Chapter 8: Mental Illness PDF

CHAPTER 8: MENTAL ILLNESS Mental Disorder: Alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning (interfere with daily life) - 20% of adults in a given year - Age 40, half of Canadians have a mental disorder - Mood/anxiety disorders are m...

CHAPTER 8: MENTAL ILLNESS Mental Disorder: Alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning (interfere with daily life) - 20% of adults in a given year - Age 40, half of Canadians have a mental disorder - Mood/anxiety disorders are most common Etiology: Study for causation and origination of a condition Genetic factors Biological factors Psychological factors Social factors Patterns of Mental Illness SOCIAL CAUSATION HYPOTHESIS & SOCIAL SELECTION HYPOTHESIS - Social Causation Hypothesis: Suggests that more life stresses and fewer resources characterize the lives of the lower class, contributing to the emergence of mental illness. (lower class are mentally ill) - Social Selection Hypothesis: People with mental disorders can fall into lower economic strata because of difficulties in daily functioning (mentally ill are lower class) Socioeconomic status Impacts of macro-level force; economic recessions, COVID pandemic Mental illness is more common in youth as they approach high school graduation Postsecondary students Marginalized youth COSTS OF MENTAL ILLNESS: Costs to INDIVIDUAL (Eg. unemployment or underemployment) Costs to FAMILY (Impaired parent child bonding, financial costs) Costs to SOCIETY - Lost tax revenues, health care costs - Global economic costs of depression and anxiety = US$1 Trillion/year - One-third of short term and long term disability claims in Canada Globally 80% of people with mental illnesses do not receive treatment Canada 50% do not receive treatment Reasons: - Lack of services - Negative perception of treatment - Discomfort with self-disclosure - Neglect within communities and fear of stigmatization CONTROLLING MENTAL DISORDERS: Stigmatization and Medicalization  Stigmatization = Becoming an outsider Medicalization = Defined, diagnosed, and treated within a medical framework - Doctor has the key to solve all things as a medical model STIGMATIZATION of mental illness (dehumanization) Media Framing as unpredictable, violent, criminal and dangerous Media effect on viewers (eg, joker versus terminator) Attitudes lead to dehumanizations: “mentally ill judged to have weak character” Discrimination in employment, health care and housing Stigmatization of mental illness contributes to self-stigma; implications for recovery Countries with negative attitudes towards mental illness also do not perceive mental health policies and programs as a priority MAD STUDIES: Field of scholarship, theory, and activism about the lived experiences, history, cultures, and politics of people who may identify as mad, mentally ill, psychiatric survivors, consumers, service users, patients, neurodivergent, and disabled. MISPERCEPTION OF MENTAL ILLNESS BY GENERAL PUBLIC - When in court you can exhibit the signs of a mental illness to not be guilty At the moment of your offense you could not appreciate the consequences of your actions and that your actions are wrong in some way. (Mens Rea: Intention of wrongdoing) - Reverse Onus You are innocent until proven guilty and it is the government's job to prove you are guilty. However when it comes to mental illness it is on you to prove that you are not guilty. - NCRMD: Non Criminally Responsible Through Mental Disorder Man who killed his mom because he thought he was saving her soul - After found NCRMD you get to go home: FALSE You are in hospital for probably the rest of your life - You can fake it: FALSE You'll see so many doctors, psychiatrists, and psychologists you will be turned into a knot, you can't fake it - For every 100 times NCRMD is tried only 1% of the time they are NCRMD There are probably more crimes that involve mental illness, but the court doesn’t want to open the flood gates. Defense lawyers aren't stupid, they're not gonna plea insanity unless they think its legit - Watch what you ask for What happens if you try the NCRMD route and it doesn't work out? You go through a regular trial, and if you are found guilty, the court will nail your ass to the wall because you were “looking for a way out”. - You will go to a hospital Your life in the hospital is not butterflies and rainbows. It is a lock down unit, it's basically jail - Time served When you