Chemistry in Daily Life: Plastics and Fibers PDF

Chemistry of polymers, especially plastics Chemistry in Daily Life Prof. Dr. Jatuporn Wittayakun Main Reference: Ben Selinger and Russell Barrow, Chemistry in The Marketplace, Sixth Edition, 2017  Definition of polymers ❖Polymers are long chain, giant organic molecules are assembl...

Chemistry of polymers, especially plastics Chemistry in Daily Life Prof. Dr. Jatuporn Wittayakun Main Reference: Ben Selinger and Russell Barrow, Chemistry in The Marketplace, Sixth Edition, 2017  Definition of polymers ❖Polymers are long chain, giant organic molecules are assembled from many smaller molecules called monomers. ❖Polymers consist of many repeating monomer units in long chains, sometimes with branching or cross-linking between the chains. ❖A polymer is analogous to a necklace made from many small beads (monomers). ❖A chemical reaction forming polymers from monomers is called polymerization, of which there are many types. shis ar polymer on monomer ❖A common name for many synthetic polymer materials is plastic, which comes from the Greek word "plastikos", suitable for molding or shaping. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Polymers/Polymer_Fundamentals Types of Polymers (driinnus polymer ❑Natural polymers polymer /errors ❑Polypeptides in proteins - silk, ❑Synthetic polymers polymer scas in ❑Plastics collagen, keratin. ❑Elastomers - solids with rubber- ❑Polysaccharides (Carbohydrate like qualities chains) - cellulose, starch, glycogen ❑Rubber (carbon backbone often ❑Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA from hydrocarbon monomers) ❑silicones (backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms). - iii sets ❑Fibers or ❑Solid materials of intermediate characteristics ❑Gels or viscous liquids is/value with unde 3 Examples of polymers: collagen and silk silk G Amino acid Monomer of silk 4  Examples of polymers: polyethylene https://testbook.com/chemistry/polyethylene  Examples of polymers: polystyrene o0 https://testbook.com/chemistry/polyethylene History: development of synthetic polymers Ben Selinger and Russell Barrow, Chemistry in the marketplace, Sixth edition, 2017 7  History of the development of synthetic polymers Newmar Washinand arises thermoplastic O ~ o - - - Ben Selinger and Russell Barrow, Chemistry in the marketplace, Sixth edition, 2017 8  History of the development of synthetic polymers Ben Selinger and Russell Barrow, Chemistry in the marketplace, Sixth edition, 2017 9  History of the development of synthetic polymers Ben Selinger and Russell Barrow, Chemistry in the marketplace, Sixth edition, 2017 10 History of plastics ❑A brief history of plastic by TED-Ed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GMbRG9CZJw ❑Plastic wars: Frontline PBS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- dk3NOEgX7o 11  of A brief history plastic celluloids warning mon cellulose cont) ↓ is wind win plastic Estridiu polymer - Nylon polycarbonate polyvinyl , chlorideod too chaitors visition was nic residen as I'llvi westinging was celluloids varinishe ++ is --- 190 1920 1930 1933 Bahelide Polystylem vinyl Acrylic Nylon polyethylem wasnitrenmurbsmssmutase whit eduaruitsear medios wenment Nei Professi Fogar sees: washe disconsist i kenisassessmen scheine:assen massin viabuscular Types of polymers crinnos polymer Polymers or macromolecules Smallest units: monomers Types of polymers from occurrence Write polymer mesite Natural: biopolymers (cellulose, natural rubbers, keratin (fingernail and hair), chitin Synthetic: plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubbers Types of polymers from ability to melt Ir : In polymerme masisinmuse isat a es Linear polymers (thermoplastics): soften slowly till melt de mi winses (PE) (PP) Thermosetting polymers (cross linked): do not melt ey. polyethylene , eg. Bakelite , Melamin : earssme wilder ccross-linked Minos Disc Types of polymer: linear and cross-linked - - 13 Urea-formaldehyde polymer  Cross linked polymer  Formulated as moulding powder coglitters  Resin ↳ Minrichm det instal 14 Melamine-formaldehyde polymer used in melamine ware Change from urea to melamine - * bicman: si na.u larg O  Can be repeatedly heated to 100 C without degradation -birblotsi Dishwasher proof  Not to be used in microwave oven Insteadfarian * 15 Homogeneous vs heterogeneous polymers  Homogeneous polymers: the backbone  Heterogeneous polymers: the backbone is a continuous linkage of carbon - is broken by other atoms (heteroatoms). atoms. - So no insnug - - - - 16 Homopolymers vs. Copolymers monomer abs wow end  Homopolymers: repeating monomers ↳ Urinar  Copolymers: with at least 2 monomers, arranged in several ways - 17 Mechanisms for polymerization Addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization  from compounds with double bonds Midwa (Initiation) · w Radical intiator - Need a catalyst to initiate the reaction ↑ catalyst no indic when lu monomer Mit = · itrans for' propagation ( monomer how ind in polymer Condensation polymerization (monomerton i quie felongin ,20 , · Five op termination NHy , Rol polymer handturm enmiuwerraaination ↓ mriswah u eg. Polyethylene, PVC 18 Free radical Thigin mechanism of addition polymerisation (react with other free radical) 19 Polymers from addition polymerization: Vinyl polymers  Most widely used plastic  HDPE: 0.941 g/cm3  Thermoplastic  LDPE: btw 0.91 and 0.94 g/cm3  Commercial PP is isotactic 20  Polymers from addition polymerization: Vinyl polymers  Amorphous  Transparent, high refractive index O-phyny   Soften when heated above 94 C Drinking glasses  Most polymers are brittle  Overcome by adding 5-10% butadiene monomers 21 Polymers from addition polymerization: Vinyl polymers 22 Copolymers 23  Condensation polymerisation wisdown who covalent  Joining two monomers together monomer 2  Byproduct (condensate) such as-(worsould) - water , NHy Rolt ,  Example: from bifunctional monomers to form the alternating copolymer, nylon-6,6 ** W Y 6 6 disne f , monomer words From two different monomers, each monomer has 6 carbon atoms - - 24 Hydrogen bonding between linear chains in nylon 6,6 25 Polyamide6 - Kevlar and some products Wows mone abitats 26 Polyesters (By forming ester bond instead of amide bond) Formation of the ester, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 27 Elastomers (elastic polymers ) Ibauglis O Our trans  A linear (thermoplastic) polymer of isoprene.  