Week 1 PDF - Human Body Cells Biology

Categories of the Study of the Human Body: ❖​ Anatomy ​ Study of organs and systems ❖​ Physiology ​ Study of structure and function of the organs and systems ❖​ Gross Anatomy ​ Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye ❖​ Histology...

Categories of the Study of the Human Body: ❖​ Anatomy ​ Study of organs and systems ❖​ Physiology ​ Study of structure and function of the organs and systems ❖​ Gross Anatomy ​ Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye ❖​ Histology ​ Study of structure too small to be seen except through a microscope Homeostasis: ★​ The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment ○​ Such as fluid balance, electrolyte balance, body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate The Cell: 1.​ Is the basic functional unit of all the body structure 2.​ All cells come from other cells…cell division Cellular Diversity: -​ Cells of with different functions look different: ​ Nerve cell ​ Epithelial cell ​ Muscle cell ​ Blood cell ​ Sperm cell The Basic Cell: The Cell Membrane: ​ Described as being “selectively permeable” or “semi-permeable” ○​ “Permeable” > can go through, passable ○​ “Semi” > some what ​ This means it lets some things ​ It depends on the cell and where it is found ​ Eg. blood cell vs nerve cell ​ This affects medications, nutrients, etc. The Cell Membrane: ​ Also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells, and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment ​ It is selectively permeable, controlling the intro of beneficial substances and removal of waste and other substances that do not benefit the life of the cell ​ Protects the cell from its surroundings and communicates with other cells, linking like cells together to form tissues The Cell: ​ Most cells include protoplasm, a nucleus, organelles (small organs), and the cell membrane ​ Protoplasm: a colorless, watery, gel-like fluid containing the nutrient material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self-repair ​ The dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell ​ Plays important part in cell reproduction and metabolism ​ Visualize the protoplasm as the clear gel of a raw egg The Nucleus: ​ Dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell ​ Contains nucleoplasm, the fluid within the nucleus that contains proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA ​ Determines our genetic makeup ​ Visualize the nucleus as the yolk of a raw egg Mitochondria: ​ Small organelles. Float freely throughout the cell. Take in and break down nutrients, giving energy for the cell. ​ A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body. ​ Some cells have several thousand mitochondria. E.g. muscle cells for energy. Red blood cells have none. Neurons or nerve cells (cells that transmit nerve impulses) don’t need as many. ➔​ Mitochondria work to keep the cell full of energy. This chemical energy used within cell for metabolism is called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ◆​ Chemical energy used within cells for metabolism ◆​ The number of mitochondria within a cell depends on how much energy the cell needs — muscle cells news a lot of energy, so they have several thousand mitochondria, whereas neurons, or nerve cells, don’t need as many To Grow and Stay Healthy Cells Need: 1.​ Food (nutrients) 2.​ Oxygen 3.​ Water Mitosis = Cell Division (All cells come from other cells) ★​ Cell reproduction, duplication ★​ The cell nucleus contains the chromosomes which contain the DNA, genes and genetic info ★​ Cells reproduce to provide new cells for growth and replacement of worn or injured ones ★​ Normal process of cell reproduction in human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells ★​ For continued growth and reproduction, cells need favorable conditions: adequate supply of nutrients, oxygen, and water; suitable temperatures; and ability to eliminate waste products. Unfavorable conditions include toxins (poisons), disease, and injury. Nutrition, Vitamins and the Roll Proper Nutrition Plays in Healthy Cells of the Body: ➔​ How metabolism influences the development of healthy tissues Metabolism: ★​ The chemical processes that occur in cells which provide nutrients for cell growth or reproduction. ★​ The total use of nutrients after digestion. ★​ Made up of two smaller steps: ○​ Anabolism: the building up of larger molecules from smaller ones, such as building proteins from amino acids. ○​ Catabolism: the breaking down of molecules for use such as breaking down nutrients fro the use of glucose (sugar) Cell Metabolism: ​ How is this important? ○​ Clients response to treatments and to the active ingredients in skin care products will be influenced by the efficiency and speed of their metabolism ○​ The complex chemical process taking place in living organisms; converts nutrients to energy and eliminates waste. Allow organisms to grow and reproduce, respond to environments, and maintain their structures ○​ Aging influences the cell’s metabolism, and the cell begins to function less efficiently Metabolism: ​ Your metabolism never stops, even when your body is at rest ​ Refers to the chemical process that takes place as your body converts food and drinks into energy ​ Complex process that combines calories and oxygen to create and release energy ​ Fuels body functions The Following Conditions Affect Metabolism: ​ Endocrine disorders such as Cushing's Syndrome and Hypothyroidism. ​ Can cause other systemic health problems. If the body does not burn the caloric intake, then diabetes and metabolic syndrome can be a related health concern. ​ Metabolic disorders are conditions that affect how the body processes certain nutrients or enzymes. You inherit a metabolic disorder from a parent. How much you eat, or exercise may not always be a factor. Other Factors that Affect Metabolism: ​ Age ​ Muscle mass ​ Physical activity ​ Diet ​ Sleep Inherited Metabolic Disorders: ​ Wilson Diseases ​ Mitochondrial Diseases ​ Hemochromatosis ​ Maple Syrup Urine Disease Organization of the Body: Chemicals > Cells > Tissues > Organ > System > Body Anabolism: ​ Building and storing ​ Supports growth of new cells, the maintenance of body tissues, and the storage of energy for future use ​ An example of anabolism is when the liver and kidneys produce glucose from noncarbohydrate sources Catabolism: ​ Is what happens when you digest food, and the molecules break down in the body for use as energy. Large, complex molecules in the body are broken down into smaller, simple ones Types of Tissues: ​ Epithelial ○​ Covers and protects body surfaces and internal organs ​ Connective ○​ Supports, protects and holds together ​ Nerve ○​ Carries messages to and from brain and coordinates body functions ​ Muscle ○​ Contracts to produce movement ​ Connective-liquid ○​ Carries food, waste products and hormones Functions: Tissues Make Up Organs: ​ Organs are separate body structures that perform specific functions ** Organs that work together to perform a function or functions for the body are called ** body systems. Directional Terms: Superior < Proximal Anterior/ ventral Posterior/ dorsal < Distal Medial lateral Anatomical Position Inferior Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body ​ Eg. superficial veins Deep: Closer to the inside of the body, or more distant from the body’s surface ​ Eg. deep veins