Chapter 4: The Road to War - French and Indian War notes PDF

CHAPTER 4: THE ROAD TO WAR LESSON 1: What Caused the Conflict between Great Britain, France, and the American Indians? - Conflict in the Ohio River Valley - British and French Conflict - British needed more land for farming - French Fur Traders wanted to preserve wil...

CHAPTER 4: THE ROAD TO WAR LESSON 1: What Caused the Conflict between Great Britain, France, and the American Indians? - Conflict in the Ohio River Valley - British and French Conflict - British needed more land for farming - French Fur Traders wanted to preserve wilderness (save the habitat of fur-bearing animals) - Afraid British would cut down trees - Algonquin & Huron sided with French - Wanted to save forest - French had helped them against Iroquios - Iroquois sided with British - Mad at French for helping their enemies - Conflict was mainly at upper Ohio River Valley - French spread south to Great Lakes Region - Established major outpost in Detroit - Farmers and traders from British colonies began to cross Appalachian Mountains - French built line of forts from Lake Erie to Western Pennsylvania to stop advance. - British saw it as a threat and tried to drive out French - The Battle at Fort Duquesne - Young George Washington was sent by Dinwiddie to strengthen a British outpost in now Pittsburgh - He discovered French troops already seized it and renamed it Fort Duquensne. - Built a temporary fort -- Fort Necessity - Launched attack against French and won - French counterattacked forcing Washington to surrender - Washington returned to Virginia - French destroyed Fort Necessity - FRENCH & INDIAN WAR HAD BEGUN - Young George Washington - Thanked for his efforts - Named head of Virginia's militia on the frontier - The French Gain the Upper Hand - Early in the war = French victories - Indians taught them surprise attacks vs. British marched in formation - General Braddock (Washington by his side) led troops against Fort Duquesne - French ambushed them, most killed including Braddock - Washington took over & led the rest to safety - French commander Montcalm led French & Indian soldiers - Captured Fort Oswego (Great Lakes region) - Gained full control of Lake Ontario - Captured Fort William Henry (near NY) - The Turning Point - British government poured money, troops & supplies into conflict (convinced by Prime Minister Pitt) - British soldiers & American militias became skilled in fighting like the Indians - British Navy cut off shipments of food and supplies to French colonies in New France - British Victories - Louisbourg, Nova Scotia - Fort Frontenac (Lake Ontario) - Retook Fort Duquesne (renamed it Fort Pitt) - Fort Niagara - Fort Ticonderoga (Near Lake Champlain, NY) - Height of the War - Quebec - British commander Wolfe led surprise attack at night - Captured a French outpost - French commander Montcalm didn't wait for reinforcements - British = professional soldiers - French = volunteers - French retreated and surrendered Quebec City - Wolfe & Montcalm both died - 1 yr later = French gave up Montreal - British now controlled New France - Outcomes and Aftermath - French tried & failed to take back Quebec - Spain helped so France gave them a lot of Louisiana Territory - Led to the Treaty of Paris (1763) - Treaty ended French & Indian War - British King George III - Issued Proclamation of 1763 - Gave land west of Appalachian Mountains to Indians - To stop British settlements in Ohio River Valley - Chief Pontiac - Ottowa tribe - Pontiac's War - Organized almost every American Indian group from Lake Superior to lower Mississippi River Valley against British - Successful in seizing many British outposts and destroying settlements - Ponitac's attack at Detroit lost - In the end -- British won - Pontiac signed peace treaty with British - Colonists in America to rebel against British - Leading to fight for their own independence - Mad about the Proclamation - Knew British wouldn't protect them from Indian attacks LESSON 2: What Were the Views of the Patriots, Loyalists, and the British? - New Taxes - The war doubled Britain's debt - King George III had advisors who argued best to tax colonists to pay for Britian's protection during & after war - Sugar Tax - Colonists pay tax on all sugar products - Don't pay = arrested & fined - Didn't bring in enough money - Stamp Act - Forced colonists to buy stamps for ALL printed documents - ie: letters, newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards - Colonists upset - Disagreed taxes should be placed on them without their consent - SAMUEL ADAMS - Strong opponent of tax laws (Massachusetts) - Sent protest letters to newspapers - Addressed delegates from the colony's assembly - The Colonies Respond - Patriots = Colonists who demand Americans have more control of their government - Before, only colony legislatures (governments) had taxed them - Now, it was British government taxing them and sending the money to Britain - Every colony protested new tax law - Sons of Liberty - Samuel Adams = Founder - Protested Stamp Act - Met in Boston under "The Liberty Tree" (elm) - Patriots started talking about breaking away from Great Britain = Independence - Loyalists = Remained loyal to King George III - Thought independence would lead to chaos and be unprofitable - Stamp Act Congress - Representatives from 9 colonies met in NY - Declared Parliament had no right to tax colonists (not elected officials) - Parliament ignored them -- put Stamp Act in Place - Angry colonists boycotted - Boycotting = Refusing to do business with, or buy goods from - Refused to use the new stamps - Daughters of Liberty - Women who made "homespun" cloth and other things to replace British items - Boycott worked - Hurt British merchants - Pressured parliament to end Stamp Act - They took their concerns more seriously than colonist's concerns - Parliament canceled the Stamp Act - The Townshend Acts - Named for treasurer of British government, Charles Townshend - Tax on factory-made goods imported from Great Britain - ie: tea, paper, glass, lead, paint - Colonists were angry -- demanded it canceled - Boycotted newly taxed items & any business that sold or used taxed goods - Britain feared boycotts would lead to violence - Sent troops to Boston, the center of protests LESSON 3: What Increased Tensions Between Great Britain and the Colonists? - The Boston Massacre - Quartering Act : Residents forced to allow British officers to stay in their homes and feed them - Colonists upset and gathered to protest - Became violent between colonists and British - Soldiers fired muskets -- 5 colonists died - The Boston Tea Party - Tea Act - Gave British East India Company a monopoly (complete control) on tea - Didn't have to pay export tax = sell tea cheaper than colonist merchants - Upset Samue Adams and other colonists - 1\) another tax they didn't vote to approve - 2\) hurt local businesses - 3 ships from East India company carrying tea arrived in Boston Harbor - Boston residents protested Tea Act by refusing to let ships unload - Governor allowed ships to stay in harbor until tea sold - Sons of Liberty boarded the ships and dumped tea into the harbor - Parliament punished colonists for actions - Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) - Closed Boston Harbor - Banned town meetings - Sent more soldiers to live in the city - The First Continental Congress - Colonies met to discuss British policies and how to respond - Rejected plan to reconcile with British government - Petitioned King George III - give colonists same rights as British - repeal Coercive Acts and other unfair laws - end trade with Britain until demands were met (boycott) SAMUEL ADAMS - Founder of Sons of Liberty - Helped plan Boston Tea Party - Protested Stamp Act - Created 1^st^ Committee of Correspondence - The colonies followed in forming more - Signed Declaration of Independence - Elected Governor of Massachusetts YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON - **Role**: Fought in the French and Indian War as a British officer. - **Fort Necessity**: Built by Washington but was defeated by the French. - **Significance**: Gained military experience, later used in the American Revolution. **Major Taxes**: - **Stamp Act (1765)**: Tax on printed materials (newspapers, legal documents). - **Sugar Act (1764)**: Tax on sugar, molasses, and other imports. - **Townshend Acts (1767)**: Taxes on glass, paper, lead, and tea. - **Tea Act (1773)**: Gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales. - **Quartering Act (1765 & 1774)**: Required colonists to house and feed British soldiers. #### #### **Timber Act** - **What**: Controlled timber exports from colonies. - **Purpose**: Ensured Britain had resources for shipbuilding. - **Effect**: Hurt colonial economy, increased resentment. #### **Transportation Act** - **What**: Allowed Britain to send criminals to American colonies. - **Purpose**: Reduced overcrowding in British prisons. - **Effect**: Unwanted convicts sent to America.