Purposive Communication Worktext PDF

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Purposive Communication Course is about writing, speaking, and presenting to different audiences and for various purposes. CMO NO.20, S.2013 Technological University of the Philippines Taguig Campus Basic Arts and Sciences Department...

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Purposive Communication Course is about writing, speaking, and presenting to different audiences and for various purposes. CMO NO.20, S.2013 Technological University of the Philippines Taguig Campus Basic Arts and Sciences Department WORKTEXT IN PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION The knowledge, skills and insights that students gain from this course may be used in their other academic endeavors, chosen disciplines, and future careers as they produce relevant oral, written, audio-visual and web-based output for various purposes. The five communication skills are studied and applied in academic and work settings. The goal of the activities is to enable the students to simulate the various purposes of communication, equipped with appropriate language for a target audience, and criteria guide in order to attain an effective communication. LIZETTE P. TERANIA ANGELICA F. OLIVAR ELIZA A. MENDOZA PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION WORKTEXT IN PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION LIZETTE P. TERANIA ANGELICA F. OLIVAR ELIZA A. MENDOZA All rights reserved. Copyright Registration No. A2023-1648 National Library of the Philippines Approved for printing and reproduction by the TUP Taguig Campus Committee on Instructional Materials Development Published by TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES TAGUIG CAMPUS Km. 14 East Service Road Taguig City, Metro Manila Website: tupt.edu.ph | Telefax: (02) 823-2456 to 57 ISBN 978-621-96829-0-9 Printed in the Philippines  ABOUT THE COURSE COURSE DESCRIPTION PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION is about writing, speaking, and presenting to different audiences and for various purposes. The five skills of communication are studied and simulated in advanced academic settings. It aims to develop students’ communicative competence and enhances their cultural and intercultural awareness through multimodal tasks that provide them opportunities for communicating effectively and appropriately to a multicultural audience in a local or global context. It equips students with tools for critical evaluation of a variety of texts and focuses on the power of language and the impact of images to emphasize the importance of conveying messages responsibly. The knowledge, skills and insights that student gain from this course may be used in their other academic endeavors, their chosen disciplines, and their future careers as they compose and produce relevant oral, written, audio-visual and/or web-based output for various purposes. LEARNING OUTCOMES KNOWLEDGE 1. Describe the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in various and multicultural contexts; 2. Explain how cultural and global issues affect communication; 3. Distinguish culturally appropriate terms, expressions, and images; 4. Evaluate multimodal texts critically to enhance receptive skills; and, 5. Apply the principles of academic text structure. VALUE 1. Adopt cultural and intercultural awareness and sensitivity in communication of ideas; 2. Appreciate the differences of the varieties of spoken and written languages; 3. Adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas; and, 4. Appreciate the impact of communication on society and the world. SKILLS 1. Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual, and/or web-based presentations for different target audiences in local and global settings using appropriate registers; 2. Create clear, coherent, and effective communication materials; 3. Present ideas persuasively using appropriate language registers, tone, facial expressions, and gestures; and, 4. Write and present academic papers using appropriate tone, style, conventions, and reference styles. - 4 - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 0NE COMMUNICATION PROCESS & PRINCIPLES 07 1 DEFINITION & RELATED DISCUSSION 08 2 PROCESS & MODELS OF COMMUNICATION 11 3 PRINCIPLES & ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION 17 4 MEDIA TEXT ANALYSIS 23 CHAPTER TWO COMMUNICATION & GLOBALIZATION 31 5 LOCAL & GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTING 32 6 GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURE 38 7 CHALLENGES OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION 44 8 LANGUAGE VARIETIES & BARRIERS 53 CHAPTER THREE COMMUNICATION AID & STRATEGY 57 9 TECHNOLOGY TOOLS FOR COMMUNICATION 59 CHAPTER FOUR COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES 64 10 PUBLIC SPEAKING 65 11 TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING 69 12 ACADEMIC PURPOSE 96 RESEARCH PAPER FORMAT 98 13 WORK PURPOSE 102 LIBRARY RESOURCE AND REFERENCES 108 -5-  DESCRIPTION OF CHAPTER -01- COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS Chapter 1 provides overview of concepts of communication; presents conceptual models of communication theory and discusses key elements. This chapter presents principles and factors significant in the communication ethics; gives guide in evaluating text, images and other media. -02- COMMUNICATION & GLOBALIZATION Chapter 2 describes global interactions, and discusses the significance of communication in multicultural, cross-cultural and intercultural settings; presents different characteristics of culture; analyzes language barriers and communication problems in relation to commercialization and globalization. -03- COMMUNICATION AIDS & STRATEGY Chapter 3 focuses on technology tools and their use in communication and presentations relative to the field of study and outcomes of the students. -04- COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES Chapter 4 sketches the different purposes of communication, the social uses of communication in oral and written forms, and the application of communication concepts in the academic and work settings. - 6 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION C H A P T E R 02 COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION GOALS 1 Appreciate the diversity and complexity of cultures. 