Combined Acad First Semester Final Study Guide PDF

Minoans, - They were taken over by the mycenaeans - Minos was the legendary king of the island of crete which was where minoan society was - They built many palaces throughout the island, - Very grand - Had toilets - The main parts of the society...

Minoans, - They were taken over by the mycenaeans - Minos was the legendary king of the island of crete which was where minoan society was - They built many palaces throughout the island, - Very grand - Had toilets - The main parts of the society - They had storage houses where officials collected taxes - Palace at Knossos had frescos - Rulers lived in the palaces - Palace officials created a language called linear A - Still undeciphered - Used for economy and commercial purposes - Was pictographic - Symbols represented syllables - Traded with the phoenicians and many other societies - Center of Mediterranean commerce - Influenced by Phoenicia and Egypt, Phoenician watercraft - Exchanged wine, olive oil, and wool for grains, textiles, and manufactured goods in Greece, Anatolia, Phoenicia, and Egypt - Colonies later established on Cyprus and islands in Aegean for copper and markets with tin - Earthquakes, volcanic eruption, and tidal waves, especially volcano on island of Thera/Santorini - Palaces rebuilt with plumbing - Wealth attracted invaders and Crete was occupied - Crete pronunciation = KREET, or in greek pronunciation = Kreety- THANK YOU NINA - Island society - Located in the east-central Mediterranean - Commercial center - Phoenician and Egyptian influences benefited society - Traded with different societies - Series of natural disasters - Attracted invaders - The start of their fall ws because of natural causes like volcanoes and such, and they made their palaces more luxurious but then their wealth attracted foreign invaders which led to their downfall from foreign domination. Their traditions of maritime trade, writing,a dn construction still deeply influencedGreece. Mycenaeans, - Indo-Europeans migrated to Greek peninsula and traded with Minoans/Crete - Adapted Linear A to Linear B - Built stone fortresses and palaces in S Greek Peninsula-Peloponnesus - Named after settlement of Mycenae - Expanded past peninsula into Minoan society and occupied Crete, settled in Anatolia, Sicily, and S Italy - Conflict with Troy in Anatolia - 1100-800 BCE, invasions and civil disturbances, unstable government, unproductive agriculture  - Fell into ruin, declining population, abandoned settlements, people in peninsulas fled to islands, writing disappeared Trojan War, - Greeks vs. Trojans - Ten year siege on Troy by Greeks - Gained access to city by use of trojan horse - Names to know: - Achilles - Odysseus - Paris - Trojan prince - Stole Helen from Sparta - Killed Achilles (arrow to heel) - Killed by Philoctetes (poisoned arrow) - Ajax - “Ajax the Great” - Killed himself - Hector - Helen - Wife of Menelaus - Kidnapped by Paris - Said to be the most beautiful woman in the world - Menelaus - Spartan King - Philoctetes Homer, - A profoundly influential figure - Wrote the odyssey and the iliad - These poems that he had written were actually passed down by word of mouth long before he had written them Pericles- - Most popular athenian leader, from 461 Bce to his death in 429 Bce - Wielded enormous personal influence in government - Had hundreds of officeholders from the common classes - Supported building programs which provided jobs for thousands of construction workers and laborers - Made athens what it was known for with philosophy and democracy Persian Wars - During 5th century BCE the greeks links abroad made them come into contact with conflict with the persian empire, this long struggle known as the persian wars (500-479 BCE) - Persian emperor Cyrus and Darius I tightened his grip on anatolia which made the ionian cities restless - The ionians revolted against persians and expelled the persian administrators, and the athenians came down to help the ionians with ships  - But still Darius repressed the Ionian rebellion by 493 BCE - Then darius was like nuh uh and wanted to punish the athenians while also preventing any more greek interferences so they launched a full attack on the greek peninsula which makes no sense but cook I guess - In 490 BCE he sent a army and a fleet of ships to attack Athens, and though the athenians were greatly outnumbered they routed the persians back to the battle of the marathon and then they marched back to athens to continue to fight off the persians fleets just in time - Then ten years later xerxes, darius’s successor wanted to avenge the persians and went back again for a round two in 480 BCE - They were famously delayed by the Spartans at Thermopylae - The persians succeeded in capturing and burning athens - BUT then a greek fleet succeed in demolishing the persian Navy at the battle of salamis, which xerxes himself was actually watching on a makeshift throne on a hillside beside the battle - Then a year later a greek force at Plataea rounded the persians and the survivors went back to Anatolia - The greeks continued to fight but it never reached war Spartans vs. Athenians-fax Athens Sparta - Very inclusive (minus the women) - Included women, and actually taught them - They have created a lot stuff - Not oligarchic, hierarchical - Very strong allegiance to their city - Valued education from the intellectual state/nationalistic perspective - They had eugenics, if you weren't strong - Economy was more stable you would die - better/more improved navy - Economy was much less strong, much - More philosophers less diverse, relied heavily on agriculture - Celebrated wisdom and