Unpacking The Self - Lesson 1 (Chapter 2)

CHAPTER II **UNPACKING THE SELF** **LESSON 1:** **THE PHYSICAL AND** **SEXUAL SELF** **01 02 03 04 05 06 07** **Contents** The Reproductive System Diseases Associated with the Reproductive System Human Sexual Behavior Physiology of Human Sexual Response Nervous System Factors Sexual Prob...

CHAPTER II **UNPACKING THE SELF** **LESSON 1:** **THE PHYSICAL AND** **SEXUAL SELF** **01 02 03 04 05 06 07** **Contents** The Reproductive System Diseases Associated with the Reproductive System Human Sexual Behavior Physiology of Human Sexual Response Nervous System Factors Sexual Problems Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) **08** Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception **The Reproductive System**  **Marieb, E.N. (2001)** -explains that the gonads begin to form until about the 8th week of embryonic development **Embryonic development** - process by which a fertilized egg develops into an embryo **Gonads** -- reproductive glands that produce hormones that are involved in reproduction female gonads: ovaries (produce estrogen and progesterone) male gonads: testicles (produce testosterone) **Gametes** - an organism\'s reproductive cells; also referred to as sex cells female gametes: egg cells male gametes: sperm cells During the early stages of human development, the embryonic reproductive structures of males and females are alike and are said to be in the **indifferent stage**. When the primary reproductive structures are formed, the development of the accessory structures and external genitalia begins. Any interventions with the normal pattern of sex hormone production in the embryo result in strange abnormalities. **Pseudohermaphrodites** - someone whose external genitalia are not consistent with his or her gonadal sex **Hermaphrodites** - the condition of having both male and female reproductive organs **Cryptorchidism** - undescended testicle; a condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum **Phimosis** - the inability to retract the skin (foreskin or prepuce) covering the head (glans) of the penis; may appear as a tight ring or "rubber band" of foreskin around the tip of the penis, preventing full retraction **Puberty** -- the period of life (10-15 years old) when the reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones in males: increase in the size of the reproductive organs; appearance of hair in the pubic area, axillary, and face in females: budding of their breasts; menarche (first menstrual period) **Diseases Associated with the** **Reproductive System** **Infections** -- most common problems associated with the reproductive system in adults Vaginal infections: **E. coli (Escherichia coli)** - a type of bacteria that normally lives in your intestines **Sexually transmitted microorganisms** -- syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes virus **Yeast** - a fungal infection Male infections: **Prostatitis** - a disorder of the prostate gland **Urethritis** - inflammation of the urethra **Epididymitis** - inflammation of epididymis **Orchiditis** - inflammation of the testes **Sexually transmitted disease (STD) microorganisms** **Neoplasms** -- a major threat to reproductive organs; a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue tumors of the breast and cervix (females) prostate cancer (male) **Menopause** - the time that marks the end of women's menstrual cycles **Erogenous Zones** - parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual arousal when touched in a sexual manner (mouth, breasts, genitals, anus) **Human Sexual Behavior** \- any activity between two persons, or a group that induces sexual arousal **[2 major factors that determine human sexual behavior:]** 1\. the inherited sexual response patterns that have evolved as a means of ensuring reproduction 2\. the degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted on the individual by society in the expression of his sexuality TYPES OF HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR **Solitary Behavior** involving only one individual **Self-gratification** -- self-stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and sexual climax takes place in private but can also be done in a sociosexual relationship self-gratification generally begins at or before puberty and is very common among young males, but becomes less frequent or is abandoned when sociosexual activity is available **Sociosexual Behavior** involving more than one person **Heterosexual behavior** -- the greatest amount of sociosexual behavior that occurs between only one male and one female **premarital sex** (sexual intercourse outside of marriage) is more likely tolerated in modern Western society compared to Filipino society **marital sex** is considered an obligation **extramarital sex** is generally condemned **postmarital sex** (sexual intercourse by separated or widowed persons) is almost always ignored **sexual abstinence** - avoiding all types of intimate genital contact **Physiology of Human Sexual Response 1 - Excitement Phase 2 - Plateau Phase 3 - Sexual Climax Resolution Phase** caused by increase in pulse and blood pressure sudden rise in blood supply to the surface of the body resulting in increased skin temperature, flushing, and swelling of all distensible body parts (male genitalia and breasts) rapid breathing, secretion of genital fluids, vaginal expansion, increase in muscle tension the period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, rapid increase in pulse rate and blood pressure spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the female reproductive organ and ejaculation by the male involuntary vocalizations (moaning) the