2 Examine the characteristics of culture. 3 Enhance communication skills by learning varieties of English. 4 Distinguish different forms of cultural society. - 31 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION LESSON 5: LOCAL & GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTING Learning Objective – Distinguish multicultural, cross-cultural, and intercultural types of society. Examine the Filipino language and culture in the global perspective. Definition MULTICULTURAL refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. People live alongside one another, but each cultural group does not necessarily have engaging interactions with each other. For example, in a multicultural neighborhood people may frequent ethnic grocery stores and restaurants without really interacting with their neighbors from other countries. CROSS-CULTURAL deals with the comparison of different cultures. In cross-cultural communication, differences are understood and acknowledged, and can bring about individual change, but not collective transformations. In cross-cultural societies, one culture is often considered “the norm” and all other cultures are compared or contrasted to the dominant culture. INTERCULTURAL describes communities in which there is a deep understanding and respect for all cultures. Intercultural communication focuses on the mutual exchange of ideas and cultural norms and the development of deep relationships. In an intercultural society, no one is left unchanged because everyone learns from one another and grows together. Schriefer, P. (2016). springinstitute.org. - 32 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION MULTICULTURALISM, DEFINITION Multiculturalism, also called 'ethnic pluralism' is a term that describes the presence and acceptance of many different minority cultures alongside the main culture in a specific region. It is the view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, deserve special acknowledgment of their differences within a dominant political culture. That acknowledgment can take the forms of recognition of contributions to the cultural life of the political community as a whole, a demand for special protection under the law for certain cultural groups, or autonomous rights of governance for certain cultures. It is both a response to the fact of cultural pluralism in modern democracies and a way of compensating cultural groups for past exclusion, discrimination, and oppression. Most modern democracies comprise members with diverse cultural viewpoints, practices, and contributions. Many minority cultural groups have experienced exclusion or the denigration of their contributions and identities in the past. Multiculturalism seeks the inclusion of the views and contributions of diverse members of society while maintaining respect for their differences and withholding the demand for their assimilation into the dominant culture. (www.britannica.com/topic/multiculturalism) Multiculturalism is present in many big cities and has many important advantages. Yet, there are still some problems related to this concept. The term multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology, political philosophy, and colloquial use. In sociology and in everyday usage, it is a synonym for "ethnic pluralism", with the two terms often used interchangeably, and for cultural pluralism in which various ethnic groups collaborate and enter into a dialogue with one another without having to sacrifice their particular identities. It can describe a mixed ethnic community area where multiple cultural traditions exist (such as New York City) or a single country within which they do (such as Switzerland, Belgium or Russia). Groups associated with an indigenous, aboriginal or autochthonous ethnic group and settler-descended ethnic groups are often the focus. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism) - 33 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MULTICULTURALISM Advantages of Multiculturalism Higher level of tolerance towards minorities Multiculturalism can lead to a more peaceful society We can learn from different cultures Life becomes more interesting with multiculturalism We can make connections with people from many different cultures Multiculturalism is an important part of a modern tolerant society Can help to lower prejudices towards certain cultures Multiculturalism may help to lower tensions in school Can give us a broader picture of reality Multiculturalism can provide us with a variety of different foods You can learn a new language in multicultural regions Can improve confidence levels of minorities Multiculturalism can also be beneficial for companies May foster technological progress Can improve the overall chances in the lives of many people Disadvantages of Ethnic Pluralism Tensions between people with different cultural backgrounds Some people have a hard time to integrate into society Language barrier as a big problem of multiculturalism Local population may be skeptical towards this concept People may fear to lose their identity with multiculturalism Multiculturalism may lead to radical movements Original local population may become extinct People may become frustrated Social tensions may increase Unemployment can be a problem Multiculturalism may lead to higher sovereign debt As seen in the above mentioned