CHAPTER-3-JOURNEY-TO-TRUTH-1 (1).pdf

CHAPTER 3 JOURNEY TO TRUTH Introduction BEWARE OF QUACK DOCTORS THOUGHT BOTTOMLINE THOUGHT BOTTOMLINE BEWARE OF FAKE NEWS THOUGHT BOTTOMLINE Quote  CHAPTER OUTLINE 05 DOXA & EPISTEME 06 QUESTIONS OF TRUTH AND OPINION Lesson 5 Dox...

CHAPTER 3 JOURNEY TO TRUTH Introduction BEWARE OF QUACK DOCTORS THOUGHT BOTTOMLINE THOUGHT BOTTOMLINE BEWARE OF FAKE NEWS THOUGHT BOTTOMLINE Quote  CHAPTER OUTLINE 05 DOXA & EPISTEME 06 QUESTIONS OF TRUTH AND OPINION Lesson 5 Doxa and Episteme DOXA EPISTEME A. Ancient Roots To know the truth There are views, We can find it in As human is different from beliefs, claims the news, in persons exposed believing and opinions social media, in to the following something to be presented to us virtual classroom, views, our goal, true. everyday. in the streets, in however, is to church and in distinguish false interactions w/ from true and people. illusion from real. EPISTEMOLOGY  Since every person has a set of beliefs or opinions, it is a normal thing that we have different points of view in life. We call it “diversity of beliefs” through time and across cultures. No one will be in the position to correct us in our beliefs because there would be no need to verify them. Every person has a set of beliefs or opinions. We expect people to respect our beliefs and we even say that every person is entitled to his/her own opinion. With the diversity of beliefs through time and across cultures, there seem to be no point in claiming which views are correct. There is nothing to discuss or to question. They are opinion, and as such, we do not need to justify them. Plato (429 - 347 BCE ) KNOWLEDGE OPINION CROSS-EXAMINATION BY PLATO ARISTOTLE SYLLOGISMS BY ARISTOTLE B. Modern Legacy RENE DESCARTES (1596–1650) C. Contemporary Period  Contemporary Period This period is Postmodernists They attacked There are many seen as a are known for the notion of truths, that is reaction against their denial of objective reality. particular. the view of the philosophical Reality for them is There is no truth modern period. view points but a conceptual with a capital T regarding reality, construct. There is (absolute) truth knowledge, no objective human nature reality, there is and language. no truth. JACQUES DERRIDA KNOWLEDGE & OPINION PLATO JACQUES DERRIDA Question of Truth and Opinion What is Truth? -Pontius Pilate to Jesus Christ 1. Truth and Opinion - Meaning and Difference 2. DISTINGUISHING TRUTH FROM OPINION - How do we verify a presented opinion to be true? 3. MODELS OF TRUTH A. Correspondence Theory B. Linguistic Turn C. Phenomenology & Existentialism VS  Truth Opinion It is the problem of being clear about A personal belief, view or judgement that what you are saying when you say some are held despite their inability to be proven claim or other is true. to be true; thus they are inherently The study of what is real. subjective. You cannot prove that someone A statement about the way the world is handsome, or that a piece of art is actually is. beautiful. You can only collect a consensus. Objective view of things. Subjective view of things. Your own point of view.  02 01 TRUTH is based on OPINION is a "PERSONAL TRUTH" (that which one evidences and observable person believes in.) facts. 04 03 But through QUESTIONS our We verify the TRUTH opinions surfaces until we through finding PROOF. knew the truth.  Models of TRUTH Phenomenology & Correspondence Linguistics Turn Existentialism Theory Philosophers thought Phenomenology claims that Correspondence that problems in every “consciousness is theory is what we use epistemology are conscious of something”. to often verify truths. answerable through Existentialism emphasizes True propositions are linguistic investigation. the existence of the individual person as a free and those that correspond It is only the context of a responsible agent with reality. sentence that a word has determining their own Traced back to Plato & meaning. development through acts of Aristotle They introduce the the will context principle.  Correspondence Theory The correspondence theory seemed so obvious that some philosophers did not devote much time thinking about it. Others, however, continued it in their philosophizing. Some of these philosophers used the theory when they turned to language while others turned to the truth- maker. In doing so, different philosophers pursued different directions form one starting point  Linguistic Turn According to Context Principle “ it is only in the context of a sentence that a word has meaning”. We express several things through sentences and that is what makes identifying what is claimed in a statement quite tricky. SENSE is to be understood as meaning ( connotation or intention in logic ). The sense has to be derived in the context that the sentence provides. Reference ( or referent ) pertains to what is referred to or the denotation ( also known as extension ).  Language Allows us to talk about the same things and yet disagree because we can mean different things. The sense (meaning) of the statements can vary while the reference remains the same. Example: The solar system is four billion years old (This is different from) The solar system is in existence for billions of years. Both samples refer to one thing but are not the same.  Ludwig Wittgenstein He introduced language- games whereas the meaning of language can be found in its use.. Aside from the original meaning of words, there are other meanings we attach /use in language such as figuratively and or metaphorically. To understand meaning, people must be playing the same game. They use other words that come into being (words such as: gay language, jejemon and selfie) that play the same rules in their use of language.  Phenomenology & Existentialism Edmund Husserl followed Descarte’s “consciousness” and emphasized that even if objects are no longer present, you can always play up its existence in your mind. As Husserl points out, “Go back to the things themselves.” He invites us to think again.  Phenomenology & Existentialism Phenomenology, now is a philosophical theory which believes that the essence of objects can be thought of, investigated and understood more than the usual way of understaning.  Phenomenology & Existentialism Upon thinking, we have two cognitive attitudes as human persons:??Natural attitude- we are comfortable to the things we know?transcendental attitude- we are trying our best to investigate the essence of every phenomenon direct to our consciousness.  Two Cognitive Attitudes Natural Transcendental When we are We are trying our best to comfortable with the investigate the essence of things that we already every phenomenon direct to our consciousness. know. THEREFORE, THROUGH OUR EFFORTS TO THINK, WE CAN ARRIVE AT THE TRUTH OF EVERY PHENOMENON.  Phenomenology & Existentialism Combining Existentialism and Phenomenology would mean: Existential Phenomenology, which is designed to make us see what every existing thing means to someone who experiences it by a thorough reflection (phenomenology) and through awareness of his experience of himself as an existing being in the world of things (existentialism). Jean Paul Sartre proclaimed: Existence precedes essence. Obsession of truth is fine but sometimes we lose sight of our engagement with the truth.  Phenomenology & Existentialism Existentialism restores the freshness of every experience and learning from it involves learning for everyone. Answering a mathematical problem, for instance is important. It can be complex. Algebra, Calculus and trigonometry. Every complex thing starts with a very simple one. Let’s say 1+1=2. This knowledge is objectively right and subjectively meaningful. SUBJECTIVE - means someone create meaning for his/herself. OBJECTIVE - giving the right answer regarding of how you feel. Phenomenology & Existentialism Existentialism never destroys a very exact Mathematical world. It makes the world more beautiful. It became popular because of the way it paints the world. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, a Phenomenologist and an existentialist points out that what happens to our bodies affect the way we think.? THANK YOU!