Chapter 1 - Introduction to Human Anatomy PDF

Human Anatomy Sixth Edition Kenneth S. Saladin Chapter 01 The Study of Human Anatomy  The Scope of Human Anatomy Anatomy – study of the structural basis of body function. Physiology – study of the functional releva...

Human Anatomy Sixth Edition Kenneth S. Saladin Chapter 01 The Study of Human Anatomy  The Scope of Human Anatomy Anatomy – study of the structural basis of body function. Physiology – study of the functional relevance of a structure. Functional morphology (3F’s) “Form Follows Function” 1-2 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  History of Human Anatomy Greek and Roman scientists laid Modern anatomy traces foundation for the it roots to Vesalius, a scientific study of the 16th century anatomist, human body - mainstay who combined medical of anatomical and illustration with cadaver medical understanding demonstrations and in Europe until the lectures—a legacy that Renaissance remains with us today Islamic scientists advanced in knowledge in the Medieval era while scientific research nearly nonexistent in Europe 1-3 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Gross Anatomy (Cadaver Anatomy) The word “anatomy” means to cut, and, for many centuries, the only way to visualize what lay beneath the skin was to perform cadaver dissections. Today, while cadaver dissection still plays an important role (we have a male and female cadaver in the lab), new techniques have offered exciting insights into human structure, and have expanded the avenues for the study of anatomy… all of which we will be using in lab this semester! 1-4 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Studying the Anatomical Sciences § Gross anatomy § Surface anatomy § Radiological anatomy § Systemic anatomy § Regional anatomy § Histology (microscopic anatomy) 1-5 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Methods of Anatomical Study Inspection Looking at surface appearance Palpation Feeling a structure Auscultation Listening to normal sounds Percussion Tapping and listening Dissection Cutting and separating of tissues 1-6 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Medical Imaging Replaces many exploratory surgeries. Radiology – branch of medicine concerned with imaging. Invasive – inserted into the body. Non-invasive – no penetration of the body. 1-7 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Techniques of Radiology Radiography X-ray or radiograph Contrast medium – for visualization of hollow organs Angiography – blood vessels Figure 1.2a 1-8 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo  Techniques of Radiology Computed Tomography (CT scan) Cross-section X-rays (look at it from the direction of feet to head) Equivalent radiation doses of 100-200 simple chest X-rays Figure 1.2c 1-9 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©Puwadol Jaturawutthichai/Alamy Stock Photo  Techniques of Radiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Soft tissue visualization. Uses magnets, not radiation. Figure 1.2d 1-10 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©Alamy  Techniques of Radiology Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Gamma ray detection. Nuclear medicine (use of radioisotopes). Used for finding active cell division/active sites in the body. Figure 1.2e 1-11 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©Lawrence Berkeley National Library/Getty Images  Techniques of Radiology Sonography – reflection of ultrasound waves. Sonogram – obstetrics, emergency medicine, other diagnostic procedures. Echocardiography – beating heart. Figure 1.3 1-12 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education (a) ©Keith Brofsky/Getty Images; (b) ©Kenneth Saladin  Variation in Human Structure Not all people have “normal” position of organs. Terminology. Situs solitus – normal arrangement. Situs inversus – reversed position of organs. Situs perversus – one organ atypically positioned. 1-13 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Levels of Human Structure Starting smallest to largest Atoms Molecules/ Macromolecules Organelles Cells – smallest “living” unit Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism – single, complete individual. 1-14 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Human Body – Eleven (11) Organ Systems 1. Integumentary. 7. Lymphatic. 2. Skeletal. 8. Respiratory. 3. Muscular. 9. Digestive. 4. Nervous. 10.Urinary. 5. Endocrine. 11.Reproductive. 6. Circulatory. Combining names of two systems provides the relationships between two systems (for example, musculoskeletal system, cardiopulmonary system, urogenital system, etc.) 1-15 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Figure 01.06 Principɑl orgɑns: Principɑl orgɑns: Principɑl orgɑns: Skin, hair, nails, Bones, cartilages, Skeletal muscles cutaneous glands ligaments Principɑl functions: Principɑl functions: Principɑl functions: Movement, stability, Protection, water retention, Support, movement, communication, control thermoregulation, protective enclosure of of body openings, heat vitamin D synthesis, viscera, blood formation, production cutaneous sensation, mineral storage, nonverbal communication electrolyte and acid–base balance Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system 1-16 Copyright ©2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Figure 01.06 Contd. Principɑl orgɑns: Principɑl orgɑns: Principal organs: Lymph nodes, Nose, pharynx, larynx, Teeth, tongue, salivary lymphatic vessels, trachea, bronchi, lungs glands, esophagus, thymus, spleen, tonsils stomach, small and large Principɑl functions: intestines, liver, gallbladder, Principɑl functions: Recovery Absorption of oxygen, pancreas of excess discharge of carbon Principɑl functions: tissue fluid, detection of dioxide, acid–base Nutrient breakdown and pathogens, production balance, speech absorption. Liver functions of immune cells, defense include metabolism of against disease carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma