Research Methodology Chapter 3
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary advantage of using open-ended questionnaires?

  • They require less time for respondents to complete
  • They can generate binary responses easily
  • They allow for richer and fuller perspectives on the topic (correct)
  • They are easier to analyze than closed-ended questionnaires

Which of the following is a disadvantage of closed-ended questionnaires?

  • They allow for a deeper understanding of respondent views
  • They require respondents to supply their own answers
  • They can be difficult to construct (correct)
  • They take longer for respondents to complete

What defines a checklist in the context of questionnaires?

  • It is designed solely for statistical analysis
  • It requires respondents to write lengthy narratives
  • It contains only true or false questions
  • It has a two-dimensional arrangement of questions and response alternatives (correct)

What is a key feature of a Likert Scale in questionnaire design?

<p>It measures the degree of agreement with statements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a questionnaire?

<p>To gather data from respondents efficiently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of questionnaire would likely require more time and effort to analyze?

<p>Open-ended questionnaire (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage typically associated with open-ended questionnaires?

<p>They can be time-consuming for respondents to complete (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might researchers prefer closed-ended questionnaires over open-ended ones?

<p>They can be easier to administer and analyze (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research primarily deals with unstructured, non-numeric data?

<p>Qualitative Research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario are probability samples crucial?

<p>When a representative sample is needed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a primary data collection method?

<p>Surveys and questionnaires (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of descriptive research?

<p>To provide a detailed account of a phenomenon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Slovin’s formula, what is the sample size when the population size is 1000 and the margin of error is 0.05?

<p>286 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What margin of error is considered as a minimum for Slovin’s formula?

<p>0.05 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes non-probability sampling?

<p>Samples are selected based on non-random criteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rule of thumb regarding sample size for descriptive research?

<p>10% of the population is recommended (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of systematic sampling with a random start?

<p>To select members at regular intervals starting from a random point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the provided example where the population is 800 and the desired sample size is 80, what is the sampling interval (K)?

<p>10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes stratified random sampling?

<p>It divides the population into classes and samples proportionally from each class. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method is characterized by a lack of structured selection criteria?

<p>Accidental sampling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a well-constructed questionnaire ensure regarding the items included?

<p>Items should represent a single idea and be free from bias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically discussed when constructing a research instrument?

<p>Length of the instrument (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sampling is biased by nature and aims to quickly gather responses?

<p>Convenience sampling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of questionnaires is important to ensure proper evaluation and scoring?

<p>Clarity and specificity in language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Descriptive Research

Research that describes characteristics of a population or phenomenon, often using surveys, assessments, comparisons, or correlations.

Qualitative Research

Research that explores and understands experiences, opinions, and perspectives, using non-numerical data.

Quantitative Research

Research that uses numerical data to quantify and measure phenomena, focusing on patterns and relationships.

Documentary Data

Secondary data, collected from existing sources like books, journals, or newspapers, not directly from respondents.

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Empirical Data

Primary data obtained directly from respondents via methods like surveys, interviews, or observations.

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Population

The entire group of individuals or items under consideration in a study.

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Finite Population

A population with a countable number of elements.

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Infinite Population

A population with an immeasurable number of elements.

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Sample

A subset of a population selected for observation and analysis in a research study.

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Slovin's Formula

A formula to calculate the sample size (n) needed from a population (N) with a desired margin of error (e).

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Probability Sample

A sample where every element in the population has a known chance of being selected.

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Non-Probability Sample

A sample where not every element in the population has a known or equal chance of being selected.

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Simple Random Sampling

A probability sampling method where each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected.

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Random sampling

A sampling method where every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected. It's often done using a computer-generated random number table or process.

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Systematic sampling

A sampling method where members are selected from a predetermined interval (e.g., every 10th person). A random starting point is critical.

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Sampling interval

The fixed distance between chosen sample members in systematic sampling. Calculated from population size and sample size.

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Stratified random sampling

Sampling method used when the study's respondents have distinct groups (strata). The sample size is proportional to each strata

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Purposive sampling

A sampling method where the researcher selects specific individuals who meet certain criteria or criteria for the study.

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Accidental sampling

A sampling method where respondents are selected based on chance encounters.

