Latin American Independence Movement 1920-1959 PDF

 Chapter Three: Economic modernization, Society and politics 1920-1959 Latin American Independence Movement: Liberation Movement in Spanish South and Central America The Roots of the Revolution in Latin America...

 Chapter Three: Economic modernization, Society and politics 1920-1959 Latin American Independence Movement: Liberation Movement in Spanish South and Central America The Roots of the Revolution in Latin America  Following the British colonies struggle in North America 13 colonies struggle was started by the Spanish colonies in New world in the last quarter of the 18th c.  The Latin American Independence is, political and military that ended colonial rule by Spain and Portugal over Mexico, Central America, and South America and gave birth for the modern independent nations of Latin America.  Cont…  At the beginning of the 19th c, Latin America was under two large and productive colonial empires such as Spanish and Portuguese.  The Spanish colonial empire was stretched from presented day western USA and Mexico up to Argentina.  The Portuguese empire was in Brazil.  The above were under complex control by Spain and Portugal for the three centuries/300 years/.  In the mid-1700s grievances was very strong among colonists due economic restrictions and tax burdens.  Cont…  The main causes for the rise of independence movement were the influence of European’s Age of Enlightenment, American Revolution, and French Revolution.  The Changes inspired the Spanish and Brazilian colonists to begin movement to control economic and political affairs.  Those who born in the colonists also began to resent the bureaucratic administration by the European born colonizers. Another dramatic event was that war between Spain and France in 1807.  Cont..  By the war, Spanish lost her colonies in Latin America and led to the colonial self- government.  Portuguese governors withdrew from Brazil due to war and the great empire was collapsed.  The Spanish and Portuguese colonies won independence and they were unable to maintain efficient government.  Because, their economy was not expanded, ports and roads not developed and their people lacked representation experience in the government.  They entered in to political and economic struggle one another. Many independent nations set up Republic form of government and mostly ruled by military dictatorship that continued up to the 20th c.  War of Independence  The armed struggle was started in Spain colonies to control their own affairs and planned to overthrew the viceroyalties and declare independence.  A rebellion groups were emerged in 1810 in Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina and Chile.  Because, there was crisis in Spain due to Napoleon war and king Ferdinand was deposed from the throne by the Napoleonic war.  So that, from 1810 to 1814 the absence of control from Spain due to crisis gave many Creoles to test their self- government.  In 1814 Ferdinand was Cont… restored to the throne and the king was tried to calm the struggle in Colonists. But the colonists were very strong and did not want to remain under Spanish rule.  However, in the Spanish empire Latin Americans were divided in to two factions. 1. The called patriots, who demand for independence. 2. The royalists who were supported by Spanish rule. The above groups fought each other for more than a decade. The independence movement in Spanish empire was an effort of white elite settlers to achieve self- government for their class. Some leaders advocated abolition of slavery and demand for other social changes.  Cont…  The Mestizos, Native Latin Americans, color people, slave and free peoples fought on both sides.  The South America war for independence was marked by two major military campaigns. 1. The North Latin American was led by Simon Bolivar to free Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia. 2. The South Latin America was led by Jose de San Martin to free Argentina, Chile and Peru.   Venezuela and New Granada  In Venezuela the struggle for independence was stared before Napoleonic war and demand for an autonomous region with in the Viceroyalty of New Granada.  In 1806 Francisco de Miranda invaded Venezuela from USA to free Venezuela, but defeated by Spanish colonial regime.  In April 1810, when King of Spain Ferdinand was deposed from power by the Napoleonic war, independence was proclaimed in Venezuela in the town of Caracas.  Cont…  Bolivar was a young from aristocrat family sent to London to get support for independence movement and return Venezuela at Caracas.  On July 5, 1811 a congress in Caracas proclaimed the republic of Venezuela as the first republic. However, the patriots were defeated by the royalists.  Cont…  The first republic was remained independence only for about a year.  In 1812 the independence movement was continued and Simon Bolivar was started to fight with the royalists in Venezuela.  In August 1813 Simon broke the royalist defense and entered Caracas.  Simon was established the second republic and became dictator ruler.  However, in 1815 Simon Bolivar was defeated by the royalist and Venezuela became again royal colony.  