Freedom as Foundation for Moral Acts PDF

Freedom as Foundation for Moral Acts Module 3  Freedom is the right to control one’s actions based on reason, not desire. reason should be used to decide how people will behave. The principle, then, is not to live by the animalistic rules forced on them fr...

Freedom as Foundation for Moral Acts Module 3  Freedom is the right to control one’s actions based on reason, not desire. reason should be used to decide how people will behave. The principle, then, is not to live by the animalistic rules forced on them from birth, but rather to live by the laws that you enforce on yourself The state can not legally enforce any specific definition of happiness on its people. Kant’s Philosophy on Freedom  Philosophy on Freedom Individuals are independent from being limited by the option of others to the extent that they may coexist with each other's freedom under universal rule. The three concepts of freedom are the freedom of a human being as a member of a state, the dignity of each person as a subject, and the freedom of any member of the commonwealth as a resident. Individuals have an autonomous right to be happy in their own way, and the intervention of another's freedom means forcing others to be happy. 1. Goodwill and Duty it is always good and maintain moral values. It is a moral concept that freely seeks to use values for moral reasons. good will is more of a conception rather than obligation. A will that acts out of duty can be defined as a will that overcomes the obstacles to the protection of moral law. It is not to say that actions carried out purely in compliance with duty are pointless (they still merit praise and encouragement), but that extra regard is accorded to activities carried out on duty. 2. Perfect and Imperfect Duties Kant differentiate perfect and imperfect duties. Perfect duties for Kant is always true and it is more important than imperfect duties. Telling the truth is an example of a perfect duty. If there is a conflict between the two then perfect duty must be given importance. In contrast, for Kant flexibility is indispensable in imperfect duty. As a human being, an individual can help the needy but still he or she cannot do it all the time. Therefore, in perfect duty, it is a must to do what is good while imperfect duty you do good but it is not an obligation to do so. 3. Categorical Imperative The categorical imperative for him is a rule of behavior that is unconditional or absolute for all agents or persons whose truth or argument does not depend on any purpose or end. Conversely, a hypothetical imperative is a rule of behavior relating to a person the idea that only if he or she desires a certain end and has decided to act on that desire. In other words, in categorial imperative, the action to be done does not depend on the result or desire or not conditioned by desire. However, in hypothetical imperative, the basis of the action to be done is what I want and the means to get it.  4. Universalizability Besides, universalizability was set off by Kant. The theory of universalizability centered on the action to be acceptable or permissible, this theory must be applied to all citizens without any contradictions. Meaning, when someone commits a crime he or she will be punished regardless of social and economic standing. The law must be applicable to all. 5. Humanity as an End in Itself “Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means.” Kant argued that rational beings should never be viewed simply as a means to ends; they must also be viewed as ends themselves, demanding equal regard for their own logical motives. Kant’s Philosophy on Justice and Fairness Kant’s corollary meaning of justice and fairness are the following: Justice involves external acts through which an individual may directly or indirectly influence others. Justice does not affect the desires, wishes, or needs of others. Justice is concerned primarily with the nature of interpersonal relationships and not with their substance. Taxation in the Philippines: The Rules Embodied Under the Law  Under the 1987 Philippine Constitution mentioned above, “the Taxation in the rules of taxation shall be uniform and equal.” Philippines: The Rules Embodied According to Law Dictionary.com, (2015) “Uniformity in taxation Under the Law means equity in the burden of taxation, which can not occur without uniformity in the mode of assessment as well as in the rate of taxation. It must also be applied to all property subject to taxation so that all property can be taxed alike and equally. On the other hand, equity is the principle that taxes should be equal and should be based on the willingness of different individuals to pay, which is generally related to their income To analyze the provisions, an individual should pay an income tax based on his or her salary received with a certain percentage and the property can be taxed according to assessed value and rates of the property. An individual as well can be taxed based on his or her capacity to pay taxes.