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Questions and Answers
What is a primary advantage of using open-ended questionnaires?
What is a primary advantage of using open-ended questionnaires?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of closed-ended questionnaires?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of closed-ended questionnaires?
What defines a checklist in the context of questionnaires?
What defines a checklist in the context of questionnaires?
What is a key feature of a Likert Scale in questionnaire design?
What is a key feature of a Likert Scale in questionnaire design?
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What is the primary purpose of a questionnaire?
What is the primary purpose of a questionnaire?
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Which type of questionnaire would likely require more time and effort to analyze?
Which type of questionnaire would likely require more time and effort to analyze?
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What is a disadvantage typically associated with open-ended questionnaires?
What is a disadvantage typically associated with open-ended questionnaires?
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Why might researchers prefer closed-ended questionnaires over open-ended ones?
Why might researchers prefer closed-ended questionnaires over open-ended ones?
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Which type of research primarily deals with unstructured, non-numeric data?
Which type of research primarily deals with unstructured, non-numeric data?
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In which scenario are probability samples crucial?
In which scenario are probability samples crucial?
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What is considered a primary data collection method?
What is considered a primary data collection method?
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What is the main purpose of descriptive research?
What is the main purpose of descriptive research?
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According to Slovin’s formula, what is the sample size when the population size is 1000 and the margin of error is 0.05?
According to Slovin’s formula, what is the sample size when the population size is 1000 and the margin of error is 0.05?
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What margin of error is considered as a minimum for Slovin’s formula?
What margin of error is considered as a minimum for Slovin’s formula?
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Which of the following best describes non-probability sampling?
Which of the following best describes non-probability sampling?
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What is the rule of thumb regarding sample size for descriptive research?
What is the rule of thumb regarding sample size for descriptive research?
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What is the purpose of systematic sampling with a random start?
What is the purpose of systematic sampling with a random start?
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In the provided example where the population is 800 and the desired sample size is 80, what is the sampling interval (K)?
In the provided example where the population is 800 and the desired sample size is 80, what is the sampling interval (K)?
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What characterizes stratified random sampling?
What characterizes stratified random sampling?
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Which sampling method is characterized by a lack of structured selection criteria?
Which sampling method is characterized by a lack of structured selection criteria?
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What should a well-constructed questionnaire ensure regarding the items included?
What should a well-constructed questionnaire ensure regarding the items included?
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Which component is NOT typically discussed when constructing a research instrument?
Which component is NOT typically discussed when constructing a research instrument?
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Which type of sampling is biased by nature and aims to quickly gather responses?
Which type of sampling is biased by nature and aims to quickly gather responses?
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What aspect of questionnaires is important to ensure proper evaluation and scoring?
What aspect of questionnaires is important to ensure proper evaluation and scoring?
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Study Notes
Research Methodology
- Chapter 3 of the research focuses on research methodology.
- The quote "the world you see is created by what you focus on. It is never too late to adjust your lens," is presented.
- Research design includes descriptive research (surveys, assessment and evaluation, comparative studies, correlational studies), qualitative research (unstructured, non-numeric primary data), and quantitative research (structured, quantifies variation in a phenomenon).
- Data sources include documentary data (secondary data, books, journals, newspapers) and empirical data (primary data, questionnaires, personal interviews, observations).
- Population is all elements, finite (countable elements), or infinite (uncountable elements, like stars, cars crossing a street).
- A sample is a portion of the population, potentially representative depending on the selection method.
- Slovin's formula calculates sample size (n = N / (1 + N*e^2)), where N is population size, e is margin of error.
- Sample size example: population 1000 and margin of error 0.05 gives a sample size between 285 and 286.
- Sampling technique considerations include rules of thumb (20% of the population), Central Limit Theorem (larger sample size leads to results closer to the population).
- Gay (1976) suggests different sample sizes for different research types (descriptive, correlational, experimental).
- Sampling considerations for smaller populations (less than 50% but lower than 30% and purposive sample methods) are presented.
- Probability samples (random samples, best representing the population) and non-probability samples (no system in selecting) are discussed.
- Probability sampling techniques include simple random (lottery method, random number tables), and systematic (formula to calculate sampling interval and a random starting point).
- Types of samples: stratified random samples (proportionate to subgroups), purposive samples (targets specific population), accidental samples (chance encounters), and convenience samples (most accessible respondents).
- Instrumentation and validation involve instrument construction, parts/sections, validity and reliability, and evaluation and scoring.
- Common data-gathering tools include: structured self-report instruments (interview schedule, questionnaires, Paper-and-pencil instruments (PAPI)).
- Criteria for a good questionnaire: clear and specific language, represent a single idea, free from bias and assumptions, method for proper scoring and interpretation, and statistically viable with consistently scored questions and response options.
- Open-ended questionnaires allow broader responses, while closed-ended questionnaires offer options.
- Open-ended questionnaires are advantageous in providing richer perspectives but are more time-consuming to analyze. Closed-ended questionnaires are easier to administer and analyze but can be superficial.
- Types of closed-ended questionnaires include checklists (matrix questions).
- Likert scales measure opinions using a scale of agreement or disagreement.
- Data gathering procedure involves several stages (letter to authorities, interviewer training, distribution, retrieval)
- Statistical tools include: percentage distribution, weighted mean, Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test and Z-test. These tools aim to identify relationships and differences between groups.
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Description
Dive into Chapter 3 of Research Methodology, where we explore essential components like research design, data sources, and population sampling techniques. Understand the differences between descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative research to better analyze your approach. This quiz will also cover the calculation of sample size using Slovin's formula.
