Chemistry Revision PDF

**Chemistry Revision Page** **1. Lab Safety:** - **Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):** Always wear safety goggles, lab coats, and gloves to protect against chemical spills and splashes. - **No Food or Drink:** Never eat or drink in the lab to avoid contamination. - **Know th...

**Chemistry Revision Page** **1. Lab Safety:** - **Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):** Always wear safety goggles, lab coats, and gloves to protect against chemical spills and splashes. - **No Food or Drink:** Never eat or drink in the lab to avoid contamination. - **Know the Exits:** Familiarize yourself with emergency exits and the location of safety equipment such as fire extinguishers, eye wash stations, and first aid kits. - **Chemical Handling:** Always read labels and material safety data sheets (MSDS) before using chemicals. Handle all chemicals with care, and never taste or directly inhale them. - **Waste Disposal:** Dispose of chemicals and waste properly according to your lab\'s guidelines. **2. Lab Equipment:** - **Beakers and Flasks:** Used for mixing, heating, and storing liquids. Beakers have a wide mouth, while flasks usually have a narrow neck. - **Test Tubes:** Small cylindrical tubes used for holding small amounts of substances during experiments. - **Pipettes and Burettes:** Used for measuring and transferring precise volumes of liquids. - **Balances:** Used for measuring the mass of substances accurately. - **Thermometers:** Used to measure the temperature of substances. **3. Heating Substances:** - **Hot Plates:** Used for heating substances in beakers or flasks. Ensure the surface is clean and dry before use. - **Bunsen Burners:** Used for direct heating of substances. Ensure proper ventilation and always light the burner using a lighter from the side. - **Water Baths:** Used for heating substances gently. **4. The Bunsen Burner:** - **Parts:** Consists of a base, gas inlet, barrel, collar, and air hole. - **Lighting:** Connect the burner to a gas supply, open the gas valve slightly, and light the burner using a lighter. - **Adjusting the Flame:** The collar controls the air supply. Rotate it to adjust the flame from a yellow flame to a blue flame. The blue flame is hotter and ideal for most heating purposes. The blue flame is called he roaring flame, - **Safety:** Never leave a lit Bunsen burner unattended, and turn off the gas supply after use. **5. Properties of States:** - **Solids:** Have a fixed shape and volume, with particles arranged in a tight, orderly manner. - **Liquids:** Have a fixed volume but can change shape to fit their container, with particles that are less tightly packed than in solids. - **Gases:** Have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume, with particles that are spread out and move freely. - **Plasma:** A high-energy state with ionized particles, found in stars and certain experimental conditions. **6. Changes of States:** - **Melting:** Solid to liquid. Example: Ice melting to water. - **Freezing:** Liquid to solid. Example: Water freezing to ice. - **Evaporation:** Liquid to gas. Example: Water evaporating to steam. - **Condensation:** Gas to liquid. Example: Steam condensing to water. - **Sublimation:** Solid to gas without passing through the liquid state. Example: Dry ice sublimating to carbon dioxide gas. - **Deposition:** Gas to solid without passing through the liquid state. Example: Frost forming from water vapor.