Chapter 1-3 Review PDF

**Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body** **Key Concepts** 1. **Levels of Organization**: - Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. 2. **Characteristics of Life**: - Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, reproduction. 3...

**Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body** **Key Concepts** 1. **Levels of Organization**: - Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. 2. **Characteristics of Life**: - Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, reproduction. 3. **Homeostasis**: - Maintaining stable internal conditions. - Controlled through negative feedback (e.g., temperature regulation) or positive feedback (e.g., childbirth). 4. **Anatomy and Physiology Defined**: - Anatomy: Study of structure. - Physiology: Study of function. 5. **Directional Terms**: - Anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep. 6. **Body Planes and Sections**: - Sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes. 7. **Body Cavities and Membranes**: - Dorsal (cranial and spinal cavities) and ventral (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities). **Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization** **Key Concepts** 1. **Matter and Elements**: - Matter: Anything with mass and occupies space. - Elements: Pure substances; essential elements include oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. 2. **Atomic Structure**: - Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. - Isotopes: Atoms with varying numbers of neutrons. 3. **Chemical Bonds**: - Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons. - Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons. - Hydrogen bonds: Weak interactions between polar molecules. 4. **Chemical Reactions**: - Synthesis: Building larger molecules. - Decomposition: Breaking down molecules. - Exchange: Rearranging molecules. 5. **Water's Importance**: - Solvent, high heat capacity, and roles in chemical reactions (hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis). 6. **Macromolecules**: - **Carbohydrates**: Energy source; includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. 1. **What are the five monosaccharides**? 2. **What are the disaccharides**? - **Lipids**: Energy storage and structural roles; includes triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. 3. **Where does cholesterol come from**? - **Proteins**: Built from amino acids; functions include enzymes, transport, and support. 4. **Peptide bonds** - **Nucleic Acids**: DNA and RNA; built from nucleotides. 7. **pH and Buffers**: - pH measures acidity or alkalinity (0-14 scale). - Buffers maintain stable pH by neutralizing acids or bases. 8. What are the functional groups? - Hydroxyl -- found in sugars and alcohol - Methyl -- found in oils and steroids - Phosphate- found in DNA and RNA - Amino -- found in amino acids 9. Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis **Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization** **Key Concepts** 1. **Cell Theory**: - All living things are composed of cells, the basic unit of life. 2. **Structure of the Cell**: - **Plasma Membrane**: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; regulates movement of substances. - **Cytoplasm**: Contains organelles and cytosol. 3. **Organelles and Their Functions**: - **Nucleus**: Control center, stores DNA. - **Mitochondria**: Powerhouse, ATP production. - **Ribosomes**: Protein synthesis. - **Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)**: Smooth (lipid synthesis) and rough (protein processing). - **Golgi Apparatus**: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins. - **Lysosomes**: Break down waste. - **Cytoskeleton**: Structural support and transport. 4. **Transport Mechanisms**: - **Passive Transport**: Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion (no energy required). - **Active Transport**: Requires energy (e.g., sodium-potassium pump). - **Endocytosis and Exocytosis**: Bulk transport of materials. 5. **Cell Division**: - **Mitosis**: Division of somatic cells. - Stages: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. - **Meiosis**: Produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. - **Reproductive cells only** 6. **DNA and Protein Synthesis**: - **DNA Replication**: Copying DNA before cell division. - **Transcription**: DNA → RNA. - **Translation**: RNA → Protein (occurs at ribosomes). 7. DNA nucleotides: Adenine, Guanosine, Thymine and Cytosine 8. RNA nucleotides: Adenine, Guanosine, Uracil, Cytosine