the arts - Very harsh, encouraged bullying and - Pretty like sexist starving within their training to make - Democratic them super strong  - Punished for being caught, but not for stealing, do it well but don't get caught - Only way to get a tombstone is sparta is to either die in childbirth, or die on the battlefield - The mothers would tell their sons, either come back carrying your shield or on it - Had a king democracy, - No longer had a select group of elites controlling government, and gave the power to the ordinary people - The created the first democracy - Transformed their city to house the new system - People assembled on the pnyx, where laws were made - 500 ordinary met everyday at the council house to plan the topics discussed at the pnyx - Had a different prime minister each month and everyone would have a term at court - Two disks were but into a ballot box, one has the inscriptions for guilty, the other said not guilty (early voting system) - They made a clariatriaon, which was a random selection machine, and it was impossible to turn the thing into your favor - They really loved fairness and honesty - Offices were filled by a random lottery who placed volunteers where they should go - Encouraged everyone to vote - Only positions filled by elections where those that required experience, like generals - Civic participation seemed to be the duty of all eligible citizens - Prevented building up allegiances What were the main drawbacks/limitations? - Still excluded many people (women, slaves, immigrants) - Factored that out along with all the people of age it left a pool of about 10% to 20% of eligible people - Thought to be anarchic and run by fools - Harder to progress as a society Peloponnesian War, - Sparta and Athens both grew to be the most power poleis in the Greek peninsula - Surrounding poleis joined in alliance, dividing the land into two separate “teams” (the Athanian side and the Spartan side) - This launched a demoralizing war between the two - Sparta eventually won as the dominating force, forcing Athens into an unconditional surrender, but this did not stop conflict from breaking out again  - Thucydides (athenian) wrote an account of the war, and did not refrain from describing Athens’ brutal tactics - They enforced severe punishments, and even massacred a whole island killing all the men and sold women and children into slavery - This caused them to lose their reputation, and become known as imperialist and insensitive - War overall weakened all of the Greek poleis Classical art/architecture, - Their buildings were very symmetrical and eye pleasing - The parthenon was built using doric style columns - Most greek columns had fluted sides - Made amazing sculpture and artwork - Greek sculptures made figures like gods, peoples, and athletes from marble - The greek statue makers were super obsessed with the perfect form, which is why much of their sculptures have great muscle tone and form - Greek paintings mainly are pottery paintings - The paintings are mainly basic colorings and side profiles - As time went on and they got more access to paints their artwork became more intricate and they started wall murals and paintings - Literature was super cool - Biggest pieces were the iliad and the odyssey - These inspired many future artists - Many of these - The word music is based on the muses - They created music and dance that was for every occasion (funerals, war, etc.) - Made many musical instrument - Lyre Greek theater, - The festival of dionysus happens in april, when sailing season comes, so everyone can come and watch - In the festival of Dionysius, there were three plays put on, each funded by their own rich man for the honor. - If your plays won the competition, then it said your name would be inscribed on the wall for honor, yk - Three types of greek plays - Comedy - Ugly characters - Satire - Mythological comedy rude plays - Tragedy - Very beautiful characters - Dithyrambs turned into theatre, when singers stopped singing the actions and started acting them too - One actor paired with a chorus was greek tragedy in its earliest forms - It was changed between people by masks - Tragedy comes from the greek words goat and song, might have to do with the goat sacrifices that went on - The tyrant king decided that festival of dionysus, would also be about theatre, also was for making athens a place of honor again - Theatre competitions took place in front of pretty much all the athenian society, women and slaves included - But only men could perform and vote for the best play - The courageous would assemble the chorus and all the other stuff - Had mainly on two or three actors playing every role, switching between masks to switch characters - Masks were made of linen with hair attached - Tragedy actors wore robes and shoes with platforms - This was taken very seriously, so no funny business - We don't have many of the greek plays that were made, we have about 30 at most - Watching plays was actually a civic duty according to athenians - Because they were seeing plays that actually dove deep into the big meanings behind their society, it makes you think what does a good citizen, family member, or person do? - Theatre helps you feel emotions that would have been bottle up otherwise arête, - Something to strive for in life - The idea and goal of excellence as a person - Holding strong virtue and being morally good - The idea of applying a quality of excellence to everything you do hubris, - Dangerous, excessive pride - Defies the gods order - The idea that you are almost god-like yourself - Serves as an example of human arrogance, and how pridefulness is dangerous Socrates, - Good