return to a normal or subnormal physiologic state males return to normal even if stimulation continues continued stimulation can produce additional orgasms in females **Nervous System Factors** the entire nervous system plays a significant role during sexual response **Autonomic Nervous System** - regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal **Hypothalamus and limbic system** -- parts of the brain believed to be responsible for regulating the sexual response **Sexual Problems** may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin **Physiological problems:** least among the three categories only a small number of people suffer from diseases that are due to abnormal development of the genitalia or that part of the neurophysiology controlling sexual response vaginal infections, retroverted uteri, prostatitis, adrenal tumors, diabetes, senile changes of the vagina, cardiovascular problems can be resolved through medication or surgery **Psychological problems:** the largest category caused by socially induced inhibitions, maladaptive attitudes, ignorance, and sexual myths held by society example of sexual myths held by society: good sex must involve rapid erection, prolonged coitus, and simultaneous orgasm premature emission of semen: natural result of excessive tension in a male who has been sexually deprived erectile impotence: difficulty getting and keeping an erection (may be a result of disinterest in the sexual partner, fatigue, intoxication) ejaculatory impotence: male achieves an erection but cannot reach orgasm (may be associated with memories of traumatic experiences, older men) vaginismus: strong spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the female reproductive organ so that penetration is painful or impossible (could be an unconscious defense against coitus that can be due to anti-sexual conditioning or psychological trauma) can be treated by psychotherapy or counseling **Sexually Transmitted Diseases** infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through sexual contact can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites include gonorrhea, genital herpes, human papillomavirus infection, human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, chlamydia, syphilis other health complications that arise from STDs are: pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, and perinatal or congenital infections in infants born to infected mothers **AIDS** one of the leading STDs worldwide caused by **HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)** virus attacks the immune system making the individual more prone to infections and other diseases virus targets the T-cells (CD4 cells) of the immune system, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection by triggering your immune system to destroy viruses, bacteria, and other germs that may make you sick virus survives throughout the body but may be **transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk** there\'s **no cure for HIV/AIDS**, once you have the infection, your body can\'t get rid of it but there are medicines that can control HIV and prevent complications (antiretroviral therapy medicines) **Chlamydia** caused by **Chlamydia Trachomatis bacteria** you might not know you have chlamydia because many people don\'t have symptoms, such as genital pain and discharge from the vagina or penis can be cleared up with **antibiotics** **Gonorrhea** caused by a bacteria called **Neisseria** **gonorrhoeae** (N. gonorrhoeae) sometimes called **"the clap"** or **"drip"** often doesn't cause symptoms can be treated by **antibiotics** **Syphilis** caused by **bacteria** untreated syphilis can lead to serious health problems, including blindness and damage to your brain, heart, eyes, and nervous system during the first stage, one or more sores develop on your genitals, you may not notice them or mistake them for a pimple or other skin lesion during the second stage, you may get a rash and experience flu-like symptoms, such as fatigue, fever, sore throat, and muscle aches **antibiotic** medication can treat **Chancroid** a bacterial infection caused by **Haemophilus** **ducreyi** (H. ducreyi) a hard sore or an ulcer that usually forms where the bacteria enters your body, most often in your genital area, but also in your mouth or anus you may also have swelling and pain in the lymph nodes of your groin can be cured by **antibiotics** **Herpes Simplex Virus** a virus that causes skin infections causes painful or itchy sores and blisters that come and go **Herpes simplex 1** (HSV-1, commonly known as oral herpes) tends to affect your mouth or face. It causes cold sores. HSV-1 **spreads through contact with saliva** (spit). **Herpes simplex 2** (HSV-2, commonly known as genital herpes) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It causes sores on the skin that **come in contact with the genitals** of an infected person. there is **no cure for herpes simplex**, once you have the virus, it's a lifelong infection, but an antiviral medication, such as acyclovir, to prevent the virus from multiplying, over-the-counter (OTC) herpes treatments, often creams, can help manage tingling, itching, and pain **Human Papillomavirus** **genital warts** are rough, cauliflower-like lumps that grow on your skin high-risk forms of HPV often don't cause symptoms until they've **progressed to cancer** treatments can't rid your body of the virus but they can remove any visible warts on your genitals and abnormal cells in your cervix **Trichomonas Vaginalis** caused by the parasite **Trichomonas vaginalis**, which causes the infection most people don't have symptoms from the infection **antibiotic** medication to kill the