advantages and disadvantages, multiculturalism obviously becomes part of a modern and tolerant society. - 34-  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION MULTICULTURALISM THEORIES Longley, Robert. (2021) Multiculturalism can take place on a nationwide scale or within a nation’s communities. It may occur either naturally through immigration, or artificially when jurisdictions of different cultures are combined through legislative decree, as in the case of French and English Canada. Proponents of multiculturalism believe that people should retain at least some features of their traditional cultures. Opponents say that multiculturalism threatens the social order by diminishing the identity and influence of the predominant culture. The two primary models of multiculturalism as the manner in which different cultures are integrated into a single society are best defined by the metaphors commonly used to describe them—the “melting pot” and the “salad bowl” theories. Multiculturalism Theories The Melting Pot Theory of multiculturalism assumes that various immigrant groups will tend to “melt together,” abandoning their individual cultures and eventually becoming fully assimilated into the predominant society. Typically used to describe the assimilation of immigrants into the United States, the melting pot theory is often illustrated by the metaphor of a foundry’s smelting pots in which the elements iron and carbon are melted together to create a single, stronger metal—steel. In 1782, French-American immigrant J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur wrote that in America, “individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world.” The melting pot model has been criticized for reducing diversity, causing people to lose their traditions, and for having to be enforced through governmental policy. For example, the U.S. Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 forced the assimilation of nearly 350,000 Indigenous peoples into American society without any regard for the diversity of their heritages and lifestyles. The Salad Bowl Theory is a more liberal theory than the melting pot, the salad bowl theory describes a heterogeneous society in which people coexist but retain at least some of the unique characteristics of their traditional culture. Like a salad’s ingredients, different cultures are brought together, but rather than coalescing into a single homogeneous culture, retain their own distinct flavors. In the United States, New York City, with its many unique ethnic communities like “Little India,” “Little Odessa,” and “Chinatown” is considered an example of a salad bowl society. On the negative side, the cultural differences encouraged by the salad bowl model can divide a society resulting in prejudice and discrimination. In addition, critics point to a 2007 study conducted by American political scientist Robert Putnam showing that people living in salad bowl multicultural communities were less likely to vote or volunteer for community improvement projects. - 35-  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY “The concept of multiculturalism is difficult to make fit with a democratic society.” Helmut Schmidt, Statesman Discussion Questions: Is Diversity Important? Why or Why not? Can you think of a multicultural place or region in the Philippines? Shall we promote Multiculturalism? What is your opinion about this? Characteristics of a Multicultural Society Multicultural societies are characterized by people of different races, ethnicities, and nationalities living together in the same community. In multicultural communities, people retain, pass down, celebrate, and share their unique cultural ways of life, languages, art, traditions, and behaviors. Multiculturalism is evident even in the public school education curricula, where diversity is being introduced and forms part of lessons in most of the academic subjects. The educational systems introduce the histories and traditions of minorities in classrooms and textbooks. In America, a 2018 study conducted by the Pew Research Center found that the “post-millennial” generation of people ages 6 to 21 are the most diverse generation in American society. Multiculturalism is evident worldwide. In Argentina, a Spanish speaking country, newspaper articles, and radio and TV programs are commonly presented in English, German, Italian, French, or Portuguese. Argentina’s constitution promotes immigration by recognizing the right of individuals to retain multiple citizenships from other countries. Even in our country, the language being the key element of culture, the Philippines recognize a diverse language used as the country's media of instruction. Article XIV, sections 7 and 8 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution provide that: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis. (Section 7) This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be translated into major regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish. (Section 8) In Canada, multiculturalism is adopted as official policy during the premiership of Pierre Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s. Also, the Canadian constitution, and its other laws such as the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and the Broadcasting Act of 1991, recognize the importance of multicultural diversity. According to the Canadian Library and Archives, over 200,000 people—representing at least 26 different ethnocultural groups—immigrate to Canada every year. - 36-  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION GROUP ACTIVITY ACTIVITY 5 Prepare a PECHAKUCHA Presentation about one’s region or culture. Pechakucha is a 20 minute slide presentation with 20 seconds time interval for each slide. This activity is a practice to manage time wisely and purposively during the presentation. Watch