Cot…  Simon Bolivar was escaped to New Granada and from Granada he started to fight with royalists to achieve independence.  In May 1815 Simon sent army under the leadership of General Pablo Morillo and Pablo was entered Caracas.  Simon Bolivar tried his best to achieve independence and want help from Haiti.  Haiti was former French colony and achieved independence earlier.  Cot…  The Haiti president Alexander Petion was agreed to give support for the Venezuela.  Simon Bolivar attempted and unable to defeat and fled to Haiti.  In 1817 by the support of the Haiti he entered Venezuela and captured Angostura province.  Bolivar was supported by British, other European nations and Haiti began war on colonizers.  Cot…  Bolivar was also supported by other revolutionary groups such as Laneros and fierce cowboys from Venezuela plains under General Jose Antonio Peaz and Francisco Paula de Santander from New Granada Colombia began war against royalist colonizer in Venezuela.  In February 1819 the congress was assembled and proclaimed a Republic of Venezuela.  The Republic was consisted of Venezuela, New Granada, Panama, Quito/Ecuador/ and Colombia.  Finally after several battles Venezuela was achieved independence under Simon Bolivar in May 1822.   Argentina and Chile  The Argentinean struggle for independence was led by Jose de San Marthin in the South of Southern America. The struggle was spread to the Chile.  Marthin was born in Argentina and served in the military for the Spain.  In 1812 Marthin was return to Argentina to liberate the Argentina from Spanish rule.  He organized patriots in Argentina and his plan was first to liberate Chile.  He was controlled Andean province of Cuyo to prepare for the invasion of Chile.  The fighters were defeated at the battle of Racagua and Chilean was became refugee and fled to Cuyo.  Then San Marthin was planned to liberate his nation Argentina and Peru.  In 1817 Marthin moved his army to the Andes and Central Chile.  San Marthin was defeated the Colonial army in Chacabuca and north east of Santiago.  On February 12, 1818 Chile was declared its independence. O’Higgins became the supreme director of Chile. The San Marthin next plan was to Peru and in 1820 army was command to Peru.  On July 10, 1821 San Marthin force was controlled Lima/ city of Peru/. Finally the independence of some part of Peru was proclaimed on July 28, 1821, and Marthin became chief of the state. The rest upper Peru was totally liberated on August 6, 1825.  Paraguay It was landlocked area in the north of Argentina.  Argentina was sent troops to Paraguay for the support but they were defeated.  Later on May 14, 1811 Paraguay was declared its independence and Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia a doctor of theology and a lawyer became dictator leader.  He was elected by the congress in 1816 and ruled the country without contact with outside world.  He ruled for the next 26 years Paraguay with an iron hand, without a national congress or judiciary.   Uruguay  Uruguay was under Spanish rule and named as Banda Oriental/Eastern Shore. Its capital was Montevideo. The Uruguayan independence movement was led by Jose Gervasico Artigas. Gervasico Artigas was set up army called cowboys/gauchos and then in 1814 he drives out Spaniards from Montevido.  Then Portuguese was began war with Uruguay from its colony of Brazil in 1816. Portuguese was captured Montevido and defeated the Gervasico Artigas force in 1820.  Uruguay was began war with the Brazil and supported by Argentina. The war was ended in 1828 and Brazil was gave recognition for Uruguay.  Mexico  The independence movement in Mexico took different courses from the campaign in South America. In New Spain/Mexico/ more than six million people was governed by the peninsulares. The peninsulares desired stability in Mexico and they desired to overthrew the colonial governors and carried out a coup d’etat.  They never ended struggle in Mexico and in 1810 the opposition was erupted in several regions. In Creoles the Priests like Miguel Hidaligo Costilla was planned to organize the uprising.  Hidalgo organized revolt on September 16, 1810 to liberate the oppressed Native Americans. The Hidaligo’s revolt was destructive and greatly damaged Mexico’s economy for a decade after the revolt ended.  Hidalgo was several times fought with Royalists and finally defeated, captured and executed on July 30, 1811.  Hidalgo was replaced by another priest called Jose Maria Morelos Pavon. He was from Mestizo people and had better military tactic than Hidalgo. He was demand for better social equality, racial and independence of Mexico.  In 1813 the patriots under the leadership of Jose Maria Morelos captured some territories and declared independence of Mexico from Spanish rule. But the capital city was still under Viceroy.  In 1815 Morelos was captured and executed and the revolt was again continued for the next six years.  In 1820 the royalists appointed Agustin de Iturbide, a Creole officer in the royalists army to defeat the remaining guerrillas that led by the Vicente Guerrero/from Mestizo/.  