Chapter4Lecture.pptx

Chapter 4 Greece and Iran, 1000-30 B.C.E. Focus Question: Analyze the influence that both Persian and Greek civilizations had upon each other in culture, politics, and interactions in the Mediterranean and western Asian worlds.  Vocabulary 1. Zoroastrianism 2. Polis 3. Democra...

Chapter 4 Greece and Iran, 1000-30 B.C.E. Focus Question: Analyze the influence that both Persian and Greek civilizations had upon each other in culture, politics, and interactions in the Mediterranean and western Asian worlds.  Vocabulary 1. Zoroastrianism 2. Polis 3. Democracy 4. Persian Wars 5. Socrates 6. Peloponnesian War 7. Alexander the Great 8. Hellenistic Age 9. Pericles 10. Trireme 5|2 Artifact Analysis 5|3 Vase Painting Depicting Women at an Athenian Fountain House, ca. 520 B.C.E. Paintings on Greek vases provide the most vivid pictorial record of ancient Greek life. The subject matter usually reflects the interests of the aristocratic males who purchased the vases--warfare, athletics, mythology, drinking parties--but sometimes we are given glimpses into the lives of women and the working classes. These women are presumably domestic servants sent to fetch water for the household from the public fountain. The large water jars they are filling are like the one on which this scene is depicted. 5|4  Map 5.1 The Persian Empire Between 550 and 522 B.C.E. The Persian Empire was considerably larger than its predecessor, the Assyrian Empire. For their empire, the Persian rulers developed a system of provinces, governors, regular tribute, and communication by means of royal roads and couriers that allowed for efficient operations for two centuries. 5|5  Ancient Iran, 1000-500 B.C.E. Geography and Resources Mountain, deserts, and the Persian Gulf—open to attacks from Central Asian nomads Limited natural resources—support limited population Mineral resources—copper, tin, iron, gold, silver 5|6 Ancient Iran, 1000-500 B.C.E. The Rise of the Persian Empire Built up by a series of three kings: Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius I Imperial Organization Empire was divided into twenty provinces Satrap—connected to royal court admin each province Provinces were required to pay annual tribute Centralized government---kingship Kings acted lawgivers—but could live in accordance with own traditions 5|7  Gold Model of Four-Horse Chariot from the Eastern Achaemenid Empire This model is part of the Oxus Treasure, a cache of gold and silver objects discovered in Tajikistan. Seated on a bench next to the chariot driver, the main figure wears a long robe, a hood, and a torque around his neck, the garb of a Persian noble. It is uncertain whether this model was 5|8 a child’s toy or a votive offering to a deity.  Sculpted Images on a Stairwell at Persepolis, circa 500 B.C.E. Persepolis, in the Persian homeland, was built by Darius I and his son Xerxes, and it was used for ceremonies of special importance to the Persian king and people–coronations, royal weddings, funerals, and the New Year's Festival. Relief images like these on the stone, representing members of the court and embassies bringing gifts, broadcast a vision of the grandeur and harmony of the 5|9 Persian Empire. Ancient Iran, 1000-500 B.C.E. Ideology and Religion Zoroastrianism Animist (plants, animals) saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil—moral choice Darius combined the moral philosophy of Zoroastrianism with political ideology 5 | 10  Ancient Iran, 1000-500 B.C.E.: Discussion ⮚ How did the Persian Empire rise from its Iranian homeland and succeed in controlling vast territories and diverse cultures? 5 | 11  The Rise of the Greeks, 1000-500 B.C.E. Geography and Resources Mediterranean zone is highly conductive to migration and the transfer of crops, technology, and trade Limited resources, water, and thin arable soil meant the area could not support large populations 5 | 12  The Rise of the Greeks, 1000-500 B.C.E. The Emergence of the Polis Greece’s “Dark Age” (1150-800 BCE) population growth and urbanization—due to importation of foods and raw materials polis-City-state—urban center and its rural territory hoplites—formation of heavily armored infantry —break enemy’s defense colonization-diffusion of new ideas tyrant gave way to oligarchy (small group to make decisions) and democracy Polytheistic—sky gods 5 | 13 Map 5.2 Ancient Greece By the early first millennium B.C.E. Greek-speaking peoples were dispersed throughout the Aegean region, occupying the Greek mainland, most of the islands, and the western coast of Anatolia. As a result of the limited natural resources of this region, the Greeks had to resort to sea travel and trade with other lands in the Mediterranean to acquire metals and other vital raw materials. 