a sample video presentation at this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP3Znm3LNLA. ACTIVITY NO.5 CRITERIA Scoring criteria Total points Score Information is presented in an organized manner and the length Organization of presentation per slide is within (30 pts) the assigned time. Discusses clearly the culture of Content one’s region. There is also an (30 pts) evidence of research. Speaks confidently and clearly and gives emphasis to the important details in the presentation. Presentation Speaks confidently and clearly (40 pts) and gives emphasis to the important details in the presentation. Presents a very informative and effective visuals. Score Total Points - 37 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION LESSON 6: GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURE Learning Objectives – Explain the effects of globalization in a country’s culture.. As technology advances, the world has become like one small community for it reaches people easily even a thousand miles apart. It is very easy to communicate with just one click of a button of the communication apps on the internet. Today, we are able to communicate with people across the globe and we are able to access different cultures through the aids of technology. The rise of the internet paved the way for new experiences and opportunities to develop one nation and to improve one's knowledge and understanding of how to connect with other people with various cultures. Globalization offers a lot of benefits to people for it provides information easily where we utilize different search engines that will provide the information that we need. Globalization has a direct impact on worldwide communication, which provides business opportunities, the removal of cultural boundaries, and the development of a global village. What do we mean by global village? It means that when distance and isolation are no longer an issue because people are connected through technology, this explains its creation. Globalization and global communication have had an impact on the world's environmental, cultural, political, and economic features. (Ahmed, November 21, 2018) Examples of global communication are electronic mail (email) and web pages. These are the most common forms of global communication where messages are being sent to the recipients or the information about a certain company is being read across the globe. It can be used for educational purposes, business purposes, or even personal purposes and etc. With this global communication, encoding and decoding messages can sometimes be complicated. It can make or break depending on how the message is sent and how the message is absorbed in one country due to language and cultural differences. - 38 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION The term "globalization" also refers to how trade and technology have made the world a more interconnected and interdependent place. Globalization also encompasses the economic and societal developments. It can be compared to the strands of a massive spider web that have grown over the years, with the quantity and reach of these threads growing over time. Globalization brings a lot of companies all around the world. It includes reference to the speed or velocity of social activity through the advancement of technology. Companies to companies are migrating from one country to another. Other products that you see in other nations are also seen in the Philippines, and these are the signs of globalization. Moreover, Filipinos nowadays learn to invest in different stock markets by just using their gadgets and internet connections that even the younger generations are now open with this trend. Innovations in communication and information technologies is worldwide and it makes impossible possible. In addition, people all over the world become hooked with different media applications such as Messenger, Hangout, WeChat, and Skype to name a few, where communication via video calling in real-time is possible. While social media applications such as Facebook, Instagram, Youtube, Kumu, and Tiktok can showcase variety of talents and skills around the world; subscribers can even instantly engage in business and market trade via such platforms. Meeting people from the other side of the globe and learning about their culture nowadays is as easy as falling off a log. Google Images_Globalization - 39 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/globalisation THE FORMATION OF THE GLOBAL VILLAGE According to Nowacyk (2017), globalization is the process of bringing people together and making them interact and exchange ideas across traditional border. Through the advancement of technology, people are being interconnected across other boundaries (Downing,2007). Through the widespread of technology, the global village is formed. According to McLuhan’s book entitled “Gutenberg Galaxy” which was published in 1962, the term global village has been utilized to express the idea that people all over the world are interconnected through the aids of the different media technology. He also said that the Web is widely regarded as the media that most people are closely linked all over the world, allowing anybody with an Internet connection to learn about what's going on in the world with a single mouse click — and to communicate with individuals and groups in far-flung locations. (www.library.illinois.edu) How does globalization affect businesses? Globalization provides some rewards for businesses today. This has huge benefits for the development of the economy. By expanding your markets through the use of technology and making the world knew about your products or company, you are bringing people closer because it is very easy to have an access on your business and reaches more people and creating your personal brand. Since there are a lot