are found guilty and go to jail, yo know your sentence's end date. If you are found NCRMD you will on average spend 3x longer than you would in jail  - Release date In jail you know your release date, in the hospital you can get held for as long as they want and can withhold your release date from you REASONS WHY HEALTHCARE COSTS ARE OUT OF CONTROL - Doctors salaries - Drug companies 35% of money invested into Canadian healthcare goes to doctors/drug companies 50% of Canadians will suffer from some mental illness before 40 FINANCIAL/SOCIETAL COSTS: - Loss of jobs/efficiency - Lack of practitioners to deal with mental illness - Waste of police resources (lots of police calls are mentally ill people in distress, and they are unequipped to deal with those issues)(mentally ill people arrested) CART TEAMS PROGRAM: Mental health professionals ride with police during nights, and if it's someone in mental distress the therapist will deal with it In Canada, 33% of long term/short term claims to not work are related to mental illness Lots of roadblocks to access mental health help Lack of availability in programs Lack of transportation to programs Lack of childcare to attend these programs Negative perception of treatment (by society and the individual diagnosed) Lack of recognition by mentally ill person that they need help The mentally ill person doesn't want help MEDICALIZATION OF SOCIETY: because of busyness or laziness, we want to run to a quick doctor's appointment and leave with a prescription. We don't want to actually deal with the issue. However most medications do not cure, they just mask symptoms. (EX: kid who has behavioral issues in school is just medicated instead of trying to deal with what is going on) THE EVOLUTION OF MEDICAL TREATMENT - First started as Religious/Spiritual treatment (exorcisms, praying, killing person) - Moved to Prisons/Madhouses to contain the mentally ill (still had religious undertones - Moved to Asylums (first started to see medical community involved in mental illness) - Moved to Psychiatric Treatment/Institutions. Cognitive behavior therapy. - Since 40 years ago kind of still psychiatric treatment, however trying to move to Community treatment DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION: Started to occur in the 1960s. Meant treatment would be more community based then institutionalized ISSUES WITH DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION: - Homelessness (⅓ of homeless people in Canada have a mental illness) - Criminality (fair connection between mental illness and criminality; mentally ill people are far more VICTIMS of crime then they are PERPETRATORS) FACTORS NEEDED TO AIDE IN DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION 1) Support Network 2) Community Resources 3) Accepting Community 4) Housing CRITICISM OF DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) CRITICISM OF PROCESS: Study done in 1973 called “being sane in insane places” 8 pseudo patients (don't have a mental illness) were admitted into mental hospitals without anyone knowing. Took between 7-52 days before the patients to be released. All 8 patients were released with a mental illness diagnosis, despite none of them being mentally ill in any way. None of the medical staff figured out the non mental illness, but the patients did. - They were already labelled as mentally ill, so that even if they acted completely sane they were not able to be recognized as such - Also DSM labelled homosexuality as a disease in the past LUL CRITICISM OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES - White people with mental illness are more likely to be medicalized, black people are more likely to be criminalized; even if they have the same mental affliction. - Misdiagnoses far more common in marginalized communities (homeless, indigenous, ethnic) CHAPTER 9: RELIGION 4 MAIN TYPOLOGIES - Ecclesia (official state religions, very macro) - Churches (large established religious groups, with long histories)(Denominations) - Sects (smaller group with more rigid membership, has some behavioral requirements) - Cults (usually forms on its own, has a charismatic leader and a small number of followers, and is oppositional)(experience the most attention from the media) (however vast majority of cults are not evil) (14th - 17th Century) WITCH PERSECUTIONS 500 years ago we didn't understand why people did crime, believing that crime was the result of demonic possession. 