Chapter5Lecture.pptx

Chapter 5 An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 B.C.E.-330 C.E. Focus Question: Analyze the cause of the rise, stability, and the decline of the Roman and Han empires in terms of their respective geographical locations, natural resources, economic base, administrative structures, and i...

Chapter 5 An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 B.C.E.-330 C.E. Focus Question: Analyze the cause of the rise, stability, and the decline of the Roman and Han empires in terms of their respective geographical locations, natural resources, economic base, administrative structures, and ideological systems.  Chapter 5 Vocabulary 1. Republic 2. Senate 3. Augustus 4. Pax Romana 5. Aqueduct 6. Constantine 7. Qin 8. Shi Huangdi 9. Han 10. Chang’an 6|2 Roman---Second–Third Century C.E. What valuable insight to Roman culture/values does this mosaic depict? 6|3 Dancing Girl Wearing Silk Garment, Second–Third Century C.E. This Roman mosaic depicts a musician accompanying a dancer who is wearing a sheer garment of silk imported from China. 6|4  Map 6.1 The Roman Empire The Roman Empire came to encompass all the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, as well as parts of continental Europe. Deserts and seas provided solid natural boundaries, but the long and vulnerable river border in central and eastern Europe would eventually prove expensive 6|5 to defend and vulnerable to invasion by Germanic and Central Asian Peoples. Rome's Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.–330 C.E. A Republic of Farmers, 753–31 B.C.E. Kingship (monarchy) was eliminated in 507 BCE Representatives of the senatorial class of large landholders—overthrew king, establish a republic Political power—two consuls and the Senate--- Republic Senate made laws and governed—wealthy landing owning families Absolute authority—oldest living male— paterfamilias (patriarchal) 6|6 Rome's Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.–330 C.E. A Republic of Farmers, 753–31 B.C.E. Society was hierarchical (ranked) Roman women—initially subordinate to the paterfamilias (patriarchal)-unable to own property or represent herself in legally---no public role Romans worshiped a large number of supernatural spirits, as well as major gods e.g. Jupiter, Mars 6|7 Statue of a Roman Carrying Busts of His Ancestors, First Century B.C.E. Roman society was extremely conscious of status, and the status of an elite Roman family was determined in large part by the public achievements of ancestors and living members. A visitor to a Roman home found portraits of distinguished ancestors in the entry hall, along with labels listing the offices they held. Portrait heads were carried in funeral processions. 6|8 Rome’s Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.–330 C.E. Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean Reasons for expansion: greed, aggressiveness, constant fear of being attacked Romans used local elite groups to administer and tax provinces Roman governor served a single one-year term in office—supervised local admin.— prone to corruption 6|9  Scene from Trajan’s Column, circa 113 C.E. The Roman emperor Trajan erected a marble column 125 feet (38 meters) in height to commemorate his triumphant campaign in Dacia (modern Romania). The relief carving, which snakes around the column for 656 feet (200 meters), illustrates numerous episodes of the conquest and provides a detailed pictorial record of the equipment and practices of the Roman army in the field. This panel depicts soldiers building a fort. 6 | 10 Rome’s Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.–330 C.E. The Failure of the Republic Men from independent farming families were forced to devote their time to military Large landowners bought up land to create large estates—latifundia—cash crops such as grapes, dependent on imported grain Decline in food production—grow cash crops (grapes) rather than wheat Slave labor cheap---formed unemployed underclass Loyalty to Roman commanders rather than Roman state—civil wars, end republican system of gov. 6 | 11  The Roman Principate, 31 B.C.E. – 330 C.E. Julius Caesar—grand nephew Augustus Caesar took power in 31 BCE—ruled as military dictator Augustus added Egypt, Middle East, and Central Europe added to the empire Emperor became a major source of laws during this time period Roman law created in the sixth century CE became foundations of European law 6 | 12  Rome’s Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.–330 C.E. An Urban Empire 80% of the 50-60 million people of the Roman Empire were rural farmers Network of cities and towns Upper-class lived in elegant well-built houses Poor lived in dark, fire-prone wooden tenements Constructed amenities such as aqueducts, baths, theatres, gardens, temples, and other public works, entertainment Imported—more grain, silk, spices Exported---glass, metalwork, pottery 6 | 13 Roman Shop Selling Food and Drink, in Pompeii Shops such as this sold hot food and drink. Shelves and niches behind the counter contained other items. You can also see a well- paved street and a public fountain where the inhabitants could fetch water. 6 | 14 Rome’s Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.–330 C.E. The Rise of Christianity Christianity grew slowly, but by 200 CE, Christians were sizeable minority in the Roman Empire Christianity in Roman Empire came at a time when Romans were increasingly dissatisfied with their traditional religion 6 | 15  Rome’s Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.