of means that communication can fail in a global context, businesses must be very cautious to lessen potential mistakes most especially when relating to language and culture differences. Organizations should be aware of the culture of different nations before they attempt to do business with the other nations. It is also necessary to hire experienced consultants from that country that will be able to assist and make them familiarized with the cultural norms. The complex collection of knowledge, folklore, language, rules, rituals, habits, lifestyles, attitudes, beliefs, and conventions that bind and give a shared identity to a given group of people at a specific point in time is referred to as "culture." - 40 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURE Every social unit develops its own culture. A culture emerges over time, even in two- person interactions. Friendships and romantic relationships, for example, establish their own history, shared experiences, linguistic patterns, rituals, habits, and customs that give the connection a distinct personality—a personality that distinguishes it from other partnerships in a variety of ways. Special dates, places, songs, or events that have come to have a unique and important symbolic value for two people are examples. Communication and culture have a complicated and personal interaction. First, cultures are formed by communication; that is, communication is the way by which cultural features, such as conventions, roles, rules, rituals, laws, and other patterns, are formed and communicated. When people interact in partnerships, groups, organizations, or societies, it's not so much that they set out to establish a culture as it is that cultures emerge as a natural by-product of social interaction.Cultures are called as "residue" of social communication. It would be impossible to retain and pass on cultural features from one place and time to another without communication and communication mediums. As a result, culture can be said to be generated, molded, transferred, and learned through communication. The converse is also true: communication techniques are mainly molded, transmitted, and created by culture. It is crucial to conceive in terms of continuing communication processes rather than a single communication event to grasp the significance of this communication-culture link. When a three-person group meets for the first time, the members bring with them individual thought and behavioral patterns from previous communication experiences as well as from other cultures to which they are or have been exposed. Individuals begin to form a set of common experiences and ways of talking about them when they begin to communicate with the other members of this new group. If the group interacts regularly, a set of distinct history, patterns, customs, and rituals will emerge. Some of these cultural features would be evident and tangible, such that a newcomer to the group would be confronted with continuing cultural "rules" that they would learn to conform to through conversation. As new members join the group, they will have a tiny, but occasionally significant, impact on the culture. This changed culture shapes the communication patterns of current and future group members in a reciprocal manner. This is true of any community because communication shapes culture; culture shapes the society. Without culture, no society shall exist. - 41 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURES ARE LEARNED, NOT INNATE. It isn't hereditary; we don't get it from our parents. A lot of learning culture is unintentional. Families, peers, institutions, and the media are all places where we learn about culture. Enculturation is the process of learning a culture. While all humans have basic biological requirements like food, sleep, and sex, how we meet those needs varies greatly between cultures. CULTURES ARE SHARED. We can act in socially accepted ways and predict how others will act because we share culture with other members of our community. Despite the fact that culture is shared, this does not imply that it is homogeneous (the same). CULTURE IS BASED ON SYMBOLS. A symbol is a representation of something else. Symbols differ from culture to culture and are arbitrary. They are only meaningful when everyone in a culture agrees on how to utilize them. Symbols can be found in language, money, and art. The most essential symbolic component of civilization is language. CULTURE IS INTEGRATED. This is referred to as holism, or the interconnection of diverse aspects of a culture. All facets of a culture are interconnected, and in order to properly comprehend it, one must learn about all of its components, not just a few. CULTURE IS DYNAMIC. Cultures constantly change as cultural contact increases, emergence of technology, and variations of economic condition. Because most civilizations interact with one another, ideas and symbols are exchanged. All civilizations evolve; otherwise, they would struggle to adjust to changing circumstances. Because cultures are intertwined, if one component of the system changes, the entire system is likely to change as well. - 42 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION LET'S DO THIS! Form a group with seven (7) members. Produce a campaign ad promoting communication ethics. Rubric is provided for planning and preparation. RUBRIC FOR GROUP ACTIVITY ACTIVITY NO.6 POINTS DESCRIPTION All members of the group understand clearly the 8-10 campaign ad that they have created. They show effective graphic techniques to explain the ad. Some members of the group understand clearly the 5-7 campaign they have created. Some participated in creating the ad, and used graphic techniques to explain. The members of the group lack understanding on the 1-4 campaign ad they have created. No techniques were used in explaining