Organic Compounds: Structure and Bonding

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of carbon in all living organisms?

  • Optional
  • Minor
  • Central (correct)
  • Peripheral

What is the general formula for alkanes?

  • CnH(2n+2)-4x
  • CnH2n
  • CnH2n+2 (correct)
  • CnHn

What type of bond do alkynes contain?

  • Double bond
  • Triple bond (correct)
  • Single bond
  • Quadruple bond

What is the term for organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen?

<p>Hydrocarbons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hydrocarbon with the formula C4H10?

<p>Butane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

<p>4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the arrangement of carbon atoms in a ring structure?

<p>Aromatic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the ring in aromatic compounds?

<p>Consists of alternating single and double bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group in Benzocaine?

<p>Alcohol and carboxylic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by the symbol 'R' in alkyl groups?

<p>Alkane minus one hydrogen atom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for an ether?

<p>ROR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group in dimethyl ether?

<p>Ether (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for an alkyl halide?

<p>RX (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of many inhaled anesthetics?

<p>They contain ether functional groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group found in carboxylic acids?

<p>R(C=O)OH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a ketone?

<p>R(C=O)R (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the functional group found in amines?

<p>Amino group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are amino amides metabolized?

<p>In the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general structure of esters?

<p>R(C=O)OR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the local anesthetic that is metabolized in the blood?

<p>Procaine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group found in amides?

<p>R(C=O)NH2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group present in the structure of Methylamine?

<p>R-NH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following local anesthetics is NOT an amino ester?

<p>Lidocaine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the functional group found in Ketone?

<p>Carbonyl group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following local anesthetics is metabolized in the liver?

<p>Lidocaine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the chemical structure of Amino Amides?

<p>Metabolized in the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an amino ester?

<p>Chloroprocaine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group found in Esters?

<p>R(C=O)OR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen?

<p>Hydrocarbons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for alkenes?

<p>CnH2n (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of bond found in alkynes?

<p>Triple bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the arrangement of carbon atoms in a chain structure?

<p>Aliphatic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

<p>4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the naming of alkanes with 5 or more carbon atoms?

<p>The number of carbon atoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the carbon backbone in aromatic compounds?

<p>It is arranged in a ring structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic that gives aromatic compounds their strong, distinctive odors?

<p>The arrangement of alternating single and double bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of replacing one or more hydrogens on a hydrocarbon with an -OH group?

<p>An alcohol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of functional group is found in benzocaine?

<p>Alcohol and carboxylic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature among many inhaled anesthetics?

<p>They are all ethers with an alkyl halide functional group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the 'R' symbol in alkyl groups?

<p>It represents an alkyl group minus one hydrogen atom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound is dimethyl ether?

<p>Ether (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of replacing one hydrogen on a hydrocarbon with a halogen?

<p>An alkyl halide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature among local anesthetics that belong to the amino ester group?

<p>They have a terminal amine group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group present in the chemical structure of Mepivacaine?

<p>R(C=O)NH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in the ammonia molecule with an alkyl group?

<p>Formation of an amine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the terminal ends of local anesthetics that belong to the amine group?

<p>They have a terminal amine group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of amino amides?

<p>They have a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group present in the chemical structure of Procaine?

<p>R(C=O)OR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon with an alkyl group?

<p>Formation of an alkane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature among local anesthetics that belong to the amino amide group?

<p>They have a carbonyl group bonded to an amine group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group present in the chemical structure of Chloroprocaine?

<p>R(C=O)OR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the chemical structure of local anesthetics that belong to the amino ester group?

<p>They have a carbonyl group bonded to an alkyl group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Organic Compounds

  • Organic compounds contain carbon and consist of a carbon backbone and one or more functional groups.
  • Carbon backbones can be arranged in chains (aliphatic compounds) or rings (aromatic compounds).

Carbon

  • Carbon has a central role in all living organisms.
  • It has 4 valence electrons and can make 4 covalent bonds.
  • Carbon can form covalent bonds three different ways.

Hydrocarbons

  • Hydrocarbons are organic compounds only containing carbon and hydrogen.
  • They include:
    • Alkanes (single bonded)
    • Alkenes (double bonded)
    • Alkynes (triple bonded)
    • Aromatics (rings)

Alkanes

  • Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain all single bonds.
  • The first 4 are named as shown, and from 5 carbon (pentane) on, they are named after the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • Alkanes have the general formula: CnH2n+2

Alkenes

  • Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • They have the general formula: CnH2n
  • Can be straight or non-linear

Alkynes

  • Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • The general formula is: CnH(2n+2)-4x, where x is the number of triple bonds.

Aromatic Compounds

  • Aromatic compounds contain at least one carbon ring.
  • They are called "aromatic" due to their strong, characteristic odors.
  • Ring consists of alternating single and double bonds.

Functional Groups

  • Alkyl groups (R) are alkanes minus one hydrogen atom.
  • Alkyl groups are functional groups that attach to larger molecules.
  • Examples of functional groups:
    • Alcohols (ROH)
    • Ethers (ROR)
    • Alkyl Halides (RX)

Amines

  • Amines are organic compounds formed by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the ammonia molecule (NH3) by an Alkyl group.
  • They have the structure R-NH2.
  • Examples: methylamine (CH3NH2)

Carbonyl Groups

  • Carbonyl groups are carbon double bonded to an oxygen.
  • Examples: Ketone, Aldehyde, Carboxylic Acid
  • Hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a carbonyl.

Local Anesthetics

  • Chemical Structure of Local Anesthetics:
    • Amino Esters (metabolized in the blood)
    • Amino Amides (metabolized in the liver)
  • Examples: Lidocaine, Mepivacaine, Bupivacaine, Etidocaine

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