acts should make people happier/better, don't just do them for the god (very dangerous idea) - Had conversations that helped advance thinking - Monotheistic belief instead of greek gods, this thinking led to his death sentence - He challenged the orthodox views that the gods are good and the best, and instead said that what makes the society better is good and the best (defying the belief in the gods) - never wrote anything down, and instead held discussions with younger educated men - he is primarily known for the socratic method of asking questions and reflecting - he got sentenced to death because of his unorthodox views and was considered a bit dangerous to those in power - condemned to death, so he had to drink hemlock poison in front of his students Plato, - Socrates student - founded the academy, which was a school where rich young men studied mathematics, astronomy, law, and, of course, philosophy - allowed women to go to this academy and learn - the academy was not based on wealth - taught about the two spheres of reality - writes a book named the republic, it basically defines the meaning of justice by separating it into 3 orders based on talents - he isn't promoting a caste system, but he is saying that there is a difference between importance - he believed that philosophers should run the city - kinda includes a bit of an eastern philosophy, confucianism (having the wisest leading) - 1st layer (base), peasants - 2nd layer, military - 3rd layer (top), philosophers ruling as kings - we need to get rid of our bias and opinions that we hold because it clouds our judgment - aiming to try to uncover the truth Aristotle, - Plato's student - He created the idea of LOGIC - Trust your head - Built arguments based off reason - he created the scientific method, which is testing if things are true or not, requires evidence and data to prove right or wrong - called the master of those who know - wrote the first thing about psychology, and just figuring out the mind in general works - he talks about how we have these animalistic desires, and how we can control these desires Greek achievements, - Food - Mathematics: - Euclid's "Elements" established the foundation of geometry, while Archimedes made significant contributions to calculus, mechanics, and the calculation of pi. - Astronomy: - Eratosthenes accurately calculated the Earth's circumference, and Hipparchus developed a detailed star catalog. Aristarchus proposed the first known heliocentric model of the solar system, although this theory was not widely accepted at the time. - Medicine: - Herophilus and Erasistratus conducted detailed anatomical studies, making significant progress in understanding the human body, particularly the nervous system. - The Library of Alexandria: - This intellectual center played a crucial role in preserving and spreading knowledge by containing many writings from all over, and was a place of study for scholars. - By the end of the 5th century CE it vanished - Many believed that it was destroyed in a fire, but it's much more complicated than that - They lowkey had the goal of getting every single book ever made, they literally had a book tax for the ships that entered their port - It was thriving until 48 BCE when caesar came in and conquered - The library might have burned a bit, but even so scholars still visited it - So people have come to believe that it just faded throughout time as it went from Greek, to roman, to christian, then eventually to muslim hands. - Every one viewed it contents as threats and not impressive works or sources of pride - The fear of knowledge ruined the library - Philosophy: - Hellenistic philosophy primarily explored ethical questions about how individuals should live. - Major schools of thought: - Stoicism: Emphasized living in harmony with nature and accepting what cannot be controlled, focusing on virtue as the key to happiness. - Epicureanism: Advocated for seeking pleasure, particularly the absence of pain, as the goal of life. - Skepticism: Questioned the possibility of attaining absolute knowledge and encouraged suspension of judgment. - Art: - a shift towards greater realism in depicting human emotions and experiences, with notable works like the "Winged Victory of Samothrace," "Laocoön and His Sons," and "Venus de Milo," showcasing dynamic poses, intense expressions, and a focus on the human form with more individualistic characteristics compared to the idealized classical Greek style. Philip II, - Under his reign, macedon went under a very thorough transformation - He built a powerful military that allowed him to overthrow the old clans and become the new ruler of Macedon  - His military had - Infantry composed of landowners - Calvary staffed by aristocrats who held large estates - Both elements proved to be well trained and nearly invincible - Once he had macedon, he turned his attention to overtaking Greece and the Persian empire - During the year 350 BCE, he moved into northern greece taking over the cities and such - Because he was conquering right after the peloponnesian war, greece was spent out, so Phillip had no trouble moving into Greece and conquering - greece was lowkey dead when philip the second conquered it - phillip spent most of his time in thebes, and learned many things there - promote people to elite units based on merit, - hit hard in a specific plate - gave all his warriors 20 ft pole - the Athenians did not care and just ignored the macedonians, and it wasn't until the macedonians reached really close by that the athenians were like hey, let's do something (it was too late) Alexander the Great, - alexander was very innovative and was very good at