Summary

This document discusses risk assessment, hazard identification, and risk management processes. It covers different aspects of risk management, from initial identification to final decision-making and control implementation. It also mentions the importance of considering costs and benefits during risk analysis.

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an sm O Domain3 Risk Management ir es od M g. En 9 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH Risk Management Risk management can be defined...

an sm O Domain3 Risk Management ir es od M g. En 9 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH Risk Management Risk management can be defined as the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. an Risks can come from liabilities, credit risk, accidents, natural causes, and disasters as well as deliberate attacks from an adversary sm The process of assessing the risks associated with each identified hazard, Risk Assessment in order to make decisions and implement appropriate control measures to prevent the hazard from occurring. O The process of examining each work area to identify the hazards Hazard Identification associated with each job or task ir es Risk management process od M g. En 10 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH  Most important step. 1- Hazards Identification  Continual process, repeated throughout the work period.  Workers must be involved. Hazards are identified through experience, historical data, intuitive analysis, judgement, standards, brainstorming, and a large variety of other means and methods an Basic process Identify specific work areas to systematically Review previous documents or data involved in the operation to determine if identify prior injuries or accidents have occurred as a result of this task. sm hazards include the Conduct an on-site, visual inspection of the work area. following Determine the individual job tasks of individuals. Break the individual job tasks into steps. O Analyze each job task and identify the hazards or potential hazards involved in performing these tasks. ir 2- Hazards Assessment es Hazard Assessment od  Determine probability & severity.  Hazards are assessed individually. This process systematic in nature and uses charts, codes, and numbers to present a methodology to assess probability and severity to obtain a standardized risk level. M  The end result is an estimate of risk from each hazard and an estimate of the overall risk to the job task or project caused by hazards that cannot be eliminated.  The decision to proceed with the project or task for a low-risk project/task can be made by a line supervisor, whereas an extremely high-risk decision is to be made by the chief executive officer within the organization. g. Probability Severity En  Likelihood of an event actually occurring.  Is the expressed in terms of the degree to which an  Subjective in nature. incident will affect the safety and health of employees  The probability levels estimated for each hazard or the project. are based on the job or project being performed  Somewhat subjective but is estimated for each hazard at the time. based on the knowledge of results from similar past events. 11 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH an sm O ir es od M g. En 12 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH 3- Controls Development and Decision Making Control Types Educational Physical Avoidance Take the form of barriers and Are based on the knowledge and guards or signs to warn an skills of the employees or employees and others that a individuals performing the task. Applied when supervisors hazard exists. and managers take positive Effective control is implemented Additionally, special controller through individual and collective action to prevent contact or or supervisory personnel exposure with the identified training that ensures responsible for locating performance to a standard. hazard. sm specific hazards fall into this category O Criteria for Controls ir S.T.I.L.S Support es Availability of adequate personnel, equipment, supplies, and facilities necessary to implement suitable controls. Training Knowledge and skills are adequate to implement a control. od Individual Individual employees are sufficiently self-disciplined to implement a control measure M Leadership Supervisors and managers are competent to implement a control g. Standards Guidance and procedures for implementing a control are clear, practical, and specific En A key element in developing and implementing control measures is to specify who, what, when, where, and how each control is to be used The supervisor or manager responsible for the project must compare and balance the risk against the benefits. 13 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH 4- Implement Controls * Managers and supervisors must ensure that controls are integrated into the standard operating procedures, written and verbal instructions, and toolbox talks prior to the beginning of the project or task. * The critical check for above step, with oversight, is to ensure that controls are converted into clear, simple instructions understood at all levels. an * Implementing controls includes coordination and communication with appropriate superiors and employees. sm 5- Supervise and Evaluate O * Managers and supervisors must ensure that employees understand how to execute the risk controls. ir * Manager or supervisor of the project or task must continually assess the risks during the operational phase of the project es od Methods to supervise and evaluate the effectiveness of control measures include spot checks, inspections, daily reports, and close, direct supervision. M Post-project evaluation, to be conducted, the results should be maintained in g. the project file, for future use. En End Part1 14 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH an sm O ir Chemical Risk Assessment The National Academy of Sciences es Engineering failure assessment Describing the quantitative relationship between the amount Evaluating the reliability of of exposure and the extent of specific segments of a plant toxic injury or disease. od operation and determining Provide linear equations relating probabilistic results. exposure or dose to response or disease. 2. Dose- 1. Hazard M response identification assessment. g. 4. Risk 3. Exposure characterizatio En n. assessment. Integration of data and analysis to determine if people will Describing the nature and size of experience effects of exposure the populations exposed to an agent and the magnitude and Also includes estimating duration of the exposures uncertainties associated with the entire process of risk assessment. 15 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH Duty of care Precautionary Principle Arises when an individual or group undertakes an activity which could harm It relies more readily on public fears and perceived another physically, mentally, or risks. economically.  