5 | 14  The Acropolis at Athens This steep, defensible plateau jutting up from the Attic Plain served as a Mycenaean fortress in the second millennium B.C.E., and the site of Athens has been continuously occupied since that time. 5 | 15  The Rise of the Greeks, 1000-500 B.C.E. New Intellectual Currents individualism, humanism pre-Socratic philosophers—explain rationally why the world was created Herodotus-recording information—history discipline! Athens and Sparta geography and political destiny democracy—popular origins of gov. included the Assembly, the Council of 500, and the People’s Court 5 | 16  Vase Painting Depicting a Sacrifice to the God Apollo, circa 440 B.C.E. For the Greeks, who believed in a multitude of gods who looked and behaved like humans, the central act of worship was the sacrifice, the ritualized offering of a gift. Here we see a number of male devotees, wearing their finest clothing and garlands in their hair, near a sacred outdoor altar and statue of Apollo. The god is shown at the far right, standing on a pedestal and holding his 5 | 17 characteristic bow and laurel branch.  The Rise of the Greeks, 1000-500 B.C.E.: Discussion ⮚ What were the most distinctive elements of Greek civilization, and how and why did they evolve in the Archaic and Classical periods? 5 | 18  Map 5.3 Hellenistic Civilization After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C.E., his vast empire soon split apart into a number of large and small political entities. This period saw Greeks migrating in large numbers from their overcrowded homeland to serve as a privileged class of soldiers and administrators on the new frontiers, where they replicated the lifestyle of the city-state.5 | 19 The Struggle of Persia and Greece, Persian Wars--490 B.C.E. First Persian War Persian Wars--two Persian attacks on Greece In the First Persian War, the generals of Darius I captured Eretria and attacked Athens (490 BCE) The attack on Athens was foiled when Athenian forces defeated the Persians at Marathon 5 | 20 The Struggle of Persia and Greece, Persian Wars--480 B.C.E. Second Persian War Xerxes led a large army and a fleet against the Greeks Sparta organized the Hellenic League—alliance of city-states Delian League—went on offensive and drove Persians out of most of eastern Mediterranean 5 | 21  The Struggle of Persia and Greece, 546-323 B.C.E. The Height of Athenian Power Athenian naval power--triremes Socrates-Socratic method of question and answer Plato—wrote dialogs exploring concepts of justice, excellence, and wisdom—founded school, the Academy 5 | 22  Replica of Ancient Greek Trireme Greek warships had a metal-tipped ram in front to pierce the hulls of enemy vessels and a pair of steering rudders in the rear. Though equipped with masts and sails, in battle these war-ships were propelled by 170 rowers. This modern, full-size replica, manned by international volunteer crews, is helping scholars to determine attainable speeds and maneuvering techniques. 5 | 23  The Struggle of Persia and Greece, 546-323 B.C.E. Inequality in Classical Greece Athenian democracy in practice (only free men)----limited—women, slaves, children, and foreigners did not have the rights of citizens Sparta women—relatively free and outspoken Athens women---confined and oppressed 5 | 24  The Struggle of Persia and Greece, 546-323 B.C.E. Failure of the City-State and Triumph of the Macedonians Peloponnesian War—Sparta v. Athens Alexander the Great—invaded Persia in 336 BCE and defeated the forces of the Persian Empire, including Pakistan, built own empire Greek-style cities adoption of alphabetic Greek writing-increased literacy 5 | 25  The Struggle of Persia and Greece, 546-323 B.C.E.: Discussion ⮚ How did the Persian Wars and their aftermath affect the politics and culture of ancient Greece and Iran? 5 | 26  Chapter Chronology 1000 B.C.E. - 100 B.C.E. Empty cell. Greece and the Hellenistic World Persian Empire 1000 B.C.E. 1150-800 B.C.E. Greece's "Dark Age" circa 1000 B.C.E. Persians settle in southwest Iran 800 B.C.E. circa 800 B.C.E.. Resumption of Greek contact Empty cell with eastern Mediterranean 800-480 B.C.E.. Greece's Archaic period circa 750-550 B.C.E. Era of colonization circa 700 B.C.E. Beginning of hoplite warfare circa 650-500 B.C.E. Era of tyrants 600 B.C.E. 594 B.C.E. Solon reforms laws at Athens 550 B.C.E. Cyrus overthrows Medes 550-530 B.C.E. Reign of Cyrus 546-510 B.C.E. Pisistratus and sons hold tyranny 546 B.C.E. Cyrus conquers Lydia at 539 B.C.E. Cyrus takes control of Babylonia Athens 530-522 B.C.E. Reign of Cambyses; Conquest of Egypt 522-486 B.C.E. Reign of Darius 500 B.C.E. 499-494 B.C.E. Ionian Creeks rebel against Persia 490 B.C.E. Athenians check Persian punitive expedition at Marathon 480-323 B.C.E. Greece's Classical period 480-479 B.C.E. Xerxes' invasion of Greece 477 B.C.E. Athens becomes leader of Delian League 461-429 B.C.E. Pericles dominant at Athens; Athens completes evolution to democracy 431-404 B.C.E. Peloponnesian War 400 B.C.E. 399 B.C.E. Trial and execution of Socrates 359 B.C.E. Philip II becomes king of Macedonia 387 B.C.E. King's Peace makes Persia arbiter of 338 B.C.E. Philip takes control of Greece Greek affairs 334-323 B.C.E. Alexander the Great defeats Persia and creates huge empire 323-30 B.C.E. Hellenistic period 300 B.C.E. circa 300 B.C.E. Foundation of the Museum in Empty cell. Alexandria 200 B.C.E. First Roman intervention in the Hellenistic East 30 B.C.E. Roman annexation of Egypt, the last Empty cell. 100 B.C.E. 5 | 27 Hellenistic kingdom