carbonyl Example: Amides R(C=O)NH2 NH2 bound to a carbonyl Example: Chemical Structure of Local Anesthetics Local Anesthetics Amino Esters – metabolized in the blood – – – – – Procaine Cocaine Tetracaine Chloroprocaine Benzocaine Amino Amides - metabolized in the liver – – – – Lidocaine Mepivacaine Bupivacaine Etidocaine