figuring out cool battle tactics - after he conquered Greece he went for persia, just to outdo his dad - he literally just wanted all of the persian empire - typically he was very cordial with who he conquered and didn't do anything terrible, but when it came to Tyrus, he just went in and killed all of them - he treated his subjects very respectfully, took a page out of persians book - very religiously respectful - after he met the oracle he went back to conquering the persian empire - he was very very innovative and creative - even after darius was dead he still conquered well into the indus valley - he was becoming more king like, which weirded out the greeks because they hated monarchs - he died, and left behind a giant empire, which ended up splitting up, and each part was governed by his generals - Antigonus: Greece and Madedon - Ptolemy: Egypt - Seleucus: Achaemenid empire (Persia) (biggest portion) Hellenistic, - The age of alexander the great and his successors - The era where Greek cultural traditions expanded their influence beyond just greece - Between alexander's death and being taken over by rome, the hellenistic empires governed cosmopolitan societies and facilitated the interaction between people from Greece to India - Helped integrate economies and trade of many different regions Ptolemaic, - The wealthiest of the Hellenic empires  - The Greek and Macedonian overlords did not really interfere with the already good egyptian society and just were happy with the organization of agriculture, the efficient industry, and tax collection - They maintained the irrigation systems and they watched over the cultivation of crops, also kept on the payment of taxes - Established the royal monopolies over really big industries - Textiles - Salt making - Brewing of beer Alexandria, - It was the center of trade between Europe and the arabian and indian east - It became the world's largest city (second only to rome) - Very diverse and they all lived happily ever after together, yk? - Had library of alexandria - It was a beacon of knowledge - Housed countless scrolls and manuscripts from many different areas - It made it a very great place for scholars - The Pharos Lighthouse - Was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world - Guided sailors throughout the sea - It was set fire to by caesar's army during their conquering ROME patricians vs. plebeians, Patricians Plebeians - Elite class determined by birth - Common people - Voted for the consuls - They threatened to leave rome and make their own rival settlement bc tensions were so high between them and patricians senate, - Made up of patricians - Had extensive political responsibilities - Advised consuls - Ratified (approved) all major decisions made by consuls - Senate later got the decision of electing those who served in the senate tribunes, - The officials the Patricians gave the plebians the right to elect - They represented the plebeian interest within the roman government - They originally chose two but then that number rose to ten  - They had the power to intervene in all political matters and veto unfair laws Twelve Tables, - Rome's first set of laws - They took inspo from greek laws to establish the social organization for rome - Served as the foundation for roman law making Republic, - Form of government instituted following the overthrow of the last Etruscan king - Included: - Republic constitution, which put civil and military power in to executive consuls - Consuls were decided by elite members called “patricians” - Senate, also made up of patricians, who ratified the senate and advised them - Those in consuls served one year terms - Put the power into the people not just a king or a single person - This was not exactly true though, because lower class citizens called plebeians had no representation at the time (until tribunes came, which still gave them little to no power) Punic Wars, - When the romans clashed with carthage - They fought three very bad conflicts known as the Punic wars - They were both fighting for regional supremacy - They ended up defeating carthage, making them the most powerful within the western mediterranean region - This then led them to get into more fights with the eastern mediterranean which the ended up conquering them-ish, but this led to them becoming the biggest power throughout western and eastern mediterranean Pax Romana, - Means “roman peace” - The era started during Augustus's reign, he started it - It persisted for two and a half centuries - Despite the occasional flare up from people who hated the roman rule, the Pax Romana helped facilitate trade and communication all around the region from mesopotamia to the atlantic ocean Caesar, - Most famous emperor of rome or somewhere on that chart - How did Caesar’s status grow, and how did he finally seize power? - His status grew because he was… - Very active in roman politics, member of the First Trimutive - He spent enormous sums of money sponsoring the building of public activities (fights between gladiators, wild animals, etc.) - These activities kept him in the public eye and helped him rack up points - He also lead the roman army to gaul, and conquered it making it apart of the roman empire  - This conquest helped with easing political problems and also made him uber popular - Then the conservatives were like, hey he sucks, because they were afraid of him, but caesar refused to back down and like literally pointed his army towards rome and named himself dictator of rome, but pulled a putin and put himself for life instead of six months - What were Caesar’s main policies and how did these alienate him from Rome’s elites? - He centralized