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Convenience sampling

Sampling method using readily available participants, often biased and not representative of the population.

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Structured Self-Report Instruments

Formal instruments like questionnaires or interviews used to gather data.

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Questionnaire Validity

Measures if the instrument truly assesses what it intends to measure.

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Questionnaire Reliability

Measures the consistency and reproducibility of the instrument; does it yield consistent results?

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Questionnaire

A data-gathering tool, often used as a survey form, asking questions to produce data.

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Open-ended Questionnaire

A questionnaire where respondents freely answer in their own words, in narrative form.

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Open-ended Questionnaire Advantage

Provides deeper insights and allows for more elaborate responses.

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Open-ended Questionnaire Disadvantage

Analysis is complex and time-consuming, sometimes requiring expert analysis.

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Closed-ended Questionnaire

A questionnaire with fixed choices, requiring respondents to pick from given options.

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Closed-ended Questionnaire Advantage

Easy to administer and analyze, efficient.

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Closed-ended Questionnaire Disadvantage

Can be superficial and miss important information.

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Checklist

A format that lists questions or attributes, often with standardized multiple choice responses, used to track particular qualities.

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Likert Scale

A standardized scale for measuring opinions or attitudes on a range of agreement or disagreement.

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Study Notes

Research Methodology

  • Chapter 3 of the research focuses on research methodology.
  • The quote "the world you see is created by what you focus on. It is never too late to adjust your lens," is presented.
  • Research design includes descriptive research (surveys, assessment and evaluation, comparative studies, correlational studies), qualitative research (unstructured, non-numeric primary data), and quantitative research (structured, quantifies variation in a phenomenon).
  • Data sources include documentary data (secondary data, books, journals, newspapers) and empirical data (primary data, questionnaires, personal interviews, observations).
  • Population is all elements, finite (countable elements), or infinite (uncountable elements, like stars, cars crossing a street).
  • A sample is a portion of the population, potentially representative depending on the selection method.
  • Slovin's formula calculates sample size (n = N / (1 + N*e^2)), where N is population size, e is margin of error.
  • Sample size example: population 1000 and margin of error 0.05 gives a sample size between 285 and 286.
  • Sampling technique considerations include rules of thumb (20% of the population), Central Limit Theorem (larger sample size leads to results closer to the population).
  • Gay (1976) suggests different sample sizes for different research types (descriptive, correlational, experimental).
  • Sampling considerations for smaller populations (less than 50% but lower than 30% and purposive sample methods) are presented.
  • Probability samples (random samples, best representing the population) and non-probability samples (no system in selecting) are discussed.
  • Probability sampling techniques include simple random (lottery method, random number tables), and systematic (formula to calculate sampling interval and a random starting point).
  • Types of samples: stratified random samples (proportionate to subgroups), purposive samples (targets specific population), accidental samples (chance encounters), and convenience samples (most accessible respondents).
  • Instrumentation and validation involve instrument construction, parts/sections, validity and reliability, and evaluation and scoring.
  • Common data-gathering tools include: structured self-report instruments (interview schedule, questionnaires, Paper-and-pencil instruments (PAPI)).
  • Criteria for a good questionnaire: clear and specific language, represent a single idea, free from bias and assumptions, method for proper scoring and interpretation, and statistically viable with consistently scored questions and response options.
  • Open-ended questionnaires allow broader responses, while closed-ended questionnaires offer options.
  • Open-ended questionnaires are advantageous in providing richer perspectives but are more time-consuming to analyze. Closed-ended questionnaires are easier to administer and analyze but can be superficial.
  • Types of closed-ended questionnaires include checklists (matrix questions).
  • Likert scales measure opinions using a scale of agreement or disagreement.
  • Data gathering procedure involves several stages (letter to authorities, interviewer training, distribution, retrieval)
  • Statistical tools include: percentage distribution, weighted mean, Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test and Z-test. These tools aim to identify relationships and differences between groups.

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Chapter 3 Research Methodology PDF

Description

Dive into Chapter 3 of Research Methodology, where we explore essential components like research design, data sources, and population sampling techniques. Understand the differences between descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative research to better analyze your approach. This quiz will also cover the calculation of sample size using Slovin's formula.

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