the ad. YOU HAVE TO MAINTAIN A CULTURE OF TRANSFORMATION AND STAY TRUE TO YOUR VALUES. Jeff Weiner - 43 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION LESSON 7: CHALLENGES IN CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Learning Objectives – Compare cultures of different nations, and identify challenges and evaluate negative traits and cultural beliefs. Watch this video: URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e__QsI0hU_g Watch how Zamina Mithani, a Harvard Medical School student delivers a funny and inspirational talk given at a TEDx event organized by a local community. Mithani tells personal stories about subconscious biases, stereotypes, and racism; that instead of judging others, we have to judge our judgments. MIthani is passionate about improving lives, interfaith harmony and helping leaders to move beyond labels and towards world peace and love. Here are some key terms to remember: CULTURAL BIAS It is the phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture. The phenomenon is sometimes considered a problem central to social and human sciences, such as economics, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. ETHNOCENTRISM It refers to the belief that a person’s culture is much better than any other group’s culture and the tendency is for that person to judge any “out-group” culture by using the norms of his “in-group” culture. STEREOTYPES These are often generalized negative traits assigned to a group of people (e.g., race, nationality, religion, social class, sexual orientation, age, gender) even if these traits may only reflect a selected few of the group. PREJUDICES (EMOTIONAL BIAS) It is an offshoot of stereotypes, is an unfair thought, belief, or feeling of dislike for a person or group because of race, nationality, gender, sexual, orientation, age, religion, and so on. ASSUMED SIMILARITIES It is an assumption of similarity is a baseless, unreasonable refusal to see cultural differences where they exist. This results in insensitivity to cultural differences. ANXIETY Intercultural communication anxiety is the fear or apprehension associated with either real or anticipated communication with people from another culture group. The fear is often caused by differences in language ability, verbal and non-verbal communication styles and expression of emotions. - 44 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION CAPTIVATE! 1. How do the following terms differ? a. “in group” and “out-group” cultures b. High and low ethnocentrism c. Stereotype and prejudice 2. How do assumed similarities affect intercultural? communication? 3. Why is anxiety considered an intercultural communication barrier? - 45 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION PROBLEMS IN CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION ACTIVITY NO.7 Image: Bob Englehart/PoliticalCartoons.com https://www.learningforjustice.org/classroom-resources/lessons/editorial-cartoon-racism What text is repeated throughout this cartoon? How would you describe the people in this cartoon? How does the title help you understand the cartoon? Activities 1. In the cartoon above, all of the characters are calling each other “racist.” What effect does this name-calling probably have on others? 2. Discuss the following as a class: a) How would you define name-calling? b) How do people usually feel when someone calls them a name? c) How do people usually react when someone calls them a name? 3. Imagine that you have a friend who engages in name-calling, using a racial slur or some other slur. How could you respond to that person? Here are some sentence starters to use: “What you said troubles me because…” “I’m surprised to hear you say that because …” Work with a partner to brainstorm ways to combat name-calling. Also, include a list of appropriate responses similar to the sentence starters above. Share with the class. - 46 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION PROBLEMS IN CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION ACTIVITY NO.7 Image: Monte Wolverton/PoliticalCartoons.com https://www.learningforjustice.org/classroom-resources/lessons/editorial-cartoon-racism Context Use a Think-Pair-Share approach to identify the context of this cartoon. 1. Think about the context of this cartoon. What issues do you think it addresses? What makes you think so? 2. Pair: Discuss the context with a partner. 3. Share with the rest of the class what you and your partner have discussed. Once you’ve discussed what you and your classmates think about the context, you can learn more about language diversity and discrimination based on language by reading Linguicism and Everyone Has an Accent. The Cartoon’s Strategy: Satire Now that you’ve thought about the context, you can analyze the strategy that the cartoonist uses to express his editorial comment. Satire is one way that cartoonists ridicule something and make a point. Sometimes satire involves exaggeration. By overstating something, the cartoonist reveals to the reader how ridiculous it is. 1. Describe how this cartoon uses satire. 