military and political functions and brought them under his control - He took property from the elite conservatives, and gave it to veterans of his army and his other supporters - Launched large scale building projects as ways to employ the poor - Extended roman citizenship to people in imperial provinces and appointed gauls to the roman senate - These policies paved the way for a centralized imperial government within rome - Eventually it alienated the roman elites from him because they didn't like or what he stood for, also like he was pretty much going against all traditional rules for ruling. So like all good emperors do, the elites stabbed Caesar to death in the roman forum (is that why they call it a Caesar salad because he got all chopped up?) Augustus, - Power passed to him after Caesars struggle (he was Caesar's great nephew) - Also known as Octavian, who defeated his enemy Mark Antony (is this guy an actor?) - Given the name Augustus, which has strong religious roots and suggests semi-divineness - Fashioned an imperialist government, shaped Rome's affairs for the next 3 years - Preserved traditional values but also radically changed government - Reorganized military system legion, class article on roman legion → https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Fej192YvjTaNLTsZ6WbC8gT5xFqdqSLZ4uUy4NVCHi8/edit ?tab=t.0 - Military was the backbone of Rome’s success - Army and legions used Rome’s roads to move quickly and efficiently - Soldiers signed up to fight for 20 years minimum - Army was divided into legions of about 5,400 soldiers - Usually led by a senator or a governor, called a legate - Given good armor for protection - Used a variety of weapons gladiators, - They were the prime athletes of ancient rome - Marshalls poem was the only surviving account of the gladiator fights and actually points out many of the contradictions - The emperor's presence was very crucial, because when he was in the emperor's box everyone could see him and he could see everyone - The gladiator fights was part of the bread and circus, bc the people needed entertainment to keep them at bay and stop then from rebelling - The morning was beast combat  - Noon was executions - Afternoon was the paired combats/gladiators - They both enter through the gate of life, if they lived they would leave the same way, if they died they would exit through the gate of death - The winner is given a wooden staff symbolising their freedom - They had a big like giant fish bowl on his head and and heavy shield, so it was 35-40 lbs of extra weight - If you fought bravely enough the emperor could give you the opportunity to become a normal citizen - If a gladiator is wounded and down on the sands he can lift his finger and ask for survival - The outcome of the games is in the end decided by the emperor but its very rare that he would go against the people's choice because he wanted to stay in their favor - The rudis (that stick) was life or death “bread & circus,” - The wealthy had palace like houses, that had formal gardens and threw gorgeous banquets with super rare and exotic foods - The poor on the other hand were stuck eating like bread and bland and boring foods - Poverty soon became a big problem throughout all of Rome, and the angry and dissatisfied citizens began mini riots and were building up the rich people's personal armies - So instead of creating an urban policy the imperials just sought to keep the masses contented by using“bread and circus” which is subsidized grain and public entertainment Spartacus, - An escaped slave who assembled an army of 70,000 other rebellious slaves in revolt to how they were treated - They were defeated but it was still really impressive principle Roman values, - Holding virtue, or value in what you do - Gravitas, meaning seriousness and responsibility - Loyalness - Sense of duty to your family and country - Valuing the law and government paterfamilia, - “Father of the family” - Roman law gave the paterfamilia complete power over their households - Arranged marriages for his children - Could execute or sell children off to slavery - Determine what their jobs would be - Could punish them for whatever he deemed fit - They typically ruled tyrannically over their households - Typically was the eldest male Jesus (ask Matthew), - Known as Jesus of Nazareth - The dude who christians formed their community around and recognized as their savior - He was a charismatic Jewish teacher - Born in about the year 4 BCE - He grew up in a time of high tension between the romans and the Jews - He was peaceful and drew large crowds with his teachings about devotion to god and love for his fellow humans and his reputation of wisdom and a miracle worker (especially about healing the sick) - He alarmed the romans bc he kept on saying that “the kingdom of god is at hand” for him it probs means spiritually and like kingdom of heaven and all that jazz, but the romans interpreted it as more political and took offense - So because jesus (it didn't help that he had a stupid amount of people following him wherever he went) the Kingdom of god seemed like a threat to the roman kingdom in palestine, they crucified Jesus in the early 30s CE Christianity (Ask Matthew) After Jesus’s crucifixion some of his followers thought that he had rose from the dead Many different branches of it (orthodox, Catholic, Presbyterian, etc) Most popular religion with the world with about 2.3 billion followers (live laugh love google) The Romans lowkey hated it and would kill off the christians so they’d be burned, crucified, used as sacrifices during gladiator games, but the funny thing is that they would rather die as martyrs