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Organic Compounds: Structure and Bonding
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Organic Compounds: Structure and Bonding

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of carbon in all living organisms?

  • Optional
  • Minor
  • Central (correct)
  • Peripheral

    • What is the general formula for alkanes?

  • CnH(2n+2)-4x
  • CnH2n
  • CnH2n+2 (correct)
  • CnHn

    • What type of bond do alkynes contain?

  • Double bond
  • Triple bond (correct)
  • Single bond
  • Quadruple bond

    • What is the term for organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen?

    <p>Hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hydrocarbon with the formula C4H10?

    <p>Butane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many valence electrons does carbon have?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the arrangement of carbon atoms in a ring structure?

    <p>Aromatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the ring in aromatic compounds?

    <p>Consists of alternating single and double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group in Benzocaine?

    <p>Alcohol and carboxylic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is represented by the symbol 'R' in alkyl groups?

    <p>Alkane minus one hydrogen atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for an ether?

    <p>ROR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group in dimethyl ether?

    <p>Ether</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for an alkyl halide?

    <p>RX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of many inhaled anesthetics?

    <p>They contain ether functional groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group found in carboxylic acids?

    <p>R(C=O)OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a ketone?

    <p>R(C=O)R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the functional group found in amines?

    <p>Amino group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are amino amides metabolized?

    <p>In the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general structure of esters?

    <p>R(C=O)OR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the local anesthetic that is metabolized in the blood?

    <p>Procaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group found in amides?

    <p>R(C=O)NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group present in the structure of Methylamine?

    <p>R-NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following local anesthetics is NOT an amino ester?

    <p>Lidocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the functional group found in Ketone?

    <p>Carbonyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following local anesthetics is metabolized in the liver?

    <p>Lidocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the chemical structure of Amino Amides?

    <p>Metabolized in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an amino ester?

    <p>Chloroprocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group found in Esters?

    <p>R(C=O)OR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen?

    <p>Hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for alkenes?

    <p>CnH2n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond found in alkynes?

    <p>Triple bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the arrangement of carbon atoms in a chain structure?

    <p>Aliphatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the naming of alkanes with 5 or more carbon atoms?

    <p>The number of carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the carbon backbone in aromatic compounds?

    <p>It is arranged in a ring structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic that gives aromatic compounds their strong, distinctive odors?

    <p>The arrangement of alternating single and double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of replacing one or more hydrogens on a hydrocarbon with an -OH group?

    <p>An alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of functional group is found in benzocaine?

    <p>Alcohol and carboxylic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature among many inhaled anesthetics?

    <p>They are all ethers with an alkyl halide functional group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'R' symbol in alkyl groups?

    <p>It represents an alkyl group minus one hydrogen atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compound is dimethyl ether?

    <p>Ether</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of replacing one hydrogen on a hydrocarbon with a halogen?

    <p>An alkyl halide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature among local anesthetics that belong to the amino ester group?

    <p>They have a terminal amine group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group present in the chemical structure of Mepivacaine?

    <p>R(C=O)NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in the ammonia molecule with an alkyl group?

    <p>Formation of an amine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the terminal ends of local anesthetics that belong to the amine group?

    <p>They have a terminal amine group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of amino amides?

    <p>They have a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group present in the chemical structure of Procaine?

    <p>R(C=O)OR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon with an alkyl group?

    <p>Formation of an alkane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature among local anesthetics that belong to the amino amide group?

    <p>They have a carbonyl group bonded to an amine group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group present in the chemical structure of Chloroprocaine?

    <p>R(C=O)OR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the chemical structure of local anesthetics that belong to the amino ester group?

    <p>They have a carbonyl group bonded to an alkyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Compounds

    • Organic compounds contain carbon and consist of a carbon backbone and one or more functional groups.
    • Carbon backbones can be arranged in chains (aliphatic compounds) or rings (aromatic compounds).

    Carbon

    • Carbon has a central role in all living organisms.
    • It has 4 valence electrons and can make 4 covalent bonds.
    • Carbon can form covalent bonds three different ways.

    Hydrocarbons

    • Hydrocarbons are organic compounds only containing carbon and hydrogen.
    • They include:
      • Alkanes (single bonded)
      • Alkenes (double bonded)
      • Alkynes (triple bonded)
      • Aromatics (rings)

    Alkanes

    • Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain all single bonds.
    • The first 4 are named as shown, and from 5 carbon (pentane) on, they are named after the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
    • Alkanes have the general formula: CnH2n+2

    Alkenes

    • Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
    • They have the general formula: CnH2n
    • Can be straight or non-linear

    Alkynes

    • Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
    • The general formula is: CnH(2n+2)-4x, where x is the number of triple bonds.

    Aromatic Compounds

    • Aromatic compounds contain at least one carbon ring.
    • They are called "aromatic" due to their strong, characteristic odors.
    • Ring consists of alternating single and double bonds.

    Functional Groups

    • Alkyl groups (R) are alkanes minus one hydrogen atom.
    • Alkyl groups are functional groups that attach to larger molecules.
    • Examples of functional groups:
      • Alcohols (ROH)
      • Ethers (ROR)
      • Alkyl Halides (RX)

    Amines

    • Amines are organic compounds formed by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the ammonia molecule (NH3) by an Alkyl group.
    • They have the structure R-NH2.
    • Examples: methylamine (CH3NH2)

    Carbonyl Groups

    • Carbonyl groups are carbon double bonded to an oxygen.
    • Examples: Ketone, Aldehyde, Carboxylic Acid
    • Hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a carbonyl.

    Local Anesthetics

    • Chemical Structure of Local Anesthetics:
      • Amino Esters (metabolized in the blood)
      • Amino Amides (metabolized in the liver)
    • Examples: Lidocaine, Mepivacaine, Bupivacaine, Etidocaine

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