parasite causing the infection **Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception** **Natural Method** -- does not involve any chemical or foreign body introduction into the human body **Artificial Methods** -- intentionally using something --- a barrier, device, drug, or another technique --- to reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy **NATURAL METHODS** **Abstinence** -- refraining from sexual intercourse **Calendar Method** -- "the rhythm method"; withholding from coitus when the woman is fertile **Basal Body Temperature** -- indicates the woman's temp at rest; before the day of ovulation and during ovulation, BBT falls at 0.5 degrees Fahrenheit; it increases to a full degree because of progesterone and maintains its level throughout the menstrual cycle; the woman must record her temp every morning before any activity; slight decrease in the BBT followed by a gradual increase in the BBT can be a sign that a woman has ovulated **Cervical Mucus Method** - lets you track your ovulation days based on the quality of the mucus around your cervix so that you know when you are most fertile, or most able to become pregnant **Symptothermal Method** -- the combination of BBT and cervical mucus method **Ovulation Detection** -- uses an over-the-counter kit that requires the urine sample of the woman; the kit can predict ovulation through the surge of luteinizing hormone that happens 12-24 hours before ovulation **Coitus Interruptus** -- "withdrawal method"; man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the sperm outside of the female reproductive organ; the disadvantage is the pre-ejaculation fluid **ARTIFICIAL METHODS** **Oral Contraceptives** -- "the pill"; contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone; estrogen suppresses the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) to prevent ovulation **Transdermal Patch** -- contains both estrogen and progesterone; a woman should apply one patch every week for 3 weeks on the upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks; at the 4th week, no patch is applied because the menstrual flow would then occur; the area where the patch is applied should be clean, dry, and free of irritation **Vaginal Ring** -- releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone and it surrounds the cervix; a silicon ring inserted into the female reproductive organ and remains there for 3 weeks and then removed in the 4th week as menstrual flow would occur; the woman becomes fertile as soon as the ring is removed **Subdermal Implants** -- 2 rod-like implants inserted under the skin of the female during her menses or on the 7th day of her menstruation to make sure that she'll not get pregnant; made with etonogestrel, desogestrel, and progestin and can be helpful for 3-5 years **ARTIFICIAL METHODS** **Hormonal Injections** -- contains medroxyprogesterone and is usually given once every 12 weeks intramuscularly; causes changes in the endometrium and cervical mucus and can help prevent ovulation **Intrauterine Device (IUD)** -- a small, T-shaped object containing progesterone that is inserted into the uterus via the female reproductive organ; prevents fertilization by creating a local sterile inflammatory condition to prevent implantation of the zygote; fitted only by the physician and inserted after the woman's menstrual flow; can be effective for 5-7 years  **Chemical Barriers** -- spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films are used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix and to lower the pH level of the female reproductive organ so it will not become conducive for the sperm **Diaphragm** -- a circular, rubber disk that fits the cervix and should be placed before coitus and remain in place for 6 hours after coitus; works by inhibiting the entrance of the sperm into the female reproductive organ and works better when used together with a spermicide; should be fitted only by the physician **ARTIFICIAL METHODS** **Cervical Cap** -- made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim of the cervix; shaped like a thimble with a thin rim; could stay in place for not more than 48 hours  **Male Condoms** -- a latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is placed on the erect male reproductive organ before penetration into the female reproductive organ to trap the sperm during ejaculation; can prevent STDs; can be bought over-the-counter **Female Condoms** -- made up of latex rubber sheaths that are pre-lubricated with spermicide; usually bound by 2 rings; the outer ring is first inserted against the opening of the female reproductive organ and the inner ring covers the cervix; used to prevent fertilization of the egg by the sperm cells **ARTIFICIAL METHODS** **Surgical Methods** -- [Vasectomy (for males)], a small incision is made on each side of the scrotum, the vas deferens is then tied, cauterized, cut, or plugged to block the passage of the sperm, patient is advised to use a backup contraceptive method until two negative sperm count results are recorded because the sperm could remain viable in the vas deferens for 6 months **ARTIFICIAL METHODS**  **Surgical Methods** -- [Tubal Ligation (for females)] is performed after menstruation and before ovulation, done through a small incision under the woman's umbilicus that targets the fallopian tube for cutting, cauterizing, or blocking to inhibit the passage of both the sperm and the ova CREATIVE WORK (group activity) **Propose a program in school or community that will raise the awareness of the students and help eliminate sexually transmitted diseases, especially among the youth.** **THANK YOU!** **PREPARED BY:** **[ZYRY O. MESA, RPM]** **INSTRUCTOR**