–330 C.E. Technology and Transformation engineering and infrastructure aqueducts state and economic problems border raids—Germanic people invade Constantine Christianity and the move east—capital Constantinople in 324 CE Roman empire collapse by 476 CE Byzantine Empire replaces Roman Empire 6 | 16  Roman Aqueduct near Tarragona, Spain The growth of towns and cities challenged Roman officials to provide an adequate supply of water. Aqueducts channeled water from a source, sometimes many miles away, to an urban complex using only the force of gravity. To bring an aqueduct from high ground into the city, Roman engineers designed long, continuous rows of arches that maintained a steady downhill slope. 6 | 17  Rome’s Creation of a Mediterranean Empire: Discussion ⮚ How did Rome create and maintain its vast Mediterranean empire? 6 | 18 The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.–220 C.E. Hierarchy, Obedience, and Belief Family was basic unit of society Family was unbroken chain, ancestors take an active interest in the affairs of the current generation Dominated by elder male Hierarchy in society All women expected to be obedient 6 | 19 The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.–220 C.E. The Qin Unification of China, 221–206 B.C.E. Success for Qin: 1. Defend against “barbarian” neighbors 2. Adoption of severe Legalist methods 3. Ambitious and ruthless emperor Shi Huangdi Establish strong centralized state, eliminating rival centers of authority 6 | 20 The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.–220 C.E. The Qin Unification of China, 221–206 B.C.E. Legalist views followed with Confucianism suppressed Constructed walls built earlier, eventually Great Wall of China Shi Huangdi died, monumental tomb guarded by terracotta clay army of seven thousand soldiers 6 | 21  Terracotta Soldiers from the Tomb of Shi Huangdi, “First Emperor” of China, Late Third Century B.C.E. Near the monumental tomb that he built for himself, the First Emperor filled a huge underground chamber with more than seven thousand life-size baked-clay statues of soldiers. 6 | 22 Gold Belt Buckle, Xiongnu, Second Century B.C.E. The Xiongnu, herders in the lands north of China, shared the artistic conventions of nomadic peoples across the steppes of Asia and eastern Europe, such as this fluid, twisting representation of the animals on which they depended for their livelihood. 6 | 23  The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.–220 C.E. The Long Reign of the Han, 202 B.C.E. – 220 C.E. (Gaozu) Liu Bang established the Han dynasty—ruled with Confucian philosophy and Legalist techniques Empire expanded—Vietnam, Manchuria, and Korea Built military to fight northern nomads Emperor Wu—expansion of Chinese territory, Silk Roads would help their economy 6 | 24 Map 6.2 Han China -A series of walls in the north and northwest, built to check the incursions of nomadic peoples from the steppes, were joined together to form the. ancestor of the present-day Great Wall of China -An extensive network of roads connecting towns, cities, and frontier forts promoted rapid communication and facilitated trade, including 6 | 25 the Silk Road. The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.–220 C.E. New Forms of Thought and Belief Preserving historical records Observation of astronomical observations of planets, stars Development of watermills, horsed collar, made paper Built roads, canals (Grand Canal— connect North South) Buddhism from India 6 | 26 Silk Burial Banner from Mawangdui This banner was placed on the coffin containing the mummified body of Lady Dai, wife of the ruler of a dependent kingdom in southern China, in the mid-second century B.C.E. The lower and upper portions depict the Underworld and Heaven, while the middle register shows the deceased and her family offering sacrifices to help her soul ascend to Heaven. 6 | 27 The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.–220 C.E. Decline of the Han Breakdown of the state Court plague with weak leadership declining revenues military breakdown—relied on mercenaries for military Official corruption Peasant uprisings—over taxed Nomadic attacks 6 | 28  The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.–220 C.E.: Discussion ⮚ How did imperial China evolve under the Qin and Han dynasties? 6 | 29  Roman and Chinese Empires Similarities and Differences Similarities Differences 1. Agriculture based China-was revived and 2. Central rule—breaking old territory of Han Empire re- aristocratic families, unified reducing land holdings Rome-Concept of 3. Expanded empires, used individual—upward mobility local officials to administer for middle class in Rome interests 4. Majority of population Different political ideologies lived in rural areas and religions 5. Faced defense issues 6 | 30  Chapter Conclusion: Discussion ⮚ What were the most important similarities and differences between these two empires, and what do the similarities and differences tell us about the circumstances and the character of each? 6 | 31  Chapter Chronology from 1000 B.C.E-300 C.E. Empty cell Rome China 1000 B.C.E. 1000 B.C.E. First settlement on site of Rome Empty cell 500 B.C.E. 507 B.C.E. Establishment of the Republic 480-221 B.C.E. Warring States Period 300 B.C.E. 290 B.C.E. Defeat of tribes of Samnium gives Romans control of Italy 264-202 B.C.E. Wars against Carthage guarantee Roman control of western 221 B.C.E. Qin emperor unites eastern China Mediterranean 200 B.C.E. 200-146 B.C.E. Wars against Hellenistic 202 B.C.E. Han dynasty succeeds Qin kingdoms lead to control of eastern 140-87 B.C.E. Emperor Wu expands the Han Mediterranean Empire 109-91 B.C.E. Sima Qian writes history of China 100 B.C.E. 88-31 B.C.E. Civil wars and failure of the Republic 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E. Augustus 9-23 C.E. Wang Mang usurps throne establishes the Principate 25 C.E. Han capital transferred from Chang'an to Luoyang 50 C.E. 45-58 C.E. Paul spreads Christianity in the eastern Mediterranean 99 C.E. Ban Zhao composes "Lessons for Women" 200 C.E. 235-284 C.E. Third-Century Crisis 220 C.E. Fall of Han dynasty 300 C.E. 324 C.E. Constantine moves capital to Empty cell Constantinople 6 | 32