The precautionary principle provides a justification for society to act on risks and uncertainty when scientific evidence is not available to determine that a risk is acceptably safe. an sm Financing Risks Enterprise Risk Management O Strategic business discipline that addresses a full spectrum of risks High severity and low probability risks ir Covers all types of risk exposures (financial, operational, reporting, Organization may want to develop a reserve es compliance, governance, strategic, fund as a financial strategy reputational). Prioritizes and manages exposures as a comprehensive group, not individual clusters. od Purchasing insurance for certain risks Evaluates the collection of risk in broad terms. Recognizes interrelationships among individual risks across an organization M Spend nothing, taking a chance that a using combined exposures. risk event will not occur Provides a structured process for the management of all risks. Views effective management of risk g. as a competitive advantage. Seeks to embed risk management as a component in all critical decisions En throughout the organization. 16 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH EXAMPLES OF RISK-BASED METHODS Method for deciding if there is justification for the cost to correct a hazard and how quickly to correct hazards Selects the values for Equations from an Uses the risk score R to decide how quickly to tables bellow. Fine suggested that if J act to correct the hazard > 10, there is justification for the cost. William If J < 10, there is no justification for Fine the cost. sm Begins by computing a risk score, R, Compute a cost justification value, J, from from R = C *E *P O J = R/(CF* DC) C is the consequence rating value E is the exposure value CF is a cost factor P is the probability value DC is a degree of correction value ir es od M g. En 17 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH Risk Analysis with Return on Investment Process of computing risk and cost for controls. The final results give estimates of return on investment. The procedure will analyze processes, activities, or equipment. first step is hazard identification, followed by estimates of frequency and severity. The procedure determines the cost of each control and estimates its effectiveness. Effectiveness is the reduction in frequency and severity of losses. an The net results of the procedure include benefits, return on investment and payback period for an investment. sm The Risk Perception Trust. Risk versus benefit. Control. Choice. Is the risk natural or human-made?. Pain O and suffering. Uncertainty. Catastrophic or chronic. Can it happen to me?. Factors Is the risk new or familiar?. Fairness. Risks to children. Personification include: ir es od M g. En 18 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH Risk and Insurance The Insurance Risk Management Institute defines Risk management as a process an risk as “the insured or the property to which an insurance policy relates. 1. Risk identification. It also 2. Risk analysis. recognizes risk as the “uncertainty arising from 3. Eliminating or reducing risks. the possible occurrence of given events.” sm 4. Financing risks. 5. Administering the risk management process. O Example: Risk identification for an employer noted that people traveling in automobiles to and from work face the risk of ir vehicle accidents. Suppose the data show there are 29,800,000 automobile accidents per year in the United es States, people travel 1.511 billion miles per year by Loss control is controlling conditions that can lead to a automobile and the average person travels 4,500 miles loss. each year driving to and from work. Risk analysis would identify the probability of an accident P from: For an insurance company, loss control is helping od insured customers prevent loss producing events. Few P = 2.98*107 * (4500)/1.511*1012 losses mean few insurance claims. = 0.089 accidents per year per person From a safety perspective, loss control helps clients Financial Risk : manage safety and health, recognizes hazards and Cost of vehicle accidents is $39.3 billion per year. The M implements preventive measures. average cost per accident C is C = $39.3*109 /2.98*107 = $1. 319 per accident g. Financial risk for each person per year R is R =cost*probability = 0.089 *$1. 319 = $117.39 per person per year En 19 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH System Safety Device Redundancy can reduce the probability of error or failure in an operation or system. Redundancy means providing more than one means to accomplish Redundancy something, where each means is independent of the other. an Parallel Subsystems Backup Systems Partial sm O Safety Device are features or controls that prevent people from being exposed to a hazard that exists. Once a safety device is in place, operating correctly, and properly maintained, it requires no action on the part of people. ir Safety devices do not remove a hazard. A major difficulty with safety devices is that they are often removed or rendered inoperative, exposing someone to a hazard. es (Fences, interlocks, shielding, enclosures, and Guards) od Fail-Safe Devices designed to prevent exposure to hazards. They also prevent injury or damage when a system or machine fails. Examples of fail-safe devices are automatic fire doors, air Fail-Dangerous Devices M brakes on truck trailers, a dead-man switch on powered hand Devices that fail and leave dangerous conditions tools, and safety cans with a spring-closing lid for flammable in place or expose dangers. Some designers may liquids. create features for safety devices without g. Fail-safe devices may be fail-passive, fail-active, or considering what effects will occur upon failure. fail-operational. A fail-passive device, such as electrical circuit There is a good chance such devices will be fail- breakers or fuses, will render a system inoperative or de- dangerous. energized until corrective action is taken. A fail-active device will En keep a system energized but in a safe mode until there are corrective actions. A fail-operational device allows a system to function safely, even when the device fails. 20 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH Warning Devices: Warnings notify people of a hazard or danger. Warnings do not remove a hazard. They do not prevent access to a hazard or render a hazardous condition safe. Warnings depend on people to take some action that will prevent them from being exposed to or injured by a hazard. They are effective only when humans perceive them, understand them, and act correctly in response to them. Warning devices often rely on sensors to establish that a hazard exists and issue a warning. Warnings may involve flags, labels, signs, flashing or changing lights, sirens, whistles, horns. Warnings that seem similar can result in the incorrect an action because people confuse the proper actions. A warning is useless if any of the steps in Table fail. sm O ir es od M g. En 21 Modesir Osman-IdipNEBOSH

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