2. What position does the cartoonist take regarding Americans who speak a language other than—or in addition to—English? What position does he take regarding those people who want everyone to speak only English in the United States? - 47 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION PROBLEMS IN CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION ACTIVITY NO.7 Look at the illustration and read the conversations in the comic strips below. Analyze each situation. In a triad group, discuss why communication fails. List down the problems and the possible solutions that you identified in each situation. Image: Feign,1987/ larryfeign.com Image: BrianCrane/cartoonistgroup.com Image: BrianCrane/cartoonistgroup.com - 48 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION WHEN GOOD ADS TURNED BAD One of the barriers in global business communication is language and whenever we are trying to communicate with someone in their language, it is our obligation to be aware of the words that we will be using to someone we are talking with. The examples of which are the advertisements and marketing propagandas on air, billboards or even flyers or the ones written on leaflets. There were many large companies who have made some mistakes in sending the message because their words were decoded differently and this can be a very big factor that may offend people or may put a company reputation in a bad light which may even lead to failure in boosting their business in a global place. Below are some examples: Mexico: When a sign pen manufacturer began marketing its product to the first country where they would want to sell it, its motto in English language- “It won’t leak in your pocket and embarrass you” was translated to Spanish as - “It won’t leak in your pocket and make you pregnant.”. Spanish word "embarazar" has a double-meaning; it means "to embarrass," but it also means to "impregnate." Punctuation is powerful! "A woman, without her man, is nothing." "A woman: without her, man is nothing." - 49 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION China: The Coca-Cola name in China was first read as “Kekoukela”, meaning “Bite the Wax Tadpole” or “Female Horse Stuffed with Wax”, depending on the dialect. Coke then researched 40,000 characters to find a phonetic equivalent “kokoukole”, translating into “Happiness in the Mouth.” A company's ability to transmit and receive professional messages in different parts of the world and cultures is known as global business communication. The communications must be easily comprehended by the recipient culture in order for global business communication to be effective. Many times, international commercial communication necessitates the use of mediators. To ensure that the message is delivered correctly, translators and linguistic consultants are employed. Communication on a global scale is essential. It caters to a wide range of people without requiring any adjustments. A distinct culture Multicultural communication is the transmission of messages to persons from other cultures. The conveying of a message from one unique culture to another unique culture is known as cross- cultural communication. This type of business communication is adapted to the cultural norms of the country to whom the message is being delivered. (Talamala, 2015) Spelling is powerful! "I wish you were here." "I wish you were her." - 50 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION CAPTIVATE! Watch the following videos and make comments and reactions on the cultural diversities and the English language varieties. 1. How To Speak With A Japanese Accent URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPcKa7LHoak 2. Filipino Accent Tutorial URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BBtS1ir4tA 3. Filipino English and American English Differences URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJCBnHZ0YJI - 51 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION LESSON 8: LANGUAGE VARIETIES AND BARRIERS Learning Objective – Categorize language register types, and analyze possible causes of communication barriers. Distinguish varieties of English language. THE MOST COMMON LANGUAGE BARRIERS ARE LISTED AS FOLLOWS: (FROM THE STUDY OF TALAMALA, 2015) 1. MISINTERPRETATION OF WORDS Semantic issues frequently develop as a result of a mismatch between the sender's intended meaning and the receiver's understanding. This occurs when the receiver does not interpret the word/symbol in the same way that the transmitter intended. Words can represent a wide range of meanings depending on how they are used, or in what context they are used. The link between the word/symbol and the meaning attributed to it is purely coincidental. 2. USE OF TECHNICAL LANGUAGE Jargon is a technical or specialized language used by persons or experts who operate in the same sector. If the recipient of the message is unfamiliar with the technical jargon, it can be a communication barrier. 3. AMBIGUITY When the sender and recipient of a message assign different interpretations to the same words or use different terms to communicate the same concept, ambiguity emerges. Ambiguity can also be caused by incorrect or speculative assumptions. A sender frequently expects that his audience would view the situation in the same way that he does, will hold the same opinion on an issue, will comprehend the message in the same way that he does, and so on. All of these assumptions could be incorrect, resulting in a breakdown in communication. - 52 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION VARIETIES OF ENGLISH You must have heard about the term World Englishes (WE) or English Varieties. World Englishes refer to the regionalized variants of English that are spoken or utilized in specific locations. Braj Kachru was the first to present this concept in the Asian culture. Kachru's famous "Three Concentric Circles of Asian Englishes" depicts three circles: the Inner Circle with ENL (English as a native language) member countries; the ESL or English as a Second Language; and the Expanding Circle with EFL (English as a foreign language) member countries. Experts have developed several models to categorize English speakers throughout the history of England and the British Empire. However, not all linguists agree on the most appropriate classification. Kachru proposed on these three models decades ago and here are the important details to note about these three schematic representations: The video,“Spread of English”, provides a more detailed description of how the model works. It demonstrates how colonialism, history, and politics all had a role in