protein; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood. Lymphatic system Respiratory system Digestive system 1-17 Copyright ©2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Figure 01.06 Contd. Principɑl orgɑns: Principɑl orgɑns: Principɑl orgɑns: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, Pituitary gland, Heart, blood vessels ganglia pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, Principɑl functions: Principɑl functions: Distribution of nutrients, testes, ovaries Rapid internal oxygen, wastes, communication, hormones, electrolytes, coordination, heat, immune cells, Principɑl functions: motor control and antibodies; and sensation Hormone production; fluid, electrolyte, and internal chemical acid–base balance communication and coordination Nervous system Endocrine system Circulatory system 1-18 Copyright ©2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Figure 01.06 Contd. Principɑl orgɑns: Principɑl orgɑns: Principɑl orgɑns: Kidneys, ureters, urinary Testes, epididymides, Ovaries, uterine tubes, bladder, urethra spermatic ducts, seminal uterus, vagina, mammary vesicles, prostate gland, glands bulbourethral glands, Principɑl functions: penis Elimination of wastes; Principɑl functions: regulation of blood Production of eggs; site volume and pressure; Principɑl functions: of fertilization and fetal stimulation of red blood Production and delivery development; fetal cell formation; control of sperm; secretion of nourishment; birth; of fluid, electrolyte, sex hormones lactation; secretion of and acid–base balance; sex hormones detoxification Urinary system Male & Female Reproductive system 1-19 Copyright ©2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Anatomical Position Standing erect with feet flat, ankles together Arms at the sides (supinated) Palms, face, and eyes facing forward Right Left Provides a constant reference of body position Note your reference vantage point for identifying left and right structures Accessed from https://www.registerednursern.com/anatomical-position- directional-terms/ on 8/1/2020 1-20 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Planes of Reference Prone Supine Figure 1.7 1-21 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©Joe DeGrandis/McGraw-Hill Education  More about Anatomical Planes Sagittal – right/left portions. § Median (midsagittal) plane – equal halves. § Parasagittal – unequal right/left portions. Frontal (coronal) plane – anterior/posterior portions. Transverse (horizontal) plane – superior/inferior portions. Figure 1.8 a, b, c 1-22 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Anatomy Directional Terminology Anterior vs. Posterior Superior vs. Inferior 1-23 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Anatomy Directional Terminology Medial vs. Lateral Proximal vs. Distal 1-24 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Anatomy Directional Terminology Ventral vs. Dorsal Superficial vs. Deep 1-25 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Table 01.01 Anatomical Directional Terminology *In humans only; definition differs for other animals. In human anatomy, anterior and posterior are usually used in place of ventral and dorsal. 1-26 Copyright ©2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Major Body Regions, Anterior Figure 1.9 a, b 1-27 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©Joe DeGrandis/McGraw-Hill Education  Major Body Regions, Posterior Figure 1.9 c, d 1-28 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©Joe DeGrandis/McGraw-Hill Education  Axial Region of the Body Head Neck (cervical region) Trunk Thoracic region Lungs, Heart, Mediastinum Abdominal region Four quadrants Nine regions Lots and lots of organs… J 1-29 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Appendicular Region of the Body Shoulder Girdle & Upper limbs Scapula Clavicle Arm (brachial region) Forearm (antebrachial region) Wrist (carpal region) Hand (manual region) Fingers (digits) Pelvic Girdle & Lower limbs Pelvic Bones – Ileum, Ischium, Pubis Thigh (femoral region) Leg (crural region) Ankle (tarsal region) Foot (pedal region) Toes (digits) 1-30 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Abdominal Quadrants Figure 1.10 a, b 1-31 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Abdominal Regions Figure 1.10 c, d 1-32 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Body Cavities and Membranes Cranial cavity Enclosed by cranium (braincase). Contains brain. Vertebral canal Enclosed by vertebral column (backbone). Contains spinal cord. Figure 1.11a 1-33 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Body Cavities and Membranes Thoracic cavity Superior to the diaphragm Mediastinum Pericardium Pericardial cavity. Pericardial fluid. Pleura Pleural cavity. Pleural fluid. Figure 1.11b 1-34 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Body Cavities and Membranes Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Superior portion. Contains most of the digestive organs. Spleen, kidneys, and ureters. Pelvic cavity Inferior portion. Distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs. Figure 1.11a 1-35 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Cavity Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity Peritoneal fluid Retroperitoneal position –outside of peritoneum. Intraperitoneal – surrounded by peritoneum. Figure 1.14a 1-36 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  How to Figure Out Medical Terms Terminologia Anatomica (TA) – Authority for naming anatomical structures. Eponyms – terms coined from people’s names. Scientific terms (Use the term Myocarditis) Root – core meaning of term. Sometimes combining vowels. Prefix – word beginning, modifies root. Suffix – word ending, modifies root. Acronyms – words made of first letters of a series of words. (Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)) 1-37 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  End of Chapter 1 1-38 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education