4 MAIN PEOPLE PERSECUTED AS WITCHES: 1) Children 2) Elderly 3) Disabilities 4) Economically Independent Women (most often declared witch/killed) However these groups aren't really associated with high crime rates… General public could believe they were being persecuted due to possession/being ‘witches’, but rich and powerful probably had ulterior motives - Women couldn't own property during these times, so when their husbands would die the government would find a reason to declare them ‘witches’ so they could be put to death, and their land seized RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS: Assimilation and Christianization of Indigenous people Did so by not allowing Indigenous children to speak their languages, wear cultural clothing, or practice their religion - 50% of Indigenous children who went to residential schools died (either directly from the abuse, by suicide/alchohol consumption as a result of the abuse, running away) THE BAD APPLE THEORY Vs. THE ICEBERG THEORY BAT: Says there's a few bad people ruining it for everyone else TIT: Says misconduct is far more common than one thinks, and is due to the structures of science and business - Amalgamation of business and academia can lead to scientific misconduct; EX: pharmaceutical companies buying out researchers and scientists to push a specific narrative to hike costs of some medication; greed motivation) - There is pressure to publish/obtain research funding by providing results (EX: Prevalent HIV research done in the 80s, later though 67% of HIV Researchers admitted to engaging in scientific misconduct when doing their research) INSANE EDMONTON GAY MALL BATHROOM SEX CULT OBJECTIVE: Shining a spotlight on deviant acts and deviant people, but for the cause of cause and effect relationships (why do people act in objectively deviant ways?)(functionalist, positivist, learning, control theories) SUBJECTIVE: Shining a spotlight on our perceptions of deviance and our reactions to it (deviance is socially constructed)(Labelling, career path. Social, conflict/feminist theory) POWERFUL GROUPS AND SOCIAL TYPING/SOCIAL CONTROL POWERFUL GROUPS IN SOCIETY (MORAL ENTREPRENEURS): - Media - Government - Commercial Enterprise - Religious Structures - Science SOCIAL TYPING PROCESS: (most effective when done by someone with institutional power in society) 1) DESCRIPTION: A label is applied/ developed for a person/thing 2) EVALUATION: Based on description, judgment/evaluation made on that person 3) PRESCRIPTION: Efforts of social control trying to sanction perceived problem These groups engage in social typing/control of - Sexuality (these entities define what is considered normal/deviant sexuality) - Physical Appearance (dictate what is deemed proper physical appearance) Modern sociological view on mental illness is more SUBJECTIVE (focus on stigmatization, experience of self, social construction of mental illness) 2007-2017: MENTAL ILLNESS INCREASED BY 13%; MOST COMMON MENTAL DISORDER ANXIETY AND MOOD DISORDERS In early life, the social selection hypothesis and social causation hypothesis are both equally relevant. However in later life, social causation hypothesis more supported (those impoverished develop mental disorders) (Socioeconomic status greatest predictor of mental illness, age also correlated though) 2 MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL CONTROL AROUND MENTAL ILLNESS: - STIGMATIZATION of mental illness - MEDICALIZATION of mental disorders 18TH CENTURY: MADHOUSES treatment not the goal, concerned with the containment of the mentally ill 19TH CENTURY: ASYLUMS took place of madhouses; where medicalization of mental illness first began DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION = FAMILY will care for mentally ill (not always the case) DID NOT ALLOCATE THOSE FUNDS INTO COMMUNITY RESOURCES FOR MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT People with mental illness more likely to be victimized than to commit crime HYDRAULIC relationship between mental health system and criminal system; when one contracts (shrinks) the other expands (Deinstitutionalization: mental health system contracted, prison population expanded) People with mental disorders are socially typed as deviant; due to labels perpetuated by the media. Leads to discrimination in employment, medical care, housing. Stigmatization/medicalization are forms of social control DISEASE (objective) PARADIGM: Finding causation