ETHICS EXAM1 REVIEW.docx

What is the difference between normative and descriptive/empirical judgments in ethics? Normative judgments express what ought to be done or what is morally right or wrong ---essentially, they set the moral standards we strive for. On the other hand, descriptive judgments focus on "what is" happeni...

What is the difference between normative and descriptive/empirical judgments in ethics? Normative judgments express what ought to be done or what is morally right or wrong ---essentially, they set the moral standards we strive for. On the other hand, descriptive judgments focus on "what is" happening; Based on observation and evidence. They aim to report facts without making any moral claims about them. What is an argument/what are the features of an argument in applied philosophical ethics? An argument in applied ethics is made up of reasons (premises) that lead to a conclusion about what is right or wrong. Good arguments are clear, logically structured, and relevant to the conclusion. They should also consider opposing views and reflect on what the ethical choices mean in real life. What is a \"moral principle\" and how do moral principles factor into arguments in applied ethics?  A moral principle is a fundamental truth that serves as the basis for moral judgments, often guiding decision-making and behavior. In applied ethics, moral principles help frame arguments by offering foundational beliefs---such as fairness, justice, and respect for persons---that ethical conclusions can be derived from. They facilitate discussion and provide a benchmark for evaluating specific situations. How do \"moral principles\" relate to moral theories?  Moral principles are the building blocks of moral theories. They are the core beliefs that form the basis for different ethical frameworks, like utilitarianism (maximizing happiness) or virtue ethics (focusing on character). A strong moral theory clearly explains its principles and how they help in making ethical decisions. What is the (moral) principle of utility? The principle of utility, often associated with utilitarianism, this principle suggests that an action is morally right if it results in the greatest happiness for the most people. It focuses on the consequences of actions rather than the intentions behind them. How does utilitarian ethics differ from \"rights-based\" ethics (Kant, in particular)?  Utilitarian ethics focuses on achieving the best overall outcomes, prioritizing happiness and benefits for the majority. In contrast, rights-based ethics---like Kant\'s---emphasizes respecting individual rights and dignity, focusing on the moral duty to treat people fairly no matter the outcome. What is Kant\'s (moral) principle concerning \"humanity\" (humanity version of categorical imperative)?  Kant argues that we should always treat people as ends in themselves and not just as means to an end. This means recognizing their inherent worth and respecting their autonomy. How does virtue ethics differ from utilitarian and Kantian ethics? What is the focus of virtue ethics?  Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character traits, like honesty and courage, and emphasize being morally good person. In contrast, Utilitarian ethics focuses on maximizing overall happiness or minimizing suffering, and Kantian ethics is based on following moral rules or duties regardless of the outcome. Virtue ethics is about who you are, while the other two focus on what you do. What is the conclusion of Friedman\'s argument concerning the social responsibility of business?  Friedman posits that the primary responsibility of business is to its shareholders, arguing that businesses should focus on maximizing profits within the bounds of the law and ethical custom. He contends that deviating from this responsibility dilutes accountability and poses a risk to free-market principles. What reasons does Friedman provide to support this conclusion? Friedman points out that prioritizing social goals over profits can lead businesses to waste resources and lose their competitive edge. He feels that social responsibility is the duty of individuals, not businesses, which should stick to their economic roles. How does Friedman draw on consequentialist and rights based normative reasoning to support his conclusion?  Friedman utilizes a consequentialist lens by asserting that adherence to profit maximization leads to the greatest overall benefit for society by promoting economic growth and stability. Additionally, he argues from a rights-based perspective that business executives lack the right to use shareholders' resources for social purposes not mandated by them. Why does Freeman think that Friedman\'s argument (the dominant, shareholder managerial model) is flawed?  Freeman argues that Friedman's view is too simple and overlooks how businesses impact stakeholders, employees, customers and community---not just shareholders. He argues that a more inclusive approach captures the complexities of modern business ethics. What does Freeman mean by \"managing for stakeholders\"? Freeman proposes that businesses should consider the needs and interests of everyone affected by their actions, not just shareholders. This approach promotes more ethical and sustainable business practices. What are \"stakeholders\" (broad and narrow definitions)?  Stakeholders are anyone affected by a company\'s decisions, including employees, customers, suppliers, and the local community. Narrowly, they can also refer specifically to shareholders who have a financial stake in the company. According to Freeman, what is the primary managerial responsibility?  According to Freeman, the primary managerial responsibility is to manage the interests of \*\*all stakeholders\*\*---not just shareholders. This means managers must consider the needs and concerns of everyone involved with the business, such as employees, customers, suppliers, and the community. What moral principles (good, right, virtue) does Freeman use to support stakeholder theory? Explain how.  Freeman's stakeholder theory is based on the moral principles of fairness, respect, and mutual benefit. He argues that it\'s morally \"good\" and \"right\" to consider the needs of all stakeholders because businesses operate within a web of relationships. Virtue is found in building trust and cooperation among these groups, which leads to long-term success for everyone. What is the goal of management and business in general for \"humanistic management\" (HM)?  The goal of management and business in \*\*humanistic management\*\* is to prioritize the \*\*well-being and dignity\*\* of all people involved in the business process. It focuses on promoting human flourishing and social good over pure profit maximization. What are Mele\'s criticisms of the dominant (shareholder/profit) model and stakeholder theory?  Mele criticizes the shareholder model for being too focused on short-term profits, often at the expense of employees and the environment. He also critiques stakeholder theory for not fully addressing the deeper ethical responsibility businesses have toward human dignity and personal development. Both models, he argues, can lack a true human-centered approach. What are some of the criticisms of HM?  Critics of humanistic management argue that it may be too idealistic, difficult to implement in highly competitive industries, and not always compatible with the profit-driven nature of business. Others worry it could lead to inefficiencies or distract from the primary financial goals that businesses are expected to meet. What are the 7 propositions that (per Mele) best describe \"humanism\"? 1\. Respect for human dignity. 2\. Focus on the common good. 3\. Development of the whole person. 4\. Commitment to human values. 5\. Recognition of human complexity. 6\. Emphasis on relationships and community. 7\. Promotion of personal responsibility. \*\*\*\* These propositions highlight the importance of treating people with respect, fostering relationships, and balancing individual and community needs. \*\* What are the 7 suggestions (per Mele) for implementing HM in practice?  \- Focus on human dignity and well-being. \- Build trust and collaboration among all stakeholders. \- Encourage open dialogue and communication. \- Promote shared responsibility in decision-making. \- Foster a culture of ethical leadership. \- Create opportunities for personal and professional growth. \- Measure success not just in profits but in human impact.