So that, Iturbide was instead of defeating the rebellion, he was agreed with the rebellion leader Guerrero.  In February 1821 they declared Independence of Mexico and in1823 the republic was proclaimed.  However, the newly proclaimed republic was not free from political factions.   Central America  During the colonial period in South America most of the Central Americas was part of Guatemala under the captaincy-general called Gabino Ganiza.  He was declared the independence of Central America on September 15, 1821.  However, not success and again the independence was declared in1823.  In 1823 they developed constitution and united together and formed federation of the United Provinces of Central America that included republic of Guatemala, Coast Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua.  The aim of the federation was to reduce the former influence of the Guatemala. The civil war was broke in the federation and lasted for three years in 1826. In 1831 the economy of the federal states was deteriorated and in the same they were emerged as independent republics.  The Caribbean  The three Caribbean Islands such as Santo Domingo, Cuba and Puerto Rico were Spanish colony. Santo Domingo was first achieved independence before the end of the 19th c. Cuba and Puerto Rico were achieved independence in the 1898.  After 1898 they were dominated under the USA domination.  Santo Domingo was played role for the Latin American independence movement.  Haiti was the second to achieved independence from French rule in1804 from the western hemisphere after USA.  The Haiti was achieved its independence after the slaves in Haiti revolted against white slave owners.  Haiti began to give support for the Bolivar to abolish slavery in the newly liberated nations.  Haiti was controlled Santo Domingo and Santo Domingo was liberated in 1844 and declared as a Dominican Republic in 1844.  In Cuba the Spanish rule was very harsh in 1830’s and revolt was started against Spanish rule.  Some of the Cubans demand for the independence and other look for the USA control/annex/ of the Cuba.  In 1895 war for the independence was continued and in 1898 USA was sided with Cuba and fought with the Spanish colonizers.  By the war Spanish rule in Cuba and Puerto Rico was ended.  The USA military was remained in Cuba until 1902 and Cuba was proclaimed as republic.  The USA influence was continued in Cuba for decades.  Independence Movement in Portuguese South American Colony  Brazil  Brazil was Portuguese colony and began struggle for independence. The struggle was smooth in Brazil empire than Spain empire.  The Portuguese colony of Brazil was productive region in gold, diamond and Sugar plantation as well as rice, Cacao and cotton. From 1750 to1777 Portugal was gained high revenue from Brazil based on the above products.  To strengthen her economy Portugal was made its administration more efficient and gave more power for the bureaucrats.  Portugal sent powerful Jesuits to convert the Native Americans in to Catholicism.  However, unlike Spanish the division and resentment was little in between Europeans and the American born colonists.  The Conspiracies/revolt against imperial system was begun to emerge in the late 18th c.  The two Conspiracies were the Conspiracy of Inconfidencia 1788-1789) and the Conspiracy of Tailors in 1798. 1. The Conspiracy of Inconfidencia was inspired by the American Revolution of 1775-1783 that opposed Portuguese mining tax. It was proposed to set up republic form of government. It was easily suppressed by the colonial government 2. Conspiracy of Tailors was began in the northeastern city of Salvador and inspired by the idea of French Revolution based on the idea of social and racial equality. It was the advocator of total independence.  In 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Portugal and Queen Maria and her son John were fled to Brazil  They made their seat at Rio de Janeiro and after the withdrawal of the Napoleon army they choose to stay in Brazil.  In 1816 Maria was died and her son John began to rule the two kingdoms from Brazil.  In the Northeast Brazil at Pernambuco revolt broke out proclaimed a republic in March 1817.  The revolt was wide spread and finally suppressed by the royal army in May 1817.  In 1820 liberal revolt was broke out and demands for the constitutional monarchy and led fertile ground for the Brazil struggle for independence.  The Portuguese was asked the king to come to Portuguese and rule the country. John VI was return to Portugal and leaves his son Pedro in Brazil as a regent.  However, Pedro refused and declared the independence of Brazil in 1822 called Grilo de Ipiranga/Independence or Death/. In 1823 Pedro I became emperor of the Brazil and in 1824 constitution was made to limit the power of the King and Brazil remained under Monarchy up to 1889.  Post -Independence Problems  The Central American post- independence problem was economic problems.  Ports and roads were not sufficiently developed.  The issue of federalism and uniting individual states under central government became controversial issue and it destroyed the united provinces of Central America. THE END!