Unit 8 Decision Making Chapter PDF

Unit 8 Decision Making  Unit 8 | Decision Making 8.1 Hazard This is anything with the potential to cause harm, damage, production losses or increased liability. 8.2...

Unit 8 Decision Making  Unit 8 | Decision Making 8.1 Hazard This is anything with the potential to cause harm, damage, production losses or increased liability. 8.2 Risk This is the likelihood and severity (consequence) of a substance, activity or process to cause harm. A wet deck is a hazard. The risk is how likely it is that someone will slip on the deck, and how severe is their injury going to be? 8.3 Risk Assessment An assessment of risk is nothing more than a careful examination of what, in your work, could cause harm to people so that you can weigh up whether you have taken enough precautions or should do more. A risk assessment is an analytical process that identifies hazards, who may be harmed and in what way they may be harmed. It also takes into account factors that make the risk more likely and those that make it less likely. A risk assessment is carried out to identify the risks to health and safety to any person arising out of, or in connection with, work or the conduct of their undertaking. It should identify how the risks arise and how they impact on those affected. One part of risk assessment involves deciding whether or not a hazard is a high risk. If it is decided that there is a high risk then the next step is to decide what workplace precautions are needed to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. For many of the jobs you do the risk assessments will have already been carried out and you will have been told about the workplace precautions which are needed. Employers are required by law to carry out these risk assessments as part of their duty to protect the workforce. However, in some circumstances, you may have to carry out your own risk assessment and decide on the workplace precautions for yourself. https://www.britsafe.org/ Five Steps to Risk Assessment 1. Identify the hazards 2. Estimate the risk 3. Evaluate the risk 4. Record the findings 5. Review the assessment Leadership and Teamwork Participant Manual 8-3 Unit 8 | Decision Making Severity – describes the potential loss or consequence of a mishap. Should something go wrong the results are likely to be found in the following areas: Injury , illness , death Equipment or property damage Mission / operation degradation Reduced morale Adverse publicity Disciplinary and or legal Actions Severity can vary from 1 to 5 1 = None or slight 2 = Minimal 3 = Significant 4 = Major 5 = Catastrophic Risk Controls – protective devises, engineering controls and personal protection are used to control Severity. Probability – is the likelihood that given the exposure , the projected consequences will occur. Probability also varies from 1 to 5. 1 = Impossible or remote under any conditions 2 = Unlikely under normal conditions 3 = About 50 -50 4 = More than 50% 5 = Very likely to happen Risk control – training, tool box talk, increasing awareness Exposure – is the amount of time, number of cycles, number of people involved and or the amount of equipment are involved. Exposure can vary from 1 to 4. 1 = None 2 = Average 3 = Above average 4 = Great 8-4 © Marine Institute of Memorial University  Unit 8 | Decision Making Risk control – reduce the number of people / equipment involved, reduce the number of cycles / events RISK for a specific hazard can be assessed by RISK = Severity x Probability x Exposure Example : An oil leak from the hydraulic pipe line on main deck. SEVERITY = Injury to personnel = Major = 4 PROBABILITY = Very likely to happen = 5 Exposure = Above Average = 3 RISK = Severity x Probability x Exposure = 4 x 5 x 3 = 60 As per the table the Risk Level = High and Action = Immediate Correction. Leadership and Teamwork Participant Manual 8-5 Unit 8 | Decision Making 8.4 Decision making process “Efficient decision-making involves a series of steps that require the input of information at different stages of the process, as well as a process for feedback”. - Baker Et Al Decision making is an essential skill for all deck and engine officers. Applying a systematic method to solve problems is critical to you and your team’s performance and the safety of operations. Team members share the responsibility for solving problems or making decisions by contributing timely and passing information to the officer or the team leader. The following actions have been observed in effective decision making: Gather all information cross check all the information with sources and other team members identify alternatives discuss consequences provide rationale for the decision DEFINE THE DETERMINE THE IDENTIFY ESTABLISH GOALS PROBLEM REQUIREMENTS ALTERNATIVE DURING THE FOR THE SOLUTIONS IF PROCESS SOLUTION AVAILABLE CHECK THE DEVELOP CHECKS ANSWER AND APPLY TOOLS TO SELECT DECISION AND VALUATION CONFIRM IF IT SELECT ACTION MAKING TOOL CRITERIA BASED SOLVED THE OR ALTERNATIVE ON GOALS. PROBLEM 8-6 © Marine Institute of Memorial University  Unit 8 | Decision Making DODAR – Dragonize, Options, Decide, Act, Review DODAR used by British Airways. The DODAR process is often represented as a circular flow. DODAR is a primary decision-making tool and stands for Diagnose, Options, Decide, Assign, Review. It captures the five key areas of any decision-making process Diagnose is the first step to solving any problem or decision. The role of each team member will be to to find the problem and what causes it. Use all available resources to identify the problem or to confirm the lack of one. One of the main reasons for error in decision-making is “confirmation bias,” whereby we make a decision based on a few factors that favor our initial impression, without fully evaluating the problem. Eg: A knocking sound heard on deck and we assume someone is carrying out maintenance on deck. We never call the duty officer to check what the sound is and if he is aware of it. Use the diagnosis stage to make sure you are certain of the issue at hand, by both proving and disproving any ideas or theories. Options, once the problem has been identified look at the options available. Assess whether the problem is urgent or can be left for a while. Decide on a course of action that is most appropriate , if required check with others in the team before confirming the action. Assign appropriate duties and tasks to team members who are competent in carrying them out Reviewing is making sure everything is going according to plan, and making sure you’re getting the results you expected. Leadership and Teamwork Participant Manual 8-7 Unit 8 | Decision Making 8.5 Evaluation Formative evaluation ensures that a decision is feasible, appropriate, and acceptable before it is fully implemented. It is usually conducted when a new program or activity is being developed or when an existing one is being adapted or modified. Process/implementation evaluation determines whether decision has been implemented as intended. Outcome/effectiveness evaluation measures program effects in the target population by assessing the progress in the outcomes or outcome objectives that the decision is to achieve. Impact evaluation assesses decision effectiveness in achieving its ultimate goals. 8.6 Judgement Judgment has a dominant role to play in some decisions while it is an element in all decisions. Judgement is the forming of an opinion, estimate, notion, or conclusion, as from circumstances presented to the mind: Unit 8: Self-Test 1. Ship Safety Officer is working out a schedule to ensure that all the crew arrives at the monthly safety meeting on time. This is a: A. non programmed decision. B. programmed decision. C. problem decision. D. crisis decision. 2. Which of the following is not an attribute of useful information? A. accessible. B. timely. C. relevant. D. none of the above 8-8 © Marine Institute of Memorial University