Double bonds are all trans, crystallize to rigid materials.  The degree to which a material can be stretched without coming apart. 28 Cross linking aufisiunutsch Est : Reducing the degrees of Gender alo freedom in nitur the chain dawni wis making the rubber harder to stretch allowing the rubber to rapidly return to its original shape. wit warne neig Emmahrschris 29 Silicones (polysiloxanes) (si 0) , Backbone of silicon and - oxygen atoms. - - nrisms der a. Thermally stable and Liberman Eri chemically inert. ind. Flexible from -90 to 250 C Gaute is Hisnste - Nonstick properties Form waterproof seals around showers, gutters - &and windows i dont si 30  Foam Polymer wen Polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and rubber latex foams dominate the market and are used for packaging material, signs, furniture and in mattresses. · internet ind py more it polyme (blowing agent) - 31  envinie , nusnes 112 Epoxies (resin, used as adhesive, coating) - - - = bispheno A & lanaseta'issar sin = 34e 32 Fibre composite & A fibre composite is made of a fibre and a polymer matrix, with the most recognisable - - being fibreglass (which uses polyester and styrene as the polymer matrix, not an epoxy). Grindiniu nicus , The fibre in epoxy-based composite materials is frequently glass, but can be practically anything including carbon fibre and Kevlar. The effect is to produce a lightweight and strong material that is ideal for boat hulls - and aircraft. - S For example, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner uses- carbon fibre/epoxy composites in the fuselage and wings, significantly reducing weight, thereby making the aircraft more fuel efficient. It is also nearly three times stronger than aluminium-based aircraft with, a tensile strength of ~1700 MPa versus around 600 MPa for the aluminium alloys. 33  mrumuricss Plastic rigidity (function of temperature) - W usin Ilisure s kin it Wan. - - - - wagt wind Menen / 34  "Dur nerma Polycarbonate (hard, tough plastics)  Transparent and retain their dimensions and their resistance to impact.  Examples: babies’ bottles, bus-shelter windows and plastic sheeting for roofing, firemen’s masks, interior mouldings in aircraft and in electronic equipment, helmets for cricketers and motor cyclists, baseball helmets and snowmobiles.  The most common plastic optical lens material is a poly-diallylcarbonate (Columbia resin CR39) and related materials (CR64, EX80).  Polycarbonate is produced by condensation polymerisation in a process called phase transfer catalysis. - - 35 Tou density 36 Plastics in packaging 37  ↳m with on mar : was Potential problems of plastic containers warninbearing nontoona Desorption (release of chemicals from a product) -  AS2070 ‘Plastics for Food Contact Use’ Photodegradation intersmwisblasmos Grwasting Plasticisers (used to soften plastic, incoporated in polymer): environmental and - health concerns Sour Polymer - degradation from heat, light, oxidation  Need additive to stabilize them - Plastic degrades more rapidly in sea water than on land, but still a significant pollution problem. 38  Recycling การจัดการขยะในประเทศไทย https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAh7nVq0mvg What really happens to the plastic you throw away https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6xlNyWPpB8 unvr 39  Recycling How Plastic Recycling Actually Works https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zO3jFKiqmHo An environmentally friendly process: plastics recycling at mtm plastics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x9rXCPlRF78 40  Step 1. collection and Distribution Hir 110 : Mr : 8) e categorizing exam. 2 sorting and Steps in plastic recycling chanmaluacov) missing - dichison) maint washing. 3 (nin. San , u. Shredding abolwich it is my 5. Identification and separation errhmundman unt (urt-or , Cr-50a) From Google search wassobmisu 6. Extruding and compounding cand vorwang) The Complete Plastics Recycling Process: https://www.rts.com/blog/the-complete-plastics-recycling-process- rts/ How is Plastic Recycled? A Step by Step Guide to Recycling: https://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/sustainability/how-is-plastic- recycled-a-step-by-step-guide-to-recycling.aspx line correla > - mission - midating - were intrict 41  (writings/dairports Biodegradable plastics  Most frequently contain an ester or amide linkage. -  For example, polylactic acid, PLA, is a thermoplastic polyester  From polymerisation of lactic acid derived from corn starch or sugarcane · one ⑭ Juss() 42 Chemistry in Daily Life: Fibers Natural Semi-synthetic creativ Synthetic 43  Natural fiber: Cotton - https://www.onlinetextileacademy.com/chemical-structure-of-cotton-fibre/ 44 Natural fiber: Silk dur loade : nur ne (a) 45 Product from silk 46 Semi-synthetic fiber - - cirayon 47 Synthetic fiber Classm w) : - misbsicarm 48 Fiber for sporting 49 Properties of fibers n. We w ap inmarlins naus nun - (Insonwilur) (indorovioy) Cenear) Urs) 50 Properties of fibers 51