of mental illness and treating symptoms DISCRIMINATION (subjective) PARADIGM: Emphasized role of stigmatization in lives of mentally ill RESISTING STIGMATIZATION: - Passing (hiding disorder) - Dividing Social Worlds (picking who is/isn't allowed to know about mental illness) - RESISTING (Deflecting and Challenging) DEFLECTING: Blocking external stigmatizing force by rejecting label of mentally ill  CHALLENGING: Actively fighting against stigmatizing; challenging those who stigmatize 4 PRIORITIES OF MHCC: - Suicide Prevention - Co-occurrence of Mental Health Challenges and Substance Abuse - Population Based Initiatives - Engagement with Canadians Suicide and mental health in relation to Indigenous; you need to address larger social/economic conditions SCHEMA: Bias when interpreting someone's behaviours because of a preconceived prejudice/stigma CRITIQUING DSM: TWO TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEVIANCE AND BELIEF SYSTEMS: 1) Belief systems as deviance 2) Belief systems as social typers of deviance Ecclesia and Churches not often labelled as deviant in the places where they are instated, however there could be some within the country who try to label them as such (deviance dance) or with churches, different churches could try deviantizing one another (christianity and islam) Sects and Cults, because they are smaller, less publicized, and more reactionary, are usually more often times deviantized (Cults based on novel beliefs, Sects have more traditional beliefs as their foundation)(SOME tension within society must exist for a Sect to be considered a Sect) 3 FACTORS DETERMINING TENSION LEVELS FACED BY SECTS: - Magnitude of difference between Sect and Society - Level of Antagonism Sect feels for Society - Extent to which Sect separates from Larger World DEVIANCY AMPLIFICATION: Sects becoming more deviant in response to hostilities ANTI CULT MOVEMENT: Social control measures on 'deviant' religions COUNTER CULT MOVEMENT: Older, doesn't only target 'destructive' cults like the anti cult movement, targets all other religions that differ from their own and labels them as cults. Against religious freedom (what is a cult really?? all religions were cults at some point in history) RELIGIONS AS SOCIAL TYPERS OF DEVIANCE: Torture used to extract confessions of witchcraft, and then with the creation of printing press 'moral panics' concerning witchcraft permeated the working class (colonization and typing Indigenous beliefs as 'deviant' in an effort to assimilate them) TWO WAYS SCIENTISTS ARE SOCIAL TYPED AS DEVIANT: 1) Specific scientists typed as deviant when engaging in misconduct in pursuit of truth 2) Branches of sciences being labelled a 'pseudoscience Biomedical falsification of research more likely to be detected because its a hot issue that generates interest (2% of scientists admitted to falsifying data, 14% were aware of colleagues doing it) Techniques of NEUTRALIZATION play a role in SCIENTIFIC DEVIANCE - Denial of Injury - Denial of Responsibility SCIENTISTS WHO FABRICATE DATA COULD BE CLASSIFIED AS INNOVATORS IN RELATION TO STRAIN THEORY COPORATIZATION OF SCIENCE AND HOW IT WILLFULLY PRODUCES IGNORANCE (research groups affiliated with companies report findings that benefit them) (post academic science) Social control measures under criticism (usually conducted by university where incident occurred) 4 NORMS OF SCIENCE 1) Communism (knowledge shared by all) 2) Scepticism (ideas subjected to scrutiny) 3) Disinterestedness (done in name of truth, no personal gain) 4) Universalism (knowledge is free from any bias) SCIENCE AS A SOCIAL TYPER: People believe claims from institutionalized power sources as true (RELIGION AND SCIENCE BOTH UTILIZED TO PUSH COLONIZATION)(of indigenous people) SOCIAL DARWINISM: Justified European colonization of more 'primitive' people EUGENICS: ‘Superior’ people will have children, ‘Inferior’ people will not. (race/poor/mental defected) ALBERTA HAD LARGEST LONGEST STERILIZATION PROGRAM, LASTED UNTIL 1978 NEW EUGENICS: Designer Babies; prenatal genetic selection OBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE CONTINUUM AGAIN!!! not a dichotomy/dualism because aspects from both beliefs often utilized to varying degrees DEVIANCE is SUBJECTIVE; however there are some universal standards to which people's behaviors are judged as deviant - Right to Human Dignity - Right to Freedom from Discrimination - Right to Security of Person and Property