the expansion of English across the globe. Watch this video: URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrsQmIVYrdg ENL: English as a native language refers to native speakers who were born in an English-speaking country and who speak English as their mother tongue or first language. ESL: English as a second language refers to non-native speakers who learned English almost concurrently with their mother tongue. EFL: English as a foreign language refers to non-native English speakers who learned the language in a nation where it is not commonly spoken. The Inner Circle is made up of conventional English bases, and its speakers are in charge of establishing norms. These places are where the norms are created and from which they spread to the other circles. The Inner Circle includes the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Because of their colonial heritage, the Outer Circle denotes the regions where they speak official non-native versions of English. The people who talk in these settings are the ones who challenge and develop the conventions. They are mostly ESL students. The Philippines, India, Pakistan, and Egypt are among the countries that make up this circle. The Expanding Circle is made up of EFL speakers who normally do not speak English. - 53 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION VARIETIES OF ENGLISH These are the countries where English's linguistic and cultural roots have historically been found. The Outer Circle is shaped by the second diaspora, which emerged as a result of the British Empire's colonization of various regions in Asia and Africa. One of the most significant things to remember about this circle is that the English dialects spoken there are frequently in contact with other languages. As a result, the English variation is influenced by those other languages, and some of their characteristics are incorporated into the English variety. This is why the Outer Circle is a norm-developing language, because contact with other languages causes changes in vocabulary and, in some cases, syntax. Here, there is no value in competency, therefore a natural speaker who left school at a young age and does not understand many of the language's grammar rules is deemed a better speaker than, say, an Asian English teacher who is more prepared and knows all of the language's rules. Overall, Kachru's model has played a significant role in the history of sociolinguistics; yet, it also highlights some issues that must be addressed in order for sociolinguistics to progress. (Valpa, 2020) On the other hand, Japanese are known for their language patriotism. But with the onset of globalization, it is observed that they are now considering English as their second language. Non-native speakers are easily identifiable due to the peculiar sound and structure of language. Thus, languages such as Japlish, Taglish, Filipino English and Indian English are created. People of the same culture can easily communicate with each other using their peculiar English. Multiple cultures hamper communication; nevertheless, exposure to different cultures, as well as understanding and accepting differences, can help us communicate more effectively and make our lives in a multicultural society easier to manage. Proficiency in English does not guarantee that people from different cultures will understand you, especially when both of you are non-native speakers of English. A thorough understanding of how other people use English in their culture would be a good foundation in communication. Words have a lot of power since they either make or break a relationship. Understanding other people's culture and how they utilize the English language can help build a good relationship. Watch this video of a native British English speaker, teacher and Youtube influencer, Lucy Bella Earl; the link is provided below: Watch this video: URL: https://www.youtube.com/c/EnglishwithLucy) - 54 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION The most common sort of linguistic change, and perhaps the easiest to detect, is lexical change. For example, we can make strong assumptions about a speaker's age if they use the phrase courting to signify 'going out with,' or if they use the adjective fit to describe someone they find attractive. Because of our excellent communication networks, new vocabulary or changes in trendy usage propagate quickly and equally across the country. While there are many more variations of English, the two most commonly taught in ESL/EFL programs are American English and British English. Although it is generally agreed that no single version is "right," there are clear preferences in usage. AMERICAN BRITISH AMERICAN BRITISH dean dean, rector, master, students (in post masters principal, provost college) elevator lift airplane aeroplane french fries chips coverall boiler suit lawyer solicitor, barrister emergency room casualty no overtaking no passing drug store chemist orient orientate garbage can dust bin radio wireless over pass fly over apartment flat side walk footway scratch paper scrap paper bangs (hair) fringe specialty speciality letter z (zee) zed truck lorry aluminum aluminium TV telly sulfur sulphur By StormcrowMithrandir, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=116727821 - 55 -  COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION HOW DO YOU REPLY “YOU ARE WELCOME” IN THE FOLLOWING LANGUAGES? English Thank You! You are welcome! Spanish Gracias French Merci ACTIVITY NO.8 Italian Grazie Japanese Arigato Chinese Doh jeh German Danke sehr Khop Khun Thai Mak Kha Dhanyavad Hindi /Shukriya Russian Spasiba Gamsaham Korean nida Arabic Shukran Icelandic Takk Hawaiian Mahalo Hebrew Toh dah Greek Efharisto - 56 -  Colossians 4:6 Let your speech always be gracious, seasoned with salt, so that you may know how you ought to answer each person.