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The Transportation Sector of Tourism

• The transportation sector functions as a pillar of tourism.

Land Transportation

• Walking was the first means of land transport for humans.
• The invention of the wheel and sled made animal transport more efficient.
• Early forms of road transport involved horses, oxen, or humans carrying goods over dirt tracks.
• Many early civilizations, including Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization constructed paved roads.
• The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century brought multiple inventions that changed transport.
• The steam engine led to rail transport and land transport became independent of human/animal muscles.
• The combustion engine and automobile led to mechanical private transport in the 20th century.
• After WWII automobiles and airlines increased in usage, which reduced rail to freight & short-haul passenger.
• International air travel became common in the 1960s due to jet engines.
• The growth in automobiles and motorways further led to a decline for rail transport.

Land Transportation Systems

• Human-powered transportation is a form of sustainable transport, people/goods move using muscle power: walking, running and swimming.
• Animal-powered transportation uses working animals for the movement of people and goods.
• Road transportation utilizes roads that are smoothed and paved for easy travel, but can just be recognizable routes.
• Rail transportation is a mode where trains run along two parallel steel rails a railway known as a railroad.
• Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe commonly liquid and gasses, but pneumatic tubes can also send compressed air.
• Cable transport features vehicles pulled by cables rather than internal power and are commonly used on steep gradients.

Connections with Other Modes

• Airports serve as a terminus for air transport activities.
• Ground transport is required for most people/cargo to reach their destination that come by air.
• Seaports require ground transport at both ends for people and goods to reach final destinations.

Land Transportation System Elements

• Infrastructure includes fixed installations allowing vehicle operation, consisting of a way (roads), terminal, parking and maintenance.
• Vehicles include any non-living device that moves people and goods; moves along with the cargo and the passengers.

Users of Land Transport

• Public refers to the carriage of people and goods by government or commercial operators and facilitates the economy and society.
• Commerce refers to the carriage of people and goods by commercial entities at cost to individuals, businesses, and the government for profit.
• Military refers to operators moving people and goods in both peacetime and combat.
• Private refers to individuals transporting themselves, people, animals, and goods at discretion.

Functions of land transportation systems

• Public transport involves fixed routes and scheduled services.
• Private transport involves ad hoc riders services.
• Private transport offers better flexibility, lower-capacity, and impacts the environment more.
• Freight/shipping is key in the value chain during manufacturing.
• Transport demand is rapidly increased as specialization and globalization grows and production moves further from consumption.

Impact of Land Transport Systems

• Economic growth has always been dependent on increasing capacity and rationality of transport.
• Infrastructure and operation of transport has a great impact on the land and is the largest drain of energy which makes it transport sustainability a major issue.
• Transport planning allows for high utilization and less impact regarding new infrastructure.
• Transport planners are able to predict future transport patterns using models for transport forecasting.
• Transport is a major energy user and primarily burns petroleum and is a cause of global warming.
• Also creates air pollution and nitrous oxides & particulates.

Sea Transportation

• Societies have always located near water because it enables efficient travel compared to land.
• A network of connections between ports (coastal and inland), rail, air, and track forms a foundation of economic wealth worldwide.
• Ships are large, sturdy, and self-propelled vessels transporting cargo across seas and oceans.

Sea Transportation History

• The ancient marine history has an intersting study of survival instincts.
• A simple oar was not in use early in history.
• Sails were a turning point in maritime history; by replacing muscle boats could now travel and carry larger loads.
• Phoenicians are seen as pioneers of wooden sailing vessles, and fashioned out galleys from earlier dugouts with sails/oars.
• Medieval ships were clinker built, a technique that used clenching of nails for securing of planks.
• By the late 1100's ships had added a straight stern post in order to facilitate the hanging rudder.
• As risk of water damage grew, cargo was transported in 'tuns' large galloon barrels.
• English companies then dominated the market.
• Steam Packets dominated markets (Cunard Line was later known as this).
• By the early 20th century, superliners were developed most notably in Germany.
• The Mauritania and Lusitania. (both owned by the Cunard Line of England) started dressing for dinner.
• WWI interrupted the building of new cruise ships and older liners were used as troop transports.
• Airports, airline travel & Europe's non-stop flights in 1958 marked the end of oversea business for ocean liners.
• Cruise ship companies focused on Caribbean vacation cruises, creating a ship image which attracted many passengers.

Types of Ships According to Features and Purpose

• Multi-purpose ships carry cargo, transport passengers in close by areas/villages, and serve as cruises.

• Contemporary Cruise Ships are attractive ships that are designed to accommodate staterooms and activity venues.

• Ferries form a part of public transport systems in waterside cities and islands, transit costs are much lower than tunnels and bridges though.

• Barges are mainly for river/canal transport of heavy goods.

• Masted sailing ships have masts and sails and are powered partly or mostly by wind.

• Riverboats known as "paddle wheelers" and are modeled after the 19th century steamboats.

• General cargo ships (sometimes called Breakbulk Carriers) have 4/5 cargo holds.

• Bulk carriers are for grain, ore, and wood chips that can be poured down into a hold.

• Container ships carry 20/40 ft long, 8ft wide, and 8ft tall steel containers.

• Auto Carriers are huge ships that are floating parking decks.

• Tankers are oil drums with engines shipping many liquids and gasses.

• Fishing vessels are now also extremely large.

• Vessel used in the drillig in offshore drilling.

Types of Ships According to its Size

• Very small ships: Under 10,000 GRT; under 200 passengers.
• Small ships: 10,000 – 20,000 GRT; 200-500 passengers.
• Large ships: 50,000 – 70,000 GRT; 1,200-2,000 passengers.
• Mega ships: 70,000 GRT and up; 2,000 or more passengers.

Cruise ship personnel

• The captain is the in-charge of ship operations.
• The deputy captain/first officer is in charge when the captain is not there.
• The chief engineer oversees all mechanical operations including; engines, electrical systems, lighting, plumbing, waste management/onboard climate control
• The chief medical officer/doctor cares for passenger and crew health.
• The chief Radio/Communications Officers oversees In-room satellite TV programming.
• Ship-to-shore phone calls and Internet service.
• Hotel managers/chief pursers do business like land-based hotel managers, but with the cruise experience in mind. is like a hotel front-desk manager.
• The Cruise Director coordinates all entertainment/activities.
• The shore excursion manager operates and books portpackages.
• The executive chief commands the preparation/serving of all food and beverages.
• The food and beverage director/manager operates and books portpackages.
• The food and beverage director overseas the serving of meals and food.

Environmental Impact of Shipping

• Sound pollution is noise from ships interfering with whale behavior.

• Oil spillage devastates marine life covering surfaces, and blocking diffusion of oxygen, which kills marine life.

• Sewage leads to human wastes that are full of harmful microorganisms that travel into the waters from ships.

• Loss of Marine Life results from collisions with fast moving ships. Emission of greenhouse gases are in air pollution